二金汤镇痛作用和对胃肠运动功能影响的实验研究

目的探讨二金汤方的镇痛作用和对胃肠运动的影响.方法以不同剂量的二金汤灌胃给药后观察其对腹腔注射醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应次数和潜伏期及对小鼠小肠推进运动的影响.结果二金汤能明显减少腹腔注射醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应次数,延长小鼠扭体反应潜伏期,对正常小鼠的小肠运动有明显的推进作用.结论二金汤具有镇痛和促进胃肠运动的作用.     

纤维素类手性固定相的研究进展及应用

目的 探讨二金汤方的镇痛作用和对胃肠运动的影响。方法 以不同剂量的二金汤灌胃给药后观察其对腹腔注射醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应次数和潜伏期及对小鼠小肠推进运动的影响。结果 二金汤能明显减少腹腔注射醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应次数，延长小鼠扭体反应潜伏期，对正常小鼠的小肠运动有明显的推进作用。结论 二金汤具有镇痛和促进胃肠运动的作用。     

舒肝丸对胃肠功能的影响及镇痛作用

目的：研究舒肝丸对小鼠胃肠运动、大鼠胃液分泌的影响及其镇痛作用。方法：采用小鼠胃排空及小肠推进方法观察舒肝丸对胃肠运动的影响；幽门结扎收集胃液观察对胃液分泌的影响；以热板法和扭体法观察其镇痛作用。结果：舒肝丸能抑制正常小鼠胃排空及新斯的明所致的胃排空和肠推进亢进，对阿托品所致的胃排空、肠推进迟缓有协同作用，但不明显：能抑制大鼠胃酸及胃蛋白酶的分泌，促进胃粘液的分泌；可提高小鼠的热痛阈，减少小鼠的扭体次数。结论：舒肝丸具有抑制胃排空，抑制胃酸、胃蛋白酶分泌，促进胃粘液分泌及镇痛作用。     

二天油镇痛、提神醒脑及抑制胃肠运动作用

目的 研究二天油的镇痛作用、提神醒脑作用以及对胃肠道运动的影响。方法 使用腹腔注射醋酸致小鼠疼痛扭体模型评价二天油的镇痛作用;观察二天油对自发运动及戊巴比妥催作用的影响,评价二天油的提神醒脑作用;使用小鼠炭末肠推进模型评价二天油对肠胃运动的影响。结果 二天油涂抹给药后,可明显降低小鼠疼痛扭体次数,延长初次疼痛扭体发生时间;二天油可明显增加小鼠的自发活动;二天油涂抹可明显减少戊巴比妥钠引起的小鼠入睡比例,缩短睡眠时间;二天油涂抹后可明显抑制胃肠道运动。结论 二天油具有明显的的镇痛作用、提神醒脑作用以及抑制胃肠道运动作用。     

气滞胃痛颗粒促进胃肠运动和镇痛作用研究

目的：观察气滞胃痛颗粒对小鼠胃肠动力的影响和镇痛作用,为气滞胃痛颗粒的临床合理应用提供理论依据。方法：以胃肠内标记物葡聚糖蓝-2000在小鼠胃内色素残留及小肠内推进比为指标,观察气滞胃痛颗粒对小鼠胃排空及肠推进的影响;以醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应为疼痛指标,观察气滞胃病颗粒的镇痛作用。结果：气滞胃痛颗粒低、中、高剂量组（1．25g／kg、2．50g／kg、5．00g/kg）可以改善阿托品和多巴胺引起的小鼠胃排空障碍、以及小肠推进抑制作用;对吗啡引起的小鼠胃排空障碍和小肠推进抑制作用无显著影响;中、高剂量组可以促进正常小鼠胃排空,高剂量促进小肠推进。低、中、高剂量组可以显著减少醋酸引起的小鼠扭体次数。结论：气滞胃痛颗粒具有促进小鼠胃肠动力和镇痛作用。     

金葵胃药的镇痛作用及对胃肠动力的影响

目的:研究金葵胃药的镇痛作用及对胃肠动力的影响。方法:采用热板法和醋酸扭体法进行镇痛实验,用甲基橙残留和炭末推进观察金葵胃药对胃肠动力的影响。结果:金葵胃药(100,200,400mg·kg~(-1))可提高热板引起的小鼠疼痛阈值,减少其扭体次数;金葵胃药(200,400 mg·kg~(-1))能明显促进小鼠的胃排空,加快小鼠胃肠中炭末的推进速度。结论:金葵胃药具有镇痛、促进小鼠胃排空和小肠推进的作用。     

砂仁挥发油中乙酸龙脑酯的药理作用研究

目的：研究砂仁挥发油主要成分乙酸龙脑酯的药理作用。方法：番泻叶导致小鼠腹泻实验,冰醋酸导致小鼠疼痛实验,小鼠胃排空实验以及家兔离体小肠内压实验。结果：乙酸龙脑酯组小鼠湿粪数、扭体次数明显少于空白对照组,家兔离体小肠运动抑制率明显低于空白对照组,小鼠胃排空率与空白对照组相比无显著性差异。结论：乙酸龙脑酯有显著抑制番泻叶致小鼠腹泻、冰醋酸所致小鼠疼痛和离体家兔小肠平滑肌运动的作用。     

胃脘合剂的药理研究

目的研究胃脘合剂治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎、消化道溃疡的药理作用。方法根据现代制药工艺理论制备胃脘合剂;通过醋酸扭体镇痛实验,对小鼠胃排空、对蓖麻油所致小鼠腹泻及无水乙醇诱发大鼠胃粘膜损伤的影响,研究胃脘合剂的药理作用。结果胃脘合剂可显著抑制小鼠醋酸引起的扭体反应,抑制小鼠的胃排空,具有较好的止泻作用,对大鼠胃粘膜损伤有显著的保护作用。结论胃脘合剂对慢性萎缩性胃炎、消化道溃疡有明显防治作用。     

肠炎冲剂调节胃肠功能及止泻作用的动物实验研究

目的:研究肠炎冲剂对实验动物胃肠功能的影响及其止泻作用。方法:通过肠炎冲剂对大鼠正常小肠以及小鼠推进机能亢进小肠运动的影响,家兔离体十二指肠平滑肌解痉实验和大鼠胃排空实验,研究肠炎冲剂对小鼠、大鼠和家兔胃肠功能的影响。通过番泻叶和蓖麻油致小鼠腹泻实验,研究肠炎冲剂对小鼠的止泻作用。结果:肠炎冲剂能抑制大鼠正常小肠及推进机能亢进小鼠的小肠推进运动,对家兔离体十二指肠平滑肌自发活动及氯化乙酰胆碱所致肠痉挛均有显著抑制作用。胃排空实验中,肠炎冲剂对胃内残留率无明显影响。肠炎冲剂能显著缓解番泻叶诱发的小鼠腹泻。结论:肠炎冲剂具有肠道调节功能,对番泻叶所致腹泻有一定的抑制作用。本研究为肠炎冲剂的临床应用提供了理论依据。     

锁阳多糖对小鼠胃排空、小肠推进功能的影响

目的:研究锁阳多糖(Cynomorium Songaircum polysalcharides,CSP)对小鼠胃肠运动的影响。方法:采用酚红标记的小鼠胃排空、小肠推进实验,观察CSP对正常小鼠胃排空、小肠推进影响以及对在阿托品负荷的小鼠胃排空、小肠推进抑制的影响。结果:CSP对小鼠的胃排空无显著影响(P>0.05),但对小肠的推进性蠕动作用明显(P<0.05),且成剂量依赖性。结论:CSP对小鼠胃排空的促进作用不明显,CSP对小鼠肠推进具有明显的促进作用,并且可以拮抗由阿托品引起的小鼠肠蠕动的抑制。     

左金丸对胃肠道的调节作用

目的 研究左金丸在胃肠道调节方面的作用。方法 通过ig给予0.1%甲基橙溶液,计算其胃残留率,观察左金丸对小鼠胃排空的影响;通过ig 5%的炭末,计算炭末推进率,观察左金丸对正常小鼠小肠运动的影响、对新斯的明致小肠运动亢进的拮抗作用;观察左金丸对组胺致豚鼠离体回肠收缩的影响;ig给予大鼠D-木糖溶液,1 h后测定血清木糖值,观察左金丸对大鼠小肠吸收的影响;ig给予小鼠蓖麻油,观察左金丸的止泻作用。以戊己丸（加味左金）和黄连有效成份小檗碱作参比。结果 左金丸对胃肠道有明显的调节作用,延长小鼠的胃排空时间,抑制胃排空;对正常小鼠小肠运动的无明显影响,但能明显拮抗新斯的明所致的小鼠小肠运动亢进;明显抑制组胺引起的豚鼠离体回肠收缩;明显抑制大鼠的小肠吸收功能;明显抑制蓖麻油造成的小鼠腹泻。结论 古方左金丸对胃肠道有明显的调节作用,组方科学、合理。     

A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind trial of the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant on gastrointestinal motor function in healthy humans

Background  Little is known about the role of tachykinins on human gastrointestinal motility and no data exist on the possible effect of an NK1 receptor antagonist.
Aim  To examine the effect of an antiemetic dose of the selective NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant on gastrointestinal propulsion in healthy humans.
Methods  Twelve healthy volunteers participated in a crossover, double-blind study. In random order, each volunteer had a 125-mg capsule of aprepitant or placebo on day 1 followed by an 80-mg capsule of aprepitant or placebo on days 2–5. Gamma camera imaging was used to measure gastric emptying, small intestinal transit and colonic transit of a radiolabelled, 1600-kJ mixed liquid and solid meal ingested on day 2.
Results  Aprepitant did not change gastric retention at 15 min, gastric half emptying time, gastric mean transit time, time to small intestinal transit of 10%, small intestinal mean transit time or colonic geometric centre after 24, 48 and 72 h.
Conclusion  A 125-mg capsule of aprepitant followed by an 80-mg capsule of aprepitant each of the next 2–5 days did not induce major changes in the propulsive function of the gastrointestinal tract in the small number of healthy volunteers investigated.     

Pharmacological effects of oxytocin on gastric emptying and intestinal transit of a non-nutritive liquid meal in female rats

The effects of oxytocin (OT) on gastric emptying, gastrointestinal transit, and plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) were studied in female rats. Gastrointestinal motility was assessed in rats 15 min after intragastric instillation of a test meal containing charcoal and Na(2)(51)CrO(4). Gastric emptying was determined by measuring the amount of radiolabeled chromium contained in the small intestine as a percentage of the initial amount received. Gastrointestinal transit was evaluated by calculating the geometric center of distribution of the radiolabeled marker. Blood samples were collected for CCK radioimmunoassay. After administration of OT (0.2-0.8 mg/kg), gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit were inhibited, whereas the plasma concentration of CCK was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Atosiban, an oxytocin receptor antagonist, effectively attenuated the OT- induced inhibition of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. However, administration of atosiban alone had no effect on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. The selective CCK(1) receptor antagonists, devazepide and lorglumide, effectively attenuated the OT-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. L-365, 260, a selective CCK(2) receptor antagonist, did not alter the OT-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. These results suggest that OT inhibits gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in female rats via a mechanism involving CCK stimulation and CCK(1) receptor activation.     

Effect of the motilin agonist KC 11458 on gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis

BACKGROUND: KC 11458, a motilin agonist without antibiotic properties, accelerates gastric emptying in animals and healthy humans. AIM: To evaluate the acute effects of KC 11458 on gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients (6 type 1 and 23 type 2) with gastroparesis underwent assessments of: (i) gastric emptying of a solid/liquid meal using scintigraphy, (ii) glycaemic control (blood glucose at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min during the gastric emptying measurement) and (iii) upper gastrointestinal and 'meal-related' symptoms (questionnaire), at baseline and after treatment with KC 11458 in a dose of 8 mg t.d.s., or placebo for 8 days. RESULTS: KC 11458 had no statistically significant or clinically relevant effect on gastric emptying of either the solid intragastric retention at 100 min (T100) (P = 0.87) or liquid 50% emptying time (T50) (P = 0.17) components of the meal. KC 11458 slightly worsened (P = 0.04) upper gastrointestinal symptoms when compared with placebo. The magnitude of the change in solid gastric emptying correlated with the change in the blood glucose concentration (r = 0.49; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: KC 11458, in a dose of 8 mg t.d.s. for 8 days, does not accelerate gastric emptying in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. The absence of efficacy may relate to an effect of hyperglycaemia.     

Involvement of cholecystokinin receptor in the inhibition of gastrointestinal motility by oxytocin in ovariectomized rats

The effects of oxytocin on gastric emptying, gastrointestinal transit, and plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) were studied in ovariectomized rats. Gastrointestinal motility was assessed in rats 15 min after intragastric instillation of a test meal containing charcoal and Na₂⁵¹CrO₄. Gastric emptying was determined by measuring the amount of radiolabeled chromium contained in the small intestine as a percentage of the initial amount received. Gastrointestinal transit was evaluated by calculating the geometric center of distribution of the radiolabeled marker. Blood samples were collected for CCK radioimmunoassay. After administration of oxytocin (0.2–0.8 mg/kg), gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit were inhibited, whereas plasma concentration of CCK was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Atosiban, an oxytocin receptor antagonist, effectively attenuated the oxytocin-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. However, administration of atosiban alone had no effect on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. The selective CCK₁ receptor antagonists, devazepide and lorglumide, effectively attenuated the oxytocin-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. L-365, 260, a selective CCK₂ receptor antagonist, did not alter the oxytocin-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. These results suggest that oxytocin inhibits gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in ovariectomized rats via a mechanism involving the stimulation of CCK release and CCK₁ receptor activation.     

Effects of fedotozine on gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetic gastroparesis

BACKGROUND: Delayed gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms occur frequently in patients with diabetes mellitus. AIM: To evaluate the effects of fedotozine on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetic gastroparesis. METHODS: Thirty-one diabetic patients (20 type 1, 11 type 2) with gastroparesis were randomized to receive fedotozine (30 mg as the tartrate) or placebo t.d.s. Measurements of gastric emptying (100 g ground beef labelled with 20 MBq 99mTc-sulphur colloid chicken liver and 150 mL 10% dextrose labelled with 10 MBq 113mIn-DTPA) and gastrointestinal symptoms were performed before and after 12-16 days of treatment. Data are the mean +/- s.d. RESULTS: Of the 31 patients enrolled, two were excluded from analysis. Data from the remaining 29 patients (18 type 1, 11 type 2; 22 female, seven male), aged 42.7 +/- 11.1 years (of whom 14 were randomized to fedotozine and 15 to placebo), were analysed. Fedotozine had no effect on either gastric emptying (solid retention at 100 min; fedotozine: baseline, 84 +/- 15%; treatment, 73 +/- 23% vs. placebo: baseline, 83 +/- 10%; treatment, 70 +/- 20%) or liquid 50% emptying time (fedotozine: baseline, 59 +/- 32 min; treatment, 58 +/- 38 min vs. placebo: baseline, 44 +/- 9 min; treatment, 43 +/- 21 min) or gastrointestinal symptoms (fedotozine: baseline, 4.4 +/- 2.9; treatment, 4.1 +/- 3.9 vs. placebo: baseline, 4.9 +/- 4.2; treatment, 4.8 +/- 3.9). CONCLUSIONS: Fedotozine has no effect on gastric emptying in patients with diabetic gastroparesis.     

The effect of helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on gastric antral myoelectrical activity and gastric emptying in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia

BACKGROUND: Dysmotility of the gastroduodenal region and delayed gastric emptying have been considered to play roles in non-ulcer dyspepsia. In addition, it has been reported that Helicobacter pylori induced inflammation of the gastric mucosa may affect gastric motility. AIM: To evaluate the effects of H. pylori eradication therapy on gastrointestinal motility and symptoms in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients. METHODS: A total of 46 non-ulcer dyspepsia patients were examined for gastric emptying, antral myoelectrical activity, H. pylori infection, and symptom scores. In H. pylori-positive non-ulcer dyspepsia patients, gastric emptying, antral myoelectrical activity, and symptom scores were also analysed 2 months after being cured of H. pylori infection. RESULTS: A total of 67.4% of the non-ulcer dyspepsia patients were H. pylori-positive. Both abnormal gastric emptying and antral myoelectrical activity were observed in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients. H. pylori-positive non-ulcer dyspepsia patients were divided into three groups according to their gastric emptying: the delayed gastric emptying group, the normal gastric emptying group, and the rapid gastric emptying group. In the delayed and rapid gastric emptying groups, the gastric emptying and symptom scores were improved significantly by the eradication therapy. However, there was no improvement in symptom scores in the normal gastric emptying non-ulcer dyspepsia group by the eradication therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Disturbed gastric emptying and antral myoelectrical activity play roles in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Helicobacter pylori infection, inducing disturbed gastric emptying, may cause some non-ulcer dyspepsia symptoms. Gastric emptying and symptom scores are improved by H. pylori eradication therapy in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients with disturbed gastric emptying. H. pylori eradication therapy is effective in H. pylori-positive non-ulcer dyspepsia patients with disturbed gastric emptying.     

New Frontiers in Gut Nutrient Sensor Research: Monosodium l-Glutamate Added to a High-Energy,High-Protein Liquid Diet Promotes Gastric Emptying: a Possible Therapy for Patients With Functional Dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia is a clinical syndrome that features abdominal symptoms centered in the upper abdomen without an organic basis. Three possible mechanisms of gastric dysfunction could be related to functional dyspepsia: 1) delayed gastric emptying, 2) impaired gastric accommodation to food intake, and 3) hypersensitivity to gastric distention. Delayed gastric emptying has been suggested to lead to prolonged antral distension that causes dyspeptic symptoms. Delayed gastric emptying is therefore a focal point of debate about anorexia caused by dyspepsia, and prokinetic agents are often administered in Japan for its treatment. Recently, we found that addition of monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) to a high-energy liquid diet rich in casein promoted gastric emptying in healthy men. Therefore, another potential method to improve delayed gastric emptying could be enhancement of chemosensors that activate the autonomic nervous system innervating the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, enrichment with glutamate promoted gastric emptying after intake of a high-protein meal, suggesting that free glutamate is important for protein digestion and that MSG may be helpful for management of delayed gastric emptying in patients with functional dyspepsia.     

A new method using flow cytometry to measure the effects of drugs on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in mice

The use of radiolabelled markers is considered to be a gold standard for assessing gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in mice and rats, but their use has increasingly been restricted due to health concern. Therefore, a new method using fluorescent polystyrene microbeads and flow cytometry was devised. Saline containing fluorescent markers (together with non-fluorescent microbeads) was infused into the stomach of each mouse and gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit were calculated by measuring the quantity of the fluorescent microbeads in the gastrointestinal tract using flow cytometer. The effects of saline (as a control), morphine (CAS 52-26-6) and dexmedetomidine (CAS 113775-47-6) were tested. Both gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit measured with this method (after i.p. injection of saline) were similar to those reported previously using the conventional radiolabelled methods. Morphine significantly inhibited both gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in a dose-dependent manner. Dexmedetomidine did not significantly inhibit gastric emptying but inhibited gastrointestinal transit. These results were also similar to those obtained using the conventional radiolabelled method. The method using fluorescent microbeads and flow cytometry may be a reliable alternative to the methods using radioisotope for studying the effects of drugs on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit.     

厚朴丸对小鼠胃肠活动的影响

目的:观察厚朴丸对小鼠胃排空和小肠推进运动的影响.方法:利用胃复安和阿托品造成小鼠胃排空亢进和胃排空抑制模型,利用新斯的明和肾上腺素造成小鼠小肠推进亢进和小肠推进抑制模型,观察厚朴丸对正常、亢进及抑制状态下小鼠胃肠活动的影响.结果:厚朴丸抑制正常小鼠胃排空和胃复安所致小鼠胃排空加快,能加强阿托品所致小鼠胃排空的抑制作用;对正常小鼠小肠推进和新斯的明所致小鼠小肠推进亢进也有抑制作用,但对肾上腺素所致小鼠小肠推进抑制无明显影响.结论:厚朴丸具有抑制正常和亢进状态的小鼠胃排空和小肠推进的作用,与临床用于止泻相符合.