阴离子交换FPLC制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＤＥＡＥ－４０ＨＲ阴离子交换柱。在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了ＩｇＧ类单克隆抗体制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经５０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用阴离子交换色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于８０～１００ｍｌ腹水。可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ５００～６００ｍｇ，得率为６～７ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为５７～６７％．一次纯化周期仅需４５ｍｉｎ。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测ＭｃＡｂ纯度为９５％，ＡＢＣ染色法测定ＭｃＡｂ活性为１：２００００（３．１３×１０－１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）．     

阴离子交换FPLC制备级化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＤＥＡＥ－４０ＨＲ阴离子交换柱，在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了ＩｇＧ类单克隆抗体制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经５０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用阴离子交换色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于８０～１００ｍｌ腹水，可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ５００～６００ｍｇ，得率为６～７ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为５７～６７％，一次纯化周期仅南非４５ｍｉｎ。经ＳＤＳ－ＦＡＧＥ检测ＭｃＡｂ纯度为９５％，ＡＢＣ染色法     

抗汉坦病毒单克隆抗体F（ab‘）2的制备及其纯度和活性鉴定

利用木瓜蛋白酶分别制备了抗汉坦病毒鼠源性单克隆抗体（ｍＡｂ）３Ｇ１和３Ｄ８Ｆ（ａｂ′）２片段。通过ＷａｔｅｒＤＥＡＥ４０ＨＲ阴离子交换色谱柱纯化后，非还原型ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ呈现单一条带，相对分子质量（Ｍｒ）约１０００００。两种Ｆ（ａｂ′）２片段均具有良好的血凝抑制活性、病毒中和活性及对汉坦病毒感染乳鼠的保护作用     

抗人肝癌mAb HAb18F（ab‘）2半成品的制备与质量控制

目的 制备符合人用标准的抗人肝癌ｍＡｂ ＨＡｂ１８Ｆ（ａｂ‘）２片段。方法 用胃蛋白酶消化经硫酸铵盐析的腹水抗体,然后在快速蛋白液相色谱（ＦＰＬＣ）上用Ｐｈｅｎｙｌ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＨＰ疏水柱纯化并进行质检。结果 经Ｐｈｅｎｙｌ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＨＰ疏水柱纯化后,Ｆ（ａｂ’）２片段的纯度可达９８．８％,回收率大于５０％,免疫活性为１：８０００,细菌,热原质检测均呈阴性。结论 本制备工艺周期短、     

凝胶色谱法半制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用Ｓｅｐｈａｃｙ１Ｓ－２００凝胶色谱柱，在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰ－ＬＣ）建立了肝癌相关抗原单克隆抗体半制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经４０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用凝胶色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于５～１０ｍｌ腹水，可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ３０～６０ｍｇ，得率为６～５．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为６３％，一次色谱纯化周期２ｈ，整个分离纬化可在３ｈ内完成。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和ＤＥＡＥ离子交换色     

抗人层粘连蛋白Fab‘的制备

用ＤＥＡＥ纤维素ＤＥ－５２反相吸附纯化抗人层粘连蛋白（ＬＮ）ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＧ回收率达１１．６ｍｇ／ｍｌ血清。胃蛋白酶消化ＩｇＧ成Ｆ（ａｂ＇）２，再用１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ２－巯基乙醇３７℃反应９０ｍｉｎ还原成Ｆａｂ＇，回收率约８１％，放免效价为１：３５００。测得纯化的ＩｇＧ、Ｆ（ａｂ＇）２及Ｆａｂ＇分子量分别为１５００００、９００００、４５０００，与理论植相近。放免检测中用Ｆａｂ＇取代抗血清可纠正对血清Ｌ     

凝胶色谱法半制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＳｅＰｌｌａｃｙｌＳ－２００凝胶色谱柱，在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了肝癌相关抗原单克隆抗体半制各级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经４０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用凝胶色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于５～１０ｍｌ腹水，可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ３０～６０ｍｇ，得率为６～６．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为６３％，一次色谱纯化周期２ｈ，整个分离纬化可在３ｈ内完成。经ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ和ＤＥＡＥ离子交换色谱法检测ＭｃＡｂ纯度大于８０％，ＡＢＣ染色法测定ＭｃＡｂ活性为，１：４００００（１．５６×１０－１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ），是一般实验室纯化ＩｇＧ类ＭｃＡｂ的实用方法。     

抗rhTNF-α单克隆抗体F(ab′)_2片段的制备

采用胃酶消化抗ｒｈＴＮＦ－αＭｃＡｂ制备了其Ｆ（ａｂ′）２片段。对胃酶消化的时间，酶／抗体的比例及片段回收率等条件做了比较。结果显示，胃酶在ｐＨ４．２于３７℃消化１８ｈ，可制备出完整的Ｆ（ａｂ′）２片段；非还原型ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ发现，有９０％以上的ＩｇＧ被降解为Ｆ（ａｂ′）２片段；Ｓ－２００层析柱纯化Ｆ（ａｂ′）２片段的回收率达４５％；双抗体夹心竞争抑制ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定Ｆ（ａｂ′）２片段的竞争抑制效价为２．６×１０７。中和Ｌ９２９细胞毒活性试验的结果表明，１４８ｎｇ的Ｆ（ａｂ′）２片段可中和１个单位ｒｈＴＮＦ－α的细胞毒作用。     

抗人层粘连蛋白Fab＇的制备

用ＤＥＡＥ纤维素ＤＥ－５２反相吸附纯化抗人层粘连蛋白（ＬＮ）ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＧ回收率达１１．６ｍｇ／ｍｌ血清。胃蛋白酶消化ＩｇＧ成Ｆ（ａｂ＇）２，再用１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ２－巯基乙醇３７℃反应９０ｍｉｎ还原成Ｆａｂ＇，回收率约８１％，放免效价为１：３５００．测得纯化的ＩｇＧ、Ｆ（ａｂ＇）２及Ｆａｂ＇分子量分别为１５００００、９００００、４５０００，与理论值相近。放免检测中用Ｆａｂ＇取代抗血清可纠正对血清ＬＮ测定的误差，从而建立检测ＬＮ的准确、灵敏方法。     

多抗F（ab＇）_2－ELISA测定人血清抗TG－Ab_2及意义

为了克服单抗测定甲状腺球蛋白独特型抗体（抗ＴＧ－Ａｂ＿２）的局限性，便于常规检测，我们建立了兔抗ＴＧ多克隆抗体的Ｆ（ａｂ＇）＿２－ＥＬＩＳＡ测定人血清中的抗ＴＧ－Ａｂ＿２．结果其抗ＴＧ－Ａｂ＿２阳性率：甲亢（Ｇｒａｖｅ＇３）为９．９％（７／７１），桥本氏甲状腺炎为４４．４％（４／９），甲状腺瘤为１６．７％（３／１８），ＳＬＥ为９．５％（４／４２），类风湿性关节炎为０％（０／３２），正常人为０％（０／３５）。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.