纤维支气管镜在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的治疗体会

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)肺泡灌洗对机械通气下急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗效果.方法总结我院ICU近两年来机械通气治疗的40例ARDS患者,其中20例行床旁纤维支气管镜治疗,20例行常规治疗;观察两组治疗后的ICU停留时间、机械通气时间,有效率及ARDS进展率.结果以纤支镜治疗的患者治疗有效率增加,ICU停留时间、机械通气时间均明显缩短,ARDS进展率较单纯常规治疗组明显下降(P<0.05).结论机械通气下ARDS患者使用纤支镜进行肺泡灌洗能达到良好的治疗效果,是一种行之有效的治疗方法.     

纤支镜下支气管肺泡灌洗在多发伤并肺挫伤中的应用

【目的】探讨纤支镜下支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）对多发伤并肺挫伤患者的检查与治疗效果。【方法】将多发伤并肺挫伤且需使用有创机械通气患者分为对照与纤支镜治疗组,除抗感染、循环呼吸支持、皮质激素等治疗外,治疗组病程中均采用纤支镜,以生理盐水100mL＋盐酸氨溴索注射液150mg作为灌洗液,床旁行BAL灌洗3次,每2天1次,并行痰检,比较两组的治疗效果。【结果】经纤支镜治疗组氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）改善（≥300mmHg）时间、胸片阴影消退时间、有创机械通气时间三项指标均较对照组有所缩短,且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,并能及时发现黏膜损伤及气道阻塞,及时局部冲洗及用药解除阻塞。【结论】在机械通气基础上结合BAL灌洗是治疗多发伤并肺挫伤安全有效的措施。     

便携式纤支镜在慢阻肺合并严重呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨便携式纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并严重呼吸衰竭治疗中的价值.方法 98例AECOPD合并严重Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,予以抗感染等基础治疗,纤支镜组50例:纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管及经纤支镜吸痰、支气管肺泡灌洗后有创无创序贯机械通气治疗,对照组48例:喉镜直视下经口气管插管、常规负压吸痰有创无创序贯机械通气治疗.比较两组的1次插管成功率、并发症发生率、平均插管时间、痰培养阳性率、呼吸衰竭纠正时间、肺部感染控制窗(PIC)出现时间、有创通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、鼻窦炎发生率及病死率.结果 纤支镜组1次插管成功率明显高于对照组(P<0.01),插管并发症和平均插管时间显著低于对照组(P<0.05);两组均无鼻窦炎发生,两组其他观察指标的差异均有显著性(P<0.05).结论 便携式纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管及经纤支镜吸痰、支气管肺泡灌洗联合有创机械通气治疗在AECOPD合并严重呼吸衰竭治疗中安全有效,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

纤维支气管镜支气管-肺泡灌洗术在COPD机械通气患者下呼吸道感染病原学诊断中的应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗术在慢性阻塞性肺病(choricobstructivepulmonarydis-ease,COPD)机械通气患者下呼吸道感染病原学诊断中的作用。方法34例因严重肺部感染致COPD急性发作合并急性Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的患者在机械通气状态下进行纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗(bronchoalveolarlavagebybronchofibroscopy,BAL)检查,灌洗液送细菌培养。结果34例COPD患者BAL细菌培养均为阳性,阳性率100%,BAL检查中无严重并发症发生。结论纤维支气管镜支气管-肺泡灌洗检查对于COPD急性加重期合并II型呼吸衰竭机械通气患者,不仅能获得准确的病原,为临床选择敏感抗生素提供依据,同时灌洗液的稀释作用有利于稠厚脓性分泌物的排出,在引流通畅的情况下能更好地发挥抗生素的效果,是一种相对安全而有效的治疗方法。     

纤维支气管镜在重症肌无力危象机械通气治疗中的应用

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜在重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MC)危象机械通气治疗中的应用价值.方法:统计2005年5月至2008年12月收入我院ICU抢救的MG危象患者34例,其中常规吸痰患者16例(对照组)和进行纤维支气管镜吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗患者18例(纤支镜组),比较两组间肺炎发生率、痰培养阳性率、危象持续时间、脱机时间、转出ICU时间等.结果:纤支镜组在肺炎发生率、危象持续时间、脱机时间、转出ICU时间均明显优于对照组,且无并发症发生.结论:对MG危象患者应用纤维支气管镜吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗术,是一种相对安全而有效的治疗方法,临床上值得推广应用.     

纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗重症肺部感染临床研究

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜（简称纤支镜）肺泡灌洗术在治疗肺部感染性疾病的疗效。方法：共从内科系统中入选社区获得性肺炎和医院获得性肺炎患者122例,将其分为二组,治疗组：传统治疗加纤支镜肺泡灌洗术治疗肺部感染,共52例;对照组：传统方法治疗肺部感染,共70例。结果：两组病例在发热时间,咳嗽,咳痰及肺部罗音消失时间,住院日,抗生素使用时间,治愈率和死亡率方面对比均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：纤支镜肺泡灌洗术在治疗肺部感染性疾病的疗效确切,且术中危险性小,值得推广。     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗联合振动排痰对重症肺炎机械通气患者呼吸功能及机械通气时间的影响

目的:分析纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗联合振动排痰对重症肺炎机械通气患者呼吸功能及机械通气时间的影响。方法:选取2015年1月~2016年8月我院重症肺炎机械通气患者132例,随机数字表法分为观察组(n=66)和对照组(n=66)。对照组采用纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗,观察组采用纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗+振动排痰治疗。观察比较两组疗效及治疗前、治疗后氧合指数(Pa O2/Fi O2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)、气道阻力(Raw),并统计对比治疗后两组排痰量、机械通气时间。结果:观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);治疗后,观察组Pa O2/Fi O2高于对照组,Pa CO2、Raw低于对照组,观察组排痰量较对照组多,机械通气时间较对照组少,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论:纤支镜肺泡灌洗与振动排痰联合治疗重症肺炎机械通气患者疗效显著,能明显改善其呼吸功能,减少机械通气时间,改善患者预后。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部重症感染44例临床观察

目的 研究纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)下支气管肺泡灌洗术对肺部重症感染的治疗方法 及临床效果.方法 将各种肺部重症感染患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组在常规抗感染基础上通过纤支镜向病变部位注入0.9%氯化钠灌洗液;对照组采用常规抗感染、止咳化痰、体位引流或机械辅助排痰等方法 综合治疗,观察其临床治疗效果.结果 治疗2周后,治疗组总有效率为90.9%,对照组为68.8%.结论 经纤维支气管镜下支气管肺泡灌洗术对肺部重症感染患者能有效去除肺部痰液阻塞,促进气道痰液引流,感染控制快,即时改善患者通气功能,提高疗效,缩短疗程,减少医疗费用.支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗肺部重症感染疗效显著,安全可靠,简便易行,值得临床推广.     

床边纤维支气管镜在呼吸衰竭机械通气患者中的应用及护理

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)在呼吸衰竭机械通气患者中应用的临床意义及护理干预.方法 将64例呼吸衰竭机械通气的患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各32例.2组患者均给予全身抗感染、雾化吸入等对症支持治疗及相应护理.治疗组予床边纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗,对照组常规吸痰治疗.分析比较2组治疗前后的症状、体征及血气分析变化情况.结果 2组的有效率、治愈率比较差异显著;治疗组血气变化、肺部感染控制窗时间、机械通气时间及平均住院时间优于对照组;治疗组成功撤机、器官衰竭及院内死亡例数显著低于对照组.结论 呼吸衰竭机械通气患者行纤支镜肺泡灌洗可改善通气和预后,是安全、有效的.护理干预对提高纤支镜吸痰及灌洗术的成功率起到了不可忽视的重要作用,达到良好的治疗及护理效果.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the application and nursing care of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)by fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with mechanical ventilation. Methods 64 patients with mechanical ventilation in RICU were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 32 patients in each group. The patients in both groups were accepted anti-infection, atomization inhalation and other supportive treatments. The patients in the observation group were treated with BAL, and the patients in the control group accepted routine treatment. The therapeutic effects in the two groups were evaluated and compared. Results There was significant difference in the recovery rate and effective rate, the blood gas analysis compared with the control group was significantly improved, the time of pulmonary infection control window, mechanical ventilation, length of stay were shorter than the control group. The case number to remove ventilator successfully, organs failure and hospital mortality were less than the control group. Conclusions Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with BAL treatment could be safety and efficacy for patients with mechanical ventilation. Nursing intervention plays an important role and a good therapeutic effect for improving achievement ratio of BAL.     

机械通气下支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部感染的研究

目的探讨机械通气下支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）治疗肺部感染的可行性和有效性。方法通过呼吸机专用纤维支气管镜三通管在机械通气下经气管插管、气管切开导管插入纤维支气管镜,对感染部位进行支气管肺泡灌洗治疗。结果46例气管插管、气管切开肺部感染、肺不张患者经灌洗治疗明确病原学32例;显效31例,有效15例,总有效率100％。结论机械通气下施行BAL治疗肺部感染安全、有效。     

Managing smoke inhalation injuries

Inhalation injuries most often occur with cutaneous burns, and the likelihood of an inhalation injury increases incrementally with age of the patient and size of the burn. Damage to the pulmonary parenchymal tissue manifests as increased capillary permeability leading to excessive lung fluid formation and increasing hypoxia. An inhalation injury may be diagnosed using observation of indirect criteria in conjunction with fiberoptic bronchoscopy, xenon 133 radiospirometry, and/or measurement of extravascular lung water. Initially, carbon monoxide poisoning threatens the patient's oxygenation capacity. High-flow oxygen therapy reduces the half-life of carbon monoxide to an acceptable period. The patient proceeds through three stages: pulmonary insufficiency, pulmonary edema, and bronchopneumonia. Treatment is directed toward supporting oxygenation using endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation, humidification of inspired air, early mobilization, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics for documented infection, and adequate systemic hydration.     

纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗加注抗生素治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎58例

目的探讨床边纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗加注抗生素对呼吸机相关性肺炎的治疗效果和安全性。方法对中心ICU中58例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者应用纤维支气管镜反复气道灌洗和注药。操作过程中不停用呼吸机,且将呼吸机参数吸氧浓度(FiO2)提高至80%~100%。常规监测患者临床情况、通气换气功能及呼吸力学指标。结果灌洗注药后患者体温下降,外周血白细胞、痰液量明显减少,X线胸片明显改善。灌洗后气道峰压(PIP)明显下降(P <0.01),PO2和SaO2、呼吸系统顺应性明显增加(P<0.05)。结论床边纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗能有效清除痰痂和气道分泌物,解除支气管的阻塞,改善患者通气换气功能。局部注药部位准确,浓度高,疗效肯定。床边纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗加注抗生素是一种安全、简便实用的治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的有效手段。     

胸部CT定位后纤维支气管镜气道灌洗在机械通气并发重症肺炎患者中的应用效果

目的探讨CT定位下采用纤维支气管镜气道灌洗对机械通气并发重症肺炎的临床疗效。方法选择2012年3月-2014年9月于该院治疗的机械通气合并重症肺部感染者86例为研究对象。将患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组43例,对照组患者在支气管镜灌洗前未做肺部影像学检查,观察组患者在气道灌洗前给与CT检查。监测患者呼吸频率、心率及血压等生命体征,灌洗前和灌洗后1 h的呼吸力学指标,并评价两组患者的临床疗效。结果观察组患者灌洗中及灌洗后10 min的呼吸频率及心率均明显低于对照组(P0.05),血压差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者灌洗后1 h气道峰压(PIP)、吸气阻力(RAW)及呼吸功(WOBvent)均低于对照组(P0.05),肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)明显高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者治疗总有效率为97.67%;明显高于对照组患者治疗效有效率86.05%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用胸部CT定位下纤维支气管镜气道灌洗,能够有效降低患者的应激反应、减轻气道高反应性,缩短机械通气及抗生素使用时间,提高临床疗效。     

肺切除术后危重患者机械通气的应用肺切除术后危重患者机械通气的应用肺切除术后危重患者机械通气的应用

目的总结机械通气治疗肺切除术后患者呼吸功能不全的经验.方法回顾分析2001-05～2006-03我科肺切除术后并发呼吸功能不全25例患者的临床资料,均采用机械通气,同时对因治疗、控制肺部感染和营养支持. 结果 治愈20例,死亡3例,自动出院2例.结论肺切除术后并发呼吸功能不全,应及时给予机械通气治疗,合理选择呼吸机参数,注意无菌操作,在呼吸功能改善的同时对因治疗,并积极控制肺部感染,采用有效抗生素和营养支持.     

肺切除术后危重患者机械通气的应用

目的总结机械通气治疗肺切除术后患者呼吸功能不全的经验。方法回顾分析2001-05～2006-03我科肺切除术后并发呼吸功能不全25例患者的临床资料,均采用机械通气,同时对因治疗、控制肺部感染和营养支持。结果治愈20例,死亡3例,自动出院2例。结论肺切除术后并发呼吸功能不全,应及时给予机械通气治疗,合理选择呼吸机参数,注意无菌操作,在呼吸功能改善的同时对因治疗,并积极控制肺部感染,采用有效抗生素和营养支持。     

Infections chez l’immunodéprimé

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by acute exacerbations (AECOPD) which can be life-threatening and contribute to the progressive decline of lung function and deterioration of quality of life.Management of severe AECOPD requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission is usually based on ventilatory support (mainly by non-invasive ventilation), pharmacologic treatment of bronchial obstruction, and treatment of triggering agents. Systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics are frequently prescribed, based on trials that usually excluded patients requiring ventilatory support. Extrapolation of these trial results to patients requiring ventilator support is not straightforward given the burden of antibiotic resistance in the ICU and the specific adverse effects of corticosteroids in ICU patients including neuromyopathy and sepsis. Few studies have recently evaluated systemic corticosteroids in AECOPD patients requiring ventilatory support: they reached contradictory results regarding intermediate outcomes (ventilation duration, length of stay, and so on) or hard endpoints like ICU mortality. These studies have however consistently highlighted the high risk of developing potentially severe corticosteroids’ side effects. Only one study evaluated systematic antibiotic administration in AECOPD patients requiring ventilatory support. This study suggested that beneficial effects of antibiotics stem from an effect of selective digestive decontamination preventing ventilatory-associated pneumonia. The majority of patients included in that study had invasive mechanical ventilation either at admission or in the 6 h following mechanical ventilation, rendering hazardous any extrapolation to current ventilatory management of such patients who are usually ventilated non-invasively.     

重症监护室机械通气病人肠内营养支持临床护理路径的应用研究

[目的]探讨重症监护室(ICU)机械通气病人肠内营养支持临床护理路径的应用效果。[方法]将60例导致呼吸衰竭而接受机械通气病人按照随机数字表法分为对照组、观察组,每组30例,对照组采用常规肠内营养支持护理模式进行护理,观察组采用ICU机械通气肠内营养支持临床护理路径模式进行护理。观察两组病人干预前后营养指标、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)、胃潴留、高血糖、误吸、黏膜糜烂、腹胀、腹泻等并发症发生率情况,花费营养费用,机械通气时间,住院时间。[结果]干预后观察组病人营养状况优于对照组(P<0.05);机械通气时间、住院时间、所花费的营养费用观察组均少于对照组(P<0.05);并发症发生率观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。[结论]临床护理路径在ICU机械通气病人肠内营养支持的应用效果满意,可改善病人营养状况,节约医疗资源,降低不良反应发生率。     

Diagnostic strategy in cancer patients with acute respiratory failure

Objective Nearly 15% of cancer patients experience acute respiratory failure (ARF) requiring admission to the intensive care unit, where their mortality is about 50%. This review focuses on ARF in cancer patients. The most recent literature is reviewed, and emphasis is placed on current controversies, most notably the risk/benefit ratio of fiberoptic bronchoscopy and BAL in patients with severe hypoxemia.Background Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is the cornerstone of the causal diagnosis. However, the low diagnostic yield of about 50%, related to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy in cancer patients, has generated interest in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and primary surgical lung biopsy. In patients with hypoxemia, bronchoscopy and BAL may trigger a need for invasive mechanical ventilation, thus considerably decreasing the chances of survival.Discussion The place for recently developed, effective, noninvasive diagnostic tools (tests on sputum, blood, urine, and nasopharyngeal aspirates) needs to be determined. The prognosis is not markedly influenced by cancer characteristics; it is determined chiefly by the cause of ARF, need for mechanical ventilation, and presence of other organ failures. Although noninvasive ventilation reduces the need for endotracheal intubation and diminishes mortality rate, its prolonged use in patients with severe disease may preclude optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management. The appropriateness of switching to endotracheal mechanical ventilation in patients who fail noninvasive ventilation warrants evaluation.Conclusion This review discusses risks and benefits from invasive and non invasive diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in critically ill cancer patients with acute respiratory failure. Avenues for research are also suggested in order to improve survival in these very high risk patients.Electronic supplementary material The electronic reference of this article is . The online full-text version of this article includes electronic supplementary material. This material is available to authorised users and can be accessed by means of the ESM button beneath the abstract or in the structured full-text article. To cite or link to this article you can use the above reference.