绝经后女性类风湿性关节炎患者腰椎和股骨近端骨密度测量

为了观察绝经后女性类风湿性关节炎（ＲＡ）患者骨矿物质密度水平的变化，采用双能Ｘ线骨密度仪（ＤＥＸＡ）测量２３例绝经后女性ＲＡ患者和年龄、性别匹配的２３例正常健康者的腰椎２～４（Ｌ２～Ｌ４）和右侧股骨近端（股骨颈、大转子和Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ三角区）的骨密度（ＢＭＤ）。结果表明，绝经后女性ＲＡ患者Ｌ２～Ｌ４、右侧股骨近端的ＢＭＤ测量值（ｇ／ｃｍ２）明显低于年龄和性别匹配的正常健康者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。绝经后女性ＲＡ患者Ｌ２～Ｌ４骨密度的Ｚ－ｓｃｏｒｅ与糖皮质激素用药时间呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．５８，Ｐ＝０．００３，ｎ＝２３）。提示绝经后女性ＲＡ患者存在明显的骨质丢失。     

大连青年腰椎和股骨近端骨密度的调查

目的探讨大连地区青年骨密度现状及运动对骨密度的影响,为骨质疏松预防提供科学依据。方法采用双能X线吸收法,测量了大连市内486名(男性266,女性220)健康汉族青年的第2~4腰椎椎体、股骨颈、Ward三角和大转子的骨密度,并测量其身高和体重。结果(1)大连青年第2~4腰椎椎体、股骨颈、Ward三角和大转子的骨密度男性分别为1.107、1.028、0.901和0.883,女性分别为0.978、0.963、0.859和0.847,男性明显大于女性并差异有显著性(P<0.05)。(2)大连男女青年中经常参加运动的骨密度比不参加运动的骨密度高,并差异有显著性(P<0.05)。(3)大连男女青年的骨密度总体低于内陆地区,高于南方地区。(4)大连男女青年身高、体重及体重指数与骨密度呈正相关。结论大连青年骨密度处中下水平,骨密度有明显的性差,运动有利于增加骨密度。     

正常人腰椎正位骨密度测量结果分析

目的 了解正常人腰椎正位骨密度变化，为建立北京地区骨密度正常参考值提供依据。方法 应用Norland XR-36型双能X线骨密度仪（DEXA）对北京地区20－89岁正常人进行腰椎正位骨密度测定，按5岁一个年龄组进行统计分析。结果 L2－L4峰值分布在男性25－29岁，女性30－34岁，男女之间峰值差异无显性（P＞0．05）。55岁以后同年龄组两性间BMD差异显（P＜0．01）。女性从45－50岁组，男性从60－64岁组开始骨量丢失明显加快，男性在70－84岁BMD保持稳定，并有上升趋势。结论 妇女绝经前4－5年椎骨骨量就已出现明显的丢失；在临床扫描分析时，对异常高密区加以删除，可对腰椎骨密度状况得出更真实的评价。     

双能X线骨密度仪测定83例2型糖尿病人骨密度分析

目的 了解2型糖尿病患腰椎及髋部骨矿物密度的变化。方法 双能X线骨密度仪测定2型糖尿病病人共83例(年龄40—79岁)，其中男性43例，女性40例；健康对照组71例(年龄40—79岁)，男性38例，女性33例。对比分析糖尿病组与同性别同龄正常组的测量结果，另根据病程将糖尿病组分为大于5年及小于5年组，并对2组结果进行分析。结果①糖尿病组与健康对照组比较，腰椎及髋部骨密度差异无显性；②病程大于5年与小于5年的2型糖尿病患间骨密度差异无显性。结论 2型糖尿病是否引起骨矿物密度降低或增高有待进一步研究。     

哈尔滨地区中老年人周围骨骨密度的测量状况分析

目的应用DEX200双能X线骨密度仪分析中老年人周围骨骨密度的测量结果。方法所选对象为哈尔滨地区及附近农村、郊区的中老年人,共3432例。年龄范围为40～79岁,每10岁为一个年龄段,分为4组。诊断标准:采用世界卫生组织(WHO)批准的诊断标准:T值≤-2.5标准差(SD)诊断为骨质疏松症;T值≥-1.0SD为骨量正常,-2.5SD相似文献   

西安地区1478例骨密度调查研究

目的 调查西安地区部分人群骨密度,为建立骨密度正常参考值数据提供资料.方法 应用双能X线骨密度仪对西安地区1478例受检对象进行骨密度检测,分析各年龄组骨密度值,以及骨量丢失率及患病率,用SPSS13.0分析软件进行统计学处理.结果 西安地区女性和男性骨密度峰值(PBM)分别出现在20～24岁和30～34岁年龄组, 随后呈下降趋势,但女性在30～34岁和50岁左右,其BMD值各形成一个波形向上小峰,男性BMD于40岁左右和60～64岁呈现相同波形.各部位BMD均下降,其中以沃氏三角降低幅度最大.同年龄段和同一测量部位的男性BMD均高于女性.女性在50岁以后、男性在55岁以后骨密度值明显降低,骨量丢失率增加,OP发生率升高.结论 骨质疏松发生率与增龄呈明显正相关, 女性在50岁以后、男性在55岁以后,OP的发生几率增大,应及早预防.     

贵阳地区1123例健康成人骨密度调查

目的了解本地区成年人群腰椎、股骨近端各部位骨密度（Bone mineral density BMD）的变化规律及骨质疏松患病率情况,为骨质疏松的诊断及预防提供科学依据。方法采用美国Lunar公司的Prodigy系列双能X线骨密度仪测量1123例成年人群腰椎、非优势（左）股骨近端各部位（股骨颈、大粗隆及Wards三角）BMD值,按5岁1个年龄组分11组对数据进行统计分析。结果贵阳地区成年女性腰椎及股骨近端骨峰含量出现在25-29岁组,成年男性腰椎及股骨近端骨峰含量出现在30-35岁组,且腰椎及股骨近端各部位BMD值均随年龄增长而下降,在50-59岁后骨量呈快速丢失现象。结论骨质疏松患病率与增龄有关,女性50岁以后、男性60岁以后患病几率增大,应及早预防。     

应用双能X线骨密度仪对辽宁地区正常人群骨密度的流行病学调查

目的 调查辽宁地区正常人群骨密度值及骨质疏松患病率，为骨质疏松的预防提供科学依据。方法 对辽宁地区一般人群随机抽样2300例，应用美国Lunar公司生产的双能X线骨密度仪分别测试受试的L2－4及股骨上段（包括股骨颈，Ward's区及粗隆部位）的BMD值。结果 各检测组的BMD峰值均出现于20－29岁组，且BMD随年龄增加而逐渐降低，进入50－59岁组，女性的骨量丢失速度明显加快，尤以Ward's区明显。60－69岁年龄组的骨质疏松症患病率，男性为27％，女性为46．8％。结论 BMD随年龄增长而下降，骨质疏松发病率也随之增加，女性发病率明显高于男性。     

定量CT与DXA测量近段股骨面积骨密度及T值的比较研究

目的 研究定量CT( QCT)测量近段股骨面积骨密度准确性和可重复性,并对QCT和DXA近段股骨测量结果及T值进行比较性研究。方法 来自前瞻性城乡流病研究（PURE)项目的103名女性和49名男性同一天进行髋关节QCT和DXA扫描。对观察者间及观察者内CTXA测量结果进行分析,为了减小QCT和DXA因体模不同造成的误差,用Mindways回归方程对QCT测量结果进行换算,并运用Bland-Altman分析及线性回归分析比较CTXA和DXA结果的差异和相关性。结果QCT 全髋关节(TH)与股骨颈(FN)的面积骨密度均低于DXA测量结果,分别为21. 0%和17. 8%。而QCT测量值用Mindways回归方程换算后,减小了与DXA测量结果的差异。FN及TH的观察者内及观察者间CTXA测量误差分别为0. 070和0. 024 g/ cm2及0. 030和0. 012 g/cm2,与DXA重复测量误差相近。经过Mindways校准方程换算后,Bland-Altman分析显示CTXA和 DXA的TH的偏倚为-0.002( SD =0.05) g/m2,而FN为-0.005 ( SD =0.06) g/m2。CTXA测量女性近段股骨的T值与DXA的T值相关性很好,FN的R2 =0. 809,TH的R2 =0. 883。结论CTXA测量的髋关节aBMD与DXA的测量的准确性相近,经过合适的调整,CTXA能够得出类似DXA的aBMD,对于老年女性其获得的全髋关节的T值与DXA结果相关性很好,从而能够用于诊断骨质疏松。     

容积性定量CT测量股骨近端骨密度准确性研究

目的通过分别对比容积性定量CT(vQCT)、双能X射线吸收法(DXA)与灰化法测量股骨近端骨密度结果,确定并对比相关性,进行指导临床骨质疏松诊断及治疗。方法选取20个尸体股骨近端标本,先使用DXA骨密度仪扫描,测得骨矿含量(BMC)及骨密度(BMD)。再对标本相同部位行64层螺旋CT扫描,数据导入OsteoCAD软件自动分析得出骨密度值。应用灰化法得出标本灰质量密度。所有资料进行统计分析分别确定并对比vQCT及DXA测量的骨密度值与灰密度之间的相关性。结果vQCT测量股骨颈骨密度与灰质量密度线性相关性较好(r=0.852,P0.01),DXA与灰质量密度的相关性略差(r=0.807,P0.01)。结论vQCT测得的骨密度较DXA与灰质量密度线性相关性更好,可靠性高,对于诊断骨质疏松,预测骨质疏松性骨折,评价、指导骨质疏松骨折手术更有应用价值。     

Vertebral bone mineral density measured laterally by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

The bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebrae in the anteroposterior (AP) view may be overestimated in osteoarthritis or with aortic calcification, which are common in elderly. Furthermore, the risk of spinal crush fracture should be more closely related inversely to the BMD of the vertebral body than to that of the posterior arch. Therefore, we measured BMD of lumbar vertebrae in lateral (LAT) view (L2–L3), using a standard dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DEXA), thus eliminating most of the posterior spinal elements. The precision of BMD LAT measurement was determined both in vitro and in healthy volunteers. Then, we compared the capability of BMD LAT and BMD AP scans for monitoring bone loss related to age and for discriminating the BMD of postmenopausal women with nontraumatic vertebral fractures from that of young subjects. In vitro, when a spine phantom was placed in lateral position in the middle of 26 cm of water in order to simulate both soft-tissue thickness and X-ray source remoteness, the coefficient of variation (CV) of six repeated determinations of BMD was 1.0%. In vivo, the CV of paired BMD LAT measurements obtained in 20 healthy volunteers after repositioning was 2.8%. The age-related difference between a peak bone mass group estimated in a group of 27 healthy women aged 20 to 35 years and a group of 50 women aged 60 to 75 years, in whom neither vertebral fracture nor osteoporosis risk factors could be detected, were 21.7% and 37.6% in AP and LAT view, respectively. An arbitrary BMD fracture threshold was defined in AP and LAT views as the 90th percentile of the BMD value of a group of 22 osteoporotic women with vertebral fractures. The distribution of BMD AP and LAT above and below this threshold in 169 consecutively screened women without vertebral fracture was then analysed. In both AP and LAT views, 39.1% and 31.3% had BMD values above and below this threshold, respectively. Of the remaining, 16.0% had a BMD below this threshold only in AP and 13.6% only in LAT view. Thus, if BMD LAT was a better reflection of vertebral body bone mass than BMD AP, and thereby a better predictor of the resistance to crush fracture, our results would suggest that only the use of the standard AP view could under- or overestimate spinal fracture risk in about 30% of women screened for osteoporosis. In conclusion, our results indicate that BMD measurement in lateral view is feasible with a standard DEXA instrument. This mode of scanning, besides overcoming artefacts due to osteoarthritis of the posterior arch and aortic calcifications, appears to provide a greater sensitivity for assessing bone mass loss of the vertebral body than the standard anteroposterior scan.     

Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy finnish women

Summary A cross-sectional study of 351 healthy Finnish women aged 20–76 years was done to establish reference values of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The effects of age and of several physical and lifestyle factors on BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle area) were investigated. Altogether 58 women were excluded from the final analysis due to significant spinal osteoarthritis or other diseases or drugs known to influence calcium or bone metabolism. The precision of the method was 0.9, 1.2, 2.7, and 2.4% in the lumbar, femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter area, respectively. Lumbar BMD was increased by 30% (P<0.001) in 15 patients with osteoarthritis (21% of women 50 years or older), but it was apparently unaffected in 5 cases with aortic calcification. Except for the trochanter area, BMD diminished along with age, and this was significant after the menopause. The peak of mean BMD was observed at the age of 31–35 years in the spine and at the age of 20–25 years in the femoral neck and Ward's triangle. BMD was in a positive relationship to weight both in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and to the use of oral contraceptives in premenopausal women and to that of estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Labors and pregnancies had a weak positive effect on BMD in premenopausal women. As compared with nonusers premenopausal women who had used alcohol showed a slightly decreased BMD of Ward's triangle. In postmenopausal women there was a positive correlation between alcohol intake and BMD.     

Influence of patient's weight on dual-photon absorptiometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mineral density

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic QDR 1000) and by¹⁵³Gd dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) (Novo Lab 22a) in 120 postmenopausal women. Though a high correlation existed between the two techniques, the ratio between DXA and DPA values was not constant. Using DXA we observed a higher dependence of BMD on weight than in the DPA measurements. To investigate the different behaviour of DXA and DPA machines with weight, we analysed the effects of increasing thickness of soft tissue equivalents on the BMD of the Hologic spine phantom and on the BMD equivalent of an aluminium standard tube. Increasing tissue-equivalent thickness caused the phantom BMD measured by DPA to decrease significantly but had not effect on the DXA measurements. The different behaviour of DPA and DXA equipment with regard to the phantoms could account for the differences observed in the relations between BMD and weight in the patients. Using multiple regression we studied the influence of weight and body mass index on the relation between BMD measured by the two techniques. The introduction of either of these variables into the regression resulted in an improvement of the prediction of the DXA values from the DPA values. However, the residual standard error of the estimate was still higher than the combined precision errors of the two methods, so that no simple relation allows a conversion of BMD_DPA into BMD_DXA. Our results confirm that BMD is positively correlated with weight in postmenopausal women; the influence of weight on BMD is blunted when the Novo Lab 22a DPA machine is used for measuring bone mineral.     

A comparison of two dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry systems for spinal bone mineral measurement

Summary Two dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) systems—the Hologic QDR-1000 and the Norland XR-26 bone densitometers—were evaluated in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity of response, X-ray exposure, and correlation of in vivo spinal measurements. In vitro precision and accuracy studies were performed using the Hologic anthropomorphic spine phantom; linearity of response was determined with increasing thicknesses of aluminum slabs and concentrations of Tums E-X in a constant-level water bath. Both systems were comparable in precision, achieving coefficients of variation (CVs) of less than 1% in bone mineral content (BMC, g), bone area (cm²), and bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm²). Both were accurate in their determination of BMC, bone area, and BMD with reference to the Hologic spine phantom. Both systems also showed good BMC and BMD linearity of response. Measured X-ray skin surface exposures for the Hologic and the Norland systems were 3.11 and 3.02 mR, respectively. In vivo spinal measurements (n=65) on the systems were highly correlated (BMC: r=0.993, SEE=1.770 g; area: r=0.984, SEE=1.713 cm²; BMD: r=0.990, SEE=0.028 g/cm²). In conclusion, both systems are comparable in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity of response, and exposure efficiency.     

Bone loss around failed femoral implant measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) and its changes after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been studied extensively, but quantitative data on BMD around loosened prostheses are still lacking. In this study, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), we determined periprosthetic BMD in 19 patients with failed primary THA. There was a decrease in BMD (8.8%–25.5%) in every Gruen zone as compared with the patient's non-operated (control) side. Although the bone loss was most significant in the proximal femur, as in primary THA, the pattern of bone loss around the failed THA differred from the typical remodeling seen after successful THA. We suggest that quantitation of bone mass around the failed femoral stem is possible. Remarkable generalized bone loss around the stem is associated with a loosened prosthesis. Received: November 12, 1999 / Accepted: December 24, 1999     

人体双髋骨密度分布规律研究

目的 探索人体双髋骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)的分布规律,为选择髋部感兴趣区提供依据.方法 用GE Lunar Prodigy型双能X线骨密度仪(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)测量受检者双髋BMD,感兴趣区选择股骨颈和全髋部.结果 共检测301例,其中男性135例,左右侧股骨颈BMD差值为(0.004±0.048)g/cm~2,左右侧全髋部BMD差值为(0.006±0.042)g/cm~2,差异均无统计学意义;高低侧股骨颈BMD差值为(0.038±0.029)g/cm~2[95%CI(0.034,0.043)],高低侧全髋部BMD差值为(0.035±0.025)g/cm~2[95%CI(0.030,0.039)].女性166例,左右侧股骨颈BMD差值为(0.006±0.040)g/cm~2,左右侧全髋部BMD差值为(0.003±0.036)g/cm~2,差异均无统计学意义;高低侧股骨颈BMD差值为(0.032±0.025)g/cm~2[95%CI(0.028,0.036)],高低侧全髋部BMD差值为(0.030±0.021)g/cm~2[95%CI(0.027,0.033)].无论男性还是女性,髋部股骨颈BMD与全髋部BMD呈正相关.结论 人体左右侧髋部感兴趣区BMD总体分布基本一致,但个体髋部存在优势侧与非优势侧,建议测量双侧髋部BMD,并报告较低的一侧.     

Spinal coronal profiles and proximal femur bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose

Although the occurrence and progression of AIS has been linked to low bone mineral density (BMD), the relationships between spinal curvature and bilateral differences in proximal femur BMD are controversial. Few correlation studies have stratified patients by curve type. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between spinal coronal profile and bilateral differences in proximal femur BMD in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods

This study included 67 patients with AIS who underwent posterior correction and fusion surgery between January 2009 and October 2011. The mean age at the time of surgery was 17.4 ± 4.1 years. Bilateral proximal femur BMD was measured before surgery by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We compared the proximal femur BMDs by determining the bilateral BMD ratio (left proximal femur BMD divided by that of the right). We evaluated correlations between coronal parameters, obtained from preoperative radiographs, and the BMD ratio using Pearson’s correlation analysis.

Results

Patients with Lenke type 1 curve (48; all with a right convex curve) had a mean bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio of 1.00 ± 0.04. Patients with Lenke type 5 curve (19; all with a left convex curve) had a mean bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio of 0.94 ± 0.04, indicating that the BMD in the proximal femur on the right side (concave) was greater than that in the left (convex). Coronal balance was significantly correlated with the BMD ratio in both the Lenke type 1 and type 5 groups, with a correlation coefficient of 0.46 and 0.50, respectively.

Conclusions

The bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio was significantly correlated with the coronal balance in AIS patients. When the C7 plumb line was shifted toward one side, the BMD was greater in the contralateral proximal femur.     

Relationships between T-scores at the hip and bone mineral density at the distal femur and proximal tibia in persons with spinal cord injury

Objective: To identify T-score values at the total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) that correspond to the cutoff value of <0.60?g/cm² for heightened risk of fracture at the distal femur (DF) and proximal tibia (PT).

Design: Retrospective analysis of data in a research center’s database.

Setting: Community-based individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Participants: 105 unique individuals with SCI.

Outcome Measurements: DXA derived areal BMD (aBMD) and T-score of the DF, PT, TH, and FN.

Results: The aBMD at the DF and PT regions were predictors of T-scores at the TH (R ²?=?0.63, P?<?0.001 and R ²?=?0.65, P?<?0.001) and FN (R ²?=?0.55, P?<?0.001 and R ²?=?0.58, P?<?0.001). Using the DF and PT aBMD of 0.60?g/cm² as a value below which fractures were more likely to occur, the predicted T-score was ?3.1 and ?3.5 at the TH and ?2.6 and ?2.9 at the FN, respectively. However, when the predicted and observed T-score values disagree outside the 95% limit of agreement, the predicted T-score values are lower than the measured T-score values, overestimating the measured values between ?2.0 and ?4.0 SD.

Conclusion: The DF and PT cutoff value for aBMD of 0.60?g/cm² was a moderate predictor of T-score values at the TH and FN, with considerable inaccuracies outside the clinically acceptable limits of agreement. As such, the direct measurement of knee aBMD in persons with SCI should be performed, whenever possible, prior to prescribing weight bearing upright activities, such as robotic exoskeletal-assisted walking.     

Bone densitometry of the forearm: Comparison of single-photon and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Forearm bone mineral densitometry was performed initially by single-photon absorptiometry (SPA), but is now achievable by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as well, with a good correlation between both measurements. However, it is still unknown whether: (1) short-term precision of DXA is superior to SPA and (2) identical regions of interest (ROT) are mandatory to correlate SPA with DXA. The aim of this study was to answer these questions using a commercial system for DXA (DXA-FAS) and to test an in-house system using spine DXA and a soft-tissue compensator (DXA-STC). In ten subjects, four measurements on the same day showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) coefficients of variation (CV) for bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA-FAS (proximal site: 0.74%; ultradistal site: 1.20%) than by SPA (1.26% and 2.25%). However, the CV for bone mineral content (BMC) were similar for DXA-FAS (0.73% and 1.58%) and SPA (0.79% and 1.34%). The significant difference (p < 0.05) for surface calculation by DXA-FAS (1.24% and 0.93%) compared with SPA (2.36% and 1.28%) explains all the advantages of DXA-FAS for short-term precision. The measurements taken on the same day on the ulna and the radius or on the radius alone by SPA, DXA-FAS, and DXA-STC on 108 subjects aged 18–80 years were highly correlated [r ranging from 0.925 to 0.995 (p < 0.0001) and standard error of the estimate from 3.15% to 8.89%]. The need for a manual adjustment of the ROT was found to be mandatory for BMC but not BMD assessment. The use of DXA-STC is a fast method for forearm bone densitometry and its correlation with SPA is very high. However, its short-term precision for BMC (3.00% and 1.54%), BMD (2.15% and 1.12%), and surfaces (1.99% and 1.12%) is significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of DXA-FAS. We conclude that short-term precision of DXA is better than that of SPA only for BMD and surface measurement but not for BMC. ROT should be adjusted manually for the assessment of BMC but not for that of BMD.     

Accuracy and precision of lumbar bone mineral content by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in live female monkeys

Summary Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine thein vivo bone mineral content (BMC) of lumbar vertebrae in 20 feral adult female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The ash weight of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) was compared to the measured L3BMC of thein vivo DXA analyses. Correlation between the estimated L3BMC by DXA and the actual ash weight was significant (r=0.965,P<0.01); however, DXA methodology underestimated ash weight on the average of 6.2%. Correlation was significant between two sequentialin vivo DXA scans (r=0.988,P<0.001). Noninvasivein vivo DXA was a fast, precise, and effective method for measuring the lumbar BMC in female cynomolgus macaques.