脑血管病防治的实验与临床研究

该校神经病学研究所以董为伟教授为首的课题组自80年代初开始,对脑血管病(CVD)的防治进行了系列研究。15年来,课题组在临床通过分阶段和针对不同病理环节,对缺血性CVD进行了综合治疗,使病死率从80年代初的7.8％降低为3.3％,明显提高了疗效。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与脑血管病

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）与脑血管病（CVD）的联系。方法 采用多导睡眠图（PSG）对40例脑血管病（CVD）患者和40例年龄、性别、体重指数相匹配的正常对照者进行监测和比较。结果 CVD组合并OSAHS的发病率达73％,对照组OSAHS发病率23％（P〈0．01）,两组间平均和最低血氧饱和度以及呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 OSAHS与CVD关系密切,OSAHS可以是CVD发病的危险因素。CVD后也容易发生OSAHS。     

老年抑郁症和心血管疾病关系的研究进展

抑郁症是心血管疾病(CVD)患者的一个常见问题,与死亡率增加、残疾、生活质量下降密切相关。本文梳理了近年来老年抑郁症和CVD的相关研究状况,总结二者关系并提出CVD患者的抑郁管理措施,为从抑郁症方面防治CVD提供相关理论依据。     

脑血管治疗仪在脑梗死康复护理中的应用

<正> 我国是脑血管病(CVD)发病率非常高的国家之一,每年至少有200万新的CVD病例,据统计,CVD致残率高达60％～80％,依赖率15％,其中偏瘫是最普遍最突出的一种神经功能损害,忽视早期康复治疗及较长时间的功能锻炼是导致永久性残废的主要原因。我科1999年1月～2000年12月采用脑血管治疗仪对CVD患者进行康复治疗,取得满意效     

低踝臂指数与动脉硬化高危男性病死率关系的队列研究

目的研究具有多重动脉硬化危险的男性的踝臂指数（ABI）与全因和心血管疾病（CVD）病死率的关系。方法多中心连续人选内科住院病人中具有多个动脉硬化危险因素的男性病人1941例,年龄36～96岁,进行基线特征调查并平均随访13个月,观察其终点事件的发生率。结果外周动脉疾病（PAD）组的全因病死率（15．4％vs 7．7％）和CVD病死率（5．1％vs 1．8％）均高于正常组,且差异有统计学意义。在重度PAD组、轻度至中度PAD组、临界组和正常对照组中的全因病死率（分别为17．6％,15．2％,10．1％和7．3％）和CVD病死率（分别为14．7％,4．4％,2．9％和1．6％）差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．001）。经Cox回归分析后,轻至中度PAD组（0．4〈ABI≤0．9）全因死亡的RR为1．585（95％CI：1．126～2．230）。重度PAD组（ABI≤0．4）CVD死亡的RR为4．443（95％CI：1．811～10．902）,轻至中度PAD组CVD死亡的RR为1．859（95％CI：1．091～3．166）。PAD组的全因死亡和CVD死亡生存明显低于正常组。结论ABI是全因死亡和CVD死亡的独立危险因素,ABI越低CVD病死率可能越高。     

早期康复护理在脑血管病中的应用

<正> 我国是脑血管病(CVD)发病率非常高的国家之一,每年至少有200万新的CVD疾病病例。近年来,由于临床对脑血管疾病诊断、抢救和治疗技术的不断提高,使急性期病死率大幅度下降,而致残率却非常高。据近年来对CVD病的幸存者的调查统计表明,其中90%以上留有后遗症。为了减轻残疾,提高CVD病人的日常生活能力。我们在病人急诊入院使用药物治疗的同时及时地进行早期康复护理,做好早预见、早计     

英国中年男性的生活方式和心血管疾病：校正个体变异的影响

目的：探讨个体自身变异对英国中年男性吸烟、体力活动极少和体重指数（BMI）增加与心血管疾病（CVD）发生之问预计风险关系的影响。方法和结果：对6452例年龄在40-59岁之间、既往无CVD证据的男性就主要CVD事件（致死性／非致死性心肌梗死或脑卒中）和全因死亡进行了超过20年随访；整个研究过程中定期确定受试者的生活方式特点。观察到1194例男性（18．5％）发生了主要CVD事件。     

牙周致病菌在心血管疾病中的作用机制研究进展

心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease, CVD）是全球范围内主要的致死原因,有研究指出牙周感染是CVD的独立危险因素,牙周病原体可通过直接侵袭、诱导血小板活化凝集、免疫炎症反应、菌血症、氧化应激等多种途径引发CVD。患者进行牙周干预治疗后CVD症状也得到了缓解。大量证据表明牙周病和CVD可能存在密切的关系,但牙周病是一种慢性疾病,牙周病的治疗及牙周健康的改善是一项长期工作,在临床上如何长期有效地通过预防牙周病来降低CVD的发生率是一项具有挑战的研究。本文对牙周致病菌在CVD中的作用机制方面的研究进展作一综述,有助于更好地了解CVD的发病机制,为CVD的临床防治提供潜在的靶点和新的思路。     

代谢综合征及其干预治疗临床意义的初步研究

目的 探讨心血管疾病（CVD）与代谢综合征（MS）及其各组分的相关性;并收集未并发CVD的MS患者进行干预治疗,探讨其对CVD事件的作用。方法 收集未并发CVD的MS患者,分多因子干预组（MFI）97例及加用二甲双胍组（Met组）105例,前组按其代谢异常作相应的药物治疗,后组加用二甲双胍1．5～2．0g／d,平均随访4．6年,以冠心病、脑卒中、颈或股动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）作为心血管事件,评价两种治疗方法的疗效。结果 ①Logistic回归分析显示,CVD的风险因子中MS的危险性高于胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）高于其他单一危险因子。②MFI组〈3年、〉3年的CVD事件发生率分别为5．1％和16．5％,明显高于Met组的3．8％和10．5％（P〈0．05）。结论 MS是CVD的主要风险因子,并与其各组分异常成正相关。药物干预有不同程度的疗效,但加用二甲双胍可显示较好的效果,可能由于二甲双胍兼有涵盖MS多重代谢异常的改善,早用及长期使用对保护靶器官可望取得更好的效果。     

人体测量指标对男性警察心血管病危险因素的适用性及筛检试验评价

目的：比较体质量指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、腰臀比（WHR）、腰围身高比（WHtR）4项人体测量指标对男性公安民警心血管病（CVD）危险因素的预测和评价。方法：以4593名男性公安民警为研究对象,运用受试者特征曲线（ROC）比较4项人体测量指标对警察人群的适用性及CVD危险因素（高血压、糖尿病及血脂异常）的筛检试验评价。结果：该人群中,与WC、WHR和BMI相比,WHtR预测糖尿病、血脂异常及CVD高危人群的真实度较高,其ROC曲线下面积（AUC）较大（P分别〈0．05、〈0．01）：WHtR的灵敏度、约登指数及阴性预测值优于其他3项指标,分别为72．68％、0．35、58．9％。结论：应用WHtR在公安民警中进行筛检能够更全面地发现CVD高危人群,起到良好的预防效果。     

铜陵鹞山社区心脑血管病流行病学调查及防治模式探讨

目的 了解铜陵市鹞山社区人群心脑血管疾病流行病学情况,探索铜陵市社区心脑血管病一体化防治模式。 方法 以方便抽样方法确定铜陵市铜官区鹞山社区为筛查点,40岁以上常住居民列为待筛查和干预对象,确定筛查与综合干预人数为6 182例,并对该社区2015—2017年度的所有常住居民进行了心脑血管病流行病学调查,共调查32 487人次。 结果 铜陵市鹞山社区40岁以上居民中高血压患者占24.44%;高脂血症患者占7.78%;糖尿病患者占6.94%;吸烟人群占24.20%;超重人群占11.36%;有脑卒中病史者占1.78%;心房颤动患者占0.26%;有短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)病史者占0.10%。2015—2017年脑卒中发病率低于所在的铜陵市铜官区,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.734,P=0.002);脑卒中死亡率与铜官区相近,发病率及死亡率无逐年递增或递减现象;2015—2017年心脏病死亡率与铜官区相近,心脏病发病率呈逐年上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.570,P=0.002)。 结论 铜陵市鹞山社区40岁以上人群心脑血管疾病流行特点与铜官区总体人群比较有一致性也有差异性,通过一体化筛查可以针对不同社区制定不同的防治方案,最终形成全市心脑血管疾病一体化防治模式。      

长沙市社区连续五年脑血管病死亡危险因素干预试验

对长沙市居民中社区人群连续５年死亡资料进行前瞻性观察分析，发现心血管疾病死亡率为２８１．９５／１０万，脑血管病死亡率为２０８．８１／１０万。在死亡的脑血管病中，出血性占６１％，缺血性占３１％。在实施干预措施后的第四、五年，脑血管病死亡率比干预前分别下降了４７％和７６％，明显低于同期对照组。对脑血管病危险因素进行干预和加强对社区人群脑卒中防治知识的宣教能有效地降低本地区脑血管病死亡率。     

Clinical study of PTAS therapy for patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease caused by artery stenosis

The curative efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting(PTAS) in the treatment of patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease caused by artery stenosis was explored.The clinical data of 111 patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease receiving PTAS in Guangdong Province General Hospital from Aug.2007 to Nov.2009 were retrospectively analyzed.In total 132 stents were implanted in the 111 patients.The mortality and rate of neural and non-neural complications were assessed perioperatively.Outcomes [including the frequency of transient ischemic attack(TIA),stroke,or death from vascular diseases) were assessed after operation.NIHSS rating was performed in all cases before and at first week,6th month and 12th month after the operation.The PTAS success rate was 100%.The degree of stenosis was reduced after PTAS.The total complication rate during perioperative period was 15.3%(the rate of neural complications was 3.6%).Sixty-seven patients were followed up.Three patients(4.48%) developed cerebrovascular events within 1 month,containing one case of TIA,one case of ipsilateral mild stroke and one case of contralateral mild stroke.No severe stroke or death was observed.During a follow-up period of 12 months 7 patients had cerebrovascular events(10.44%),including 2 cases of ipsilateral TIA(2.99%),2 cases of ipsilateral mild stroke and 2 cases of contralateral mild stroke(2.99%),one case of severe stroke(1.49%).In 13 patients receiving DSA re-examination one year after PTAS,2 patients(15.38%) had in-stent restenosis.NIHSS scores were obviously decreased during a follow-up period as compared with those pre-operation(P<0.05).It was concluded that PTAS could significantly alleviate the neural function deficit of the patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease.The success rate of PTAS was high,and the rate of complications was lower and the clinical outcomes were satisfactory.PTAS is a safe and effective therapeutic method,though the long-term outcomes need further study.     

Older female inpatients in Arkansas

The purpose of this study was to examine age and Major Diagnostic Categories (MDCs) and compare the variables to mortality and length of stay among inpatient women age 50 and over. Archival statistical data were obtained for 2,238 inpatients in a private, nonprofit hospital in 1998. The ages ranged from 50 to 107 years old, with a mean age of 71.21 years. Quantitative analyses were conducted to examine the data from a private, nonprofit hospital and determine if there were significant relationships between age, major diagnostic category, length of stay, and mortality in older women. The MDC distribution indicated that the highest frequency of diseases and disorders were in the following three systems: circulatory system, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, and the digestive system. The average length of stay was 8.01 days. The 30-day readmission percentage and the 365-day readmission percentage were 12.24% and 28.02%, respectively. The mortality rate was 6%. In addition, 63.97% went home after discharge, and 67.07% were Medicare recipients. The risk of musculoskeletal diseases and disorders increased with age (p = .0001). The conditional probability of death was nearly nine times higher for the diseases of the nervous system, myeloproliferative diseases and disorders, poorly differentiated neoplasms and respiratory diseases. As age increased, the probabilities of a long hospital stay decreased. The mortality analyses found that the lowest probabilities of survival were in categories of myeloproliferative diseases and disorders, poorly differentiated neoplasms, and infectious and parasitic diseases. According to current health statistics, our society is getting older. Not only are people living longer, they are accessing more health care (American Association for World Health, 1999). Overall, the average life expectancy at birth has been identified at 76.5 years. The female has a longer life expectancy than the male, averaging 5.8 years longer. The highest life expectancy has been identified in the white female, who can expect to live to 79. The black woman has the second-highest life expectancy, 74.7 years. Peters, Kochanek, and Murphy reported an all-time-low age-adjusted death rate for the United States and a continuing trend in the decline in mortality for all age groups. With a growing number of people living longer, there is a need to know about the most common health issues that affect quality of life. The top three national causes of death in older Americans were diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular diseases/stroke. Arkansas health statistics mirror the national statistics. In April 1999, the Arkansas Department of Health reported that 30.5% percent of all female deaths were caused by heart disease. Malignant neoplasms were responsible for 20.1%, followed by cerebrovascular diseases at 10.8%. Other than three Connecticut hospital studies that explored the relationship of diagnosis code, mortality, and readmission, research is meager in this area. There is a need for hospital-based research that addresses the diagnosis categories and the relationship to age and other variables.     

颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄治疗研究进展

目前,我国脑缺血性卒中的致死率和致残率位居 所有疾病首位[1] 。研究[2] 发现,在缺血性脑卒中和短暂 性 脑 缺 血 发 作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）的 患 者中有 20％的患者存在颈动脉狭窄。颈动脉狭窄最 常见的病因是颈动脉粥样硬化[3] ,且颈动脉粥样硬化 性狭窄的发病率随着年龄增大而增加,且男性高于女 性[4] 。在以大动脉粥样硬化为病因的缺血性脑血管病 中,颈内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄所占比例最大[5] ,大动脉 粥样硬化导致的TIA患者在早期复发缺血性卒中的风 险会增加 1倍[6] ,且TIA或轻型缺血性卒中伴有动脉粥 样硬化的患者,在未来 5年内发生大血管事件的风险 远高于不伴有动脉粥样硬化患者[7] 。     

Impact of Cardiovascular Disease Deaths on Life Expectancy in Chinese Population

Objective We aimed to analyze the impact of cardiovascular disease （CVD） deaths on life expectancy （LE） in Chinese population and estimate the percentage reduction in CVD mortality needed to increase LE by 1 year from the current level, a national target of health improvement. Methods We used life tables, cause-elimination life tables, and age decomposition of LE with corrected mortality data from the National Disease Surveillance System in 2010. Results LE at birth of Chinese people was 73.24 years in 2010. Women had a longer LE than men, and urban population had a longer LE than rural population. CVD deaths resulted in a 4.79-year LE loss and premature deaths in people aged 25 to 64 years were responsible for a substantial part of LE loss from CVD. Death from ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases accounted for 69.2% of LE loss from CVD deaths and death from cerebrovascular diseases was the largest contributor. In rural men, 51.1% LE loss from CVD deaths was caused by cerebrovascular diseases. If there were no changes in mortality rates for all other diseases, a 27.4% reduction in CVD mortality would increase LE by i year in Chinese population. Conclusion There is a considerable impact of CVD deaths on LE. A 1-year LE increase in the future requires at least a 27.4% reduction in CVD mortality from the current level. Targeting the rural population and tackling cerebrovascular diseases are important for reaching the national goal of health improvement.     

脑卒中社区防治的研究现况

脑卒中是一组突然起病,以局灶性神经功能缺失为共同特征的急性脑血管疾病,又称为中风或脑血管意外,该病具有高发病率、高病死率、高致残率、高复发率等特点。在世界范围内极大地危害着中老年人的健康和生命,已成为国内外医学界关注的重点健康话题。目前国际上对脑卒中防治的目标已转向社区人群,强调群体预防。该文就我国脑卒中防治的严峻形势及社区防治的现况和存在的问题予以综述,并探讨今后脑卒中社区防治的策略。     

三维数字减影血管造影在脑血管病诊断和介入治疗中的价值

目的 探讨三维数字减影血管造影（3D－DSA）在脑血管疾病中的诊断和血管嫩治疗的价值。方法 40例疑有脑血管病的患者均在3D－DSA系统的操作床上行普通DSA,然后行三维重建成像处理作出正确的诊断,再根据3D－DSA处理图片数据拟定介入治疗方案。结果 40例疑有脑血管病的患者均行普通DSA检查,阳性率为85.0%,3D－DSA处理后阳性率为95.0%。共确诊38例,其中脑动脉瘤15例,GDC栓塞治疗13例,100％栓塞11例,90％以上栓塞2例。脑动静脉畸形9例,100％栓塞7例,90％以上栓塞2例。缺血性中风14例,其中血管狭窄9例,支架置入8例,7例狭窄血管100％开通;血管闭塞5例,尿激酶动脉内溶栓治疗,完全再通2例,部分再通2例,不通1例。并发症3例（7．9％）。结论 3D－DSA能够提高脑血管病的检出率,明显优于普通DSA,对评价脑血管病的血管内治疗有潜在的价值。     

老年缺血性脑卒中合并心房颤动及冠心病患者的6年预后随访研究

背景　近年来,心房颤动（简称房颤）合并冠心病患者在临床上越来越受到关注,新近的临床研究主要集中于脑卒中和血栓栓塞事件的预防和治疗。目的　评估老年缺血性脑卒中合并房颤及冠心病患者的远期生存率,分析影响预后的危险因素。方法　本研究为回顾性队列研究,回顾性分析2012年1月-2014年10月首次因急性缺血性脑卒中入住北京医院神经内科病房的患者406例,从中选取同时满足房颤和冠心病诊断标准的60岁以上老年患者共计164例作为脑血管病组,并从心内科同期住院患者中选取年龄、性别、共病种类与其相匹配的房颤合并冠心病但无脑血管病患者164例作为非脑血管病组。收集两组患者的临床资料：包含人口统计学信息、疾病种类、用药种类、血压、心率、合并心脏基础疾病及其他疾病、实验室指标、超声心动图结果、治疗方案;分别通过CHA2DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分评估患者的脑卒中及血栓栓塞发生风险,应用HAS-BLED评分评估出血风险,并在其出院后通过定期电话随访、门诊及住院志查询等方式随访至少6年,记录其死亡、再住院次数及主要不良心血管事件（MACE）发生情况,探讨影响其远期预后的因素。结果　脑血管病组合并高脂血症比例、慢性胃肠病比例低于非脑血管病组,LVEDD、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分、HAS-BLED评分高于非脑血管病组（P<0.05）。脑血管病组164例患者失访2例（失访率1.2%）,死亡80例（49.4%）,根据生存结局分为死亡组（80例）和存活组（82例）。死亡组患者年龄大于存活组,收缩压、舒张压、合并高血压比例、合并高脂血症比例、血清蛋白、使用他汀类药物比例低于存活组,心率和合并陈旧性心肌梗死、心力衰竭、慢性肾病比例及纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）心功能分级、D-二聚体、N末端B型钠尿肽前体（NT-proBNP）高于存活组（P<0.05）。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,年龄每增加10岁〔HR=1.63,95%CI（1.05,2.51）〕、陈旧性心肌梗死〔HR=2.19,95%CI（1.14,4.22）〕和D-二聚体≥148 μg/L〔HR=6.99,95%CI（2.10,23.28）〕是老年缺血性脑卒中合并房颤及冠心病患者远期死亡的危险因素,高血压〔HR=0.28,95%CI（0.11,0.72）〕和使用他汀类药物〔HR=0.38,95%CI（0.19,0.78）〕是患者远期死亡的保护因素。结论　房颤合并冠心病患者在首次发生脑血管病后,其远期死亡与并存的脑血管病无关,而与增龄、陈旧性心肌梗死病史及D-二聚体水平有关,维持适当高的血压水平和应用他汀类药物可能会降低远期死亡率。     

急性缺血性脑血管疾病病人发热与病死率的关系

目的探讨急性缺血性脑血管疾病病人病死率与体温的关系。方法对220例急性缺血性脑血管疾病病人人院第1,2天和出院或死亡当天及前一天体温进行比较,观察急性缺血性脑血管疾病病人发热与病死率的关系。结果发热病人病死率比体温正常病人病死率明显增加（52．9％和4．9％,P〈0．01）。结论发热是急性缺血性脑血管疾病病人死亡的主要原因。因此早期控制体温,预防感染,加强护理,可以有效降低其病死率。