头颈部血管瘤及血管畸形的CT、MRI诊断

目的:分析头颈部血管瘤及血管畸形的CT、MRI表现,探讨其诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法:搜集经手术病理或DSA证实,临床及影像资料完整的47例头颈部血管瘤或血管畸形病例的资料,对其进行回顾性分析。CT检查33例,MRI检查14例。结果:海绵状血管瘤21例,T1WI呈均匀等或低信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强扫描呈中等不均匀强化并可见纡曲血管强化;CT平扫呈不均匀等密度、囊状低密度,3例可见圆点状静脉石,增强扫描轻至中等度强化,其中6例见线条状粗大纡曲血管影。蔓状血管瘤23例,病变弥漫,无明显边界。T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号,其内见粗大的流空血管影及低信号静脉石,增强扫描明显不均匀强化;CT平扫等密度,见高密度圆点状静脉石,增强明显强化,可见蚯蚓状粗大血管团。淋巴管瘤3例,边界清楚,平扫为低密度,增强扫描无明显强化。结论:CT及MRI可较好显示头颈部血管畸形,蔓状血管瘤为动静脉畸形或高流速血管畸形,影像见粗大纡曲的血管影。低流速的静脉畸形、淋巴管畸形须与头颈部其它囊性病变鉴别。     

神经鞘黏液瘤的MSCT表现

目的探讨神经鞘黏液瘤多层螺旋CT的影像表现及其病理基础。资料与方法经手术、病理证实的神经鞘黏液瘤6例,平扫1例,平扫加增强扫描5例,增强扫描采用动脉期、静脉期双期扫描,所有病例均进行多平面重组(MPR),以多方位、多角度显示瘤体与周围血管、肌肉的关系。并将CT图像与大体标本及病理切片对比。结果6例神经鞘黏液瘤中位于右侧腋窝2例,左侧上臂内侧1例,右侧下颈部1例,左侧下颈部2例,肿瘤多为类圆形或袋形,有均匀完整的包膜,边界非常清楚;平扫肿瘤为不均匀低密度,增强扫描动脉期呈团状、条块状强化,静脉期病灶有延迟强化表现。结论神经鞘黏液瘤有一定的CT影像特征,掌握这些征象有助于正确诊断。     

SWI对脑静脉性血管畸形的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁敏感加权成像（SWI）技术在脑静脉性血管畸形中的诊断价值。方法：对18例静脉性血管畸形患者的影像资料进行回顾性分析。18例患者均进行了常规MRI平扫及SWI检查．其中6例同时行MRGd—DTPA增强扫描,5例行CT平扫。结果：MRI平扫部分（14／18例）可显示扩张的引流静脉及髓静脉;而SWI可显示全部的引流静脉及扩张的髓静脉,呈典型“水母头”样改变．4例同时显示了静脉畸形同一部位伴发的海绵状血管瘤。结论：SWI无需注射对比剂,能够清晰地显示静脉畸形以及伴发的隐匿性血管畸形,可以作为脑静脉性血管畸形首选的检查方法。     

肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的MSCT表现

目的 探讨肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(HEAML)的MSCT表现.方法 搜集经手术后病理证实的8例HEAML患者的64层MSCT平扫及双期增强扫描资料,回顾性分析其CT表现,并与病理结果相对照.结果 8例均为女性,7例单发,1例多发.8例CT平扫均呈低密度结节或肿块,未见脂肪密度;增强扫描:7例动脉期明显不均匀强化,病灶内部或边缘见粗大的畸形血管影,强化程度接近腹主动脉,门脉期强化程度低于周围肝实质,呈“快进快出”表现,粗大畸形的血管仍持续强化;1例动脉期全瘤明显强化,门脉期强化程度与正常肝实质相近,呈“快进慢出”表现,病灶周边可见畸形血管影,强化程度低于腹主动脉.7例可见不同程度的引流静脉早期显影.6例可见假包膜,动脉期及门脉期均强化. 结论 HEAML的MSCT表现有一定的特征性,病灶内部或边缘出现粗大畸形的静脉有助于该病的诊断.     

节细胞神经瘤的CT表现及病理分析

目的探讨节细胞神经瘤的CT平扫与动态增强扫描的特征性表现。方法回顾性分析10例经手术与病理证实节细胞神经瘤的CT表现,所有病例均行CT平扫,动脉期、静脉期及延迟期动态增强扫描。结果肿块位于纵隔7例,肾上腺2例,腹膜后1例。肿块边界清晰,呈椭圆形2例,不规则形8例,肿块大小为1.2cm×2.2cm×3.0cm～6.5cm×6.5cm×7.5cm,4例肿块有嵌入性生长特点。CT平扫肿块密度低于肌肉,密度均匀者9例,密度不均匀者1例,其中3例伴有颗粒状、条状钙化。增强扫描后,肿块表现为不同的强化型式,其中,1例肿块无强化;7例肿块动脉期无明显强化,静脉期及延迟期逐渐轻度强化;2例肿块动脉期轻度强化,静脉期及延迟期逐渐明显强化。结论节细胞神经瘤有一些特征性影像表现及强化型式,CT动态增强扫描有助于其诊断及鉴别诊断,可清晰显示病变同周围血管及器官之间的关系,并为手术治疗提供更多参考信息。     

不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并脓肿的影像诊断要点

目的探讨不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿的影像表现特征和诊断要点。方法回顾性分析1例经手术病理证实为肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿病人的临床资料、影像表现特征并复习相关文献。结果 MDCT平扫显示巨大不规则肿物,累及肝左叶及部分右前叶,肿物呈分叶状,内部密度不均,邻近血管无受侵、肝包膜无凹陷征;增强CT检查动脉期显示肿物呈多结节融合状,病灶边缘及内部各结节呈明显环形强化,门静脉期及平衡期肿物强化仍较明显。肝脏MRI平扫肿物呈不规则形稍长T1、稍长T2信号影,于DWI序列上显示不均匀较明显高信号,增强扫描表现类似于增强CT表现,另于MRI增强扫描门静脉期及平衡期可见肿物内局部区域呈分房状表现,增强程度更明显。结论不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿兼具两种病变的影像表现。正确诊断需结合临床、实验室检查、超声表现并注重影像表现的细节信息。     

不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并脓肿的影像学诊断要点

目的 探讨不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿的影像表现特征和诊断要点。方法? 回顾性分析1例经手术病理证实为肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿病人的临床资料、影像表现特征并复习相关文献。结果? MDCT平扫显示巨大不规则肿物,累及肝左叶及部分右前叶,肿物呈分叶状,内部密度不均,邻近血管无受侵、肝包膜无凹陷征;增强CT检查动脉期显示肿物呈多结节融合状,病灶边缘及内部各结节呈明显环形强化,门静脉期及平衡期肿物强化仍较明显。肝脏MRI平扫肿物呈不规则形稍长T1、稍长T2信号影,于DWI序列上显示不均匀较明显高信号,增强扫描表现类似于增强CT表现,另于MRI增强扫描门静脉期及平衡期可见肿物内局部区域呈分房状表现,增强程度更明显。结论? 不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿兼具两种病变的影像表现。正确诊断需结合临床、实验室检查、超声表现并注重影像表现的细节信息。     

肺及纵隔原发性上皮样血管内皮瘤的CT表现与病理对照分析

目的 探讨肺及纵隔原发性上皮样血管内皮瘤的CT表现特点,提高其影像诊断水平。方法 选取9例经病理证实的肺及纵隔原发性上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床资料、病理结果及CT表现。结果 9例肺及纵隔原发性上皮样血管内皮瘤中,2例位于纵隔者均为单发团状病灶,7例位于肺组织者,2例为单发块状病灶,5例为多发结节病灶。CT平扫2例纵隔内均见软组织肿块,1例边界清晰,瘤内可见斑块状钙化灶,另1例呈浸润生长,与周围组织分界不清; 7例内见团块状或多发结节状,部分瘤体内可见斑点状钙化灶。增强扫描团块状病灶强化相对明显,结节状病灶强化程度较弱。结论 肺及纵隔原发性上皮样血管内皮瘤较为罕见,临床症状与影像学表现均无特征性,仅能通过病理学检查结合免疫组化确诊此病。     

CT增强扫描诊断脾脏外伤

目的：探讨CT增强扫描在脾脏外伤诊断中的价值。方法：对比分析40例脾外伤患者CT平扫与增强影像。结果：CT平扫40例中35例可以明确诊断脾脏外伤,其中24例脾内血肿,合并包膜下血肿10例,5例脾脏撕裂伤,6例脾脏碎裂伤,5例显示大致正常;CT增强扫描后,平扫明确外伤的35例显示破裂口更清晰,脾脏内血肿、裂隙均表现为相对低密度影,1例显示脾动脉断裂,对比剂外溢;5例平扫正常的亦可见线状低密度无强化影。结论：CT增强扫描能明确诊断脾脏外伤,并为临床治疗方案的选择提供有力证据。     

儿童韧带样纤维瘤的影像学表现

目的 探讨儿童韧带样纤维瘤(DT)的影像诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析14例经病理证实的儿童DT的临床及影像特点.9例行CT平扫及增强扫描,2例行MRI平扫及增强扫描,3例同时行CT及MR检查.结果 儿童DT主要为腹壁外型,病灶呈梭形、卵圆形,沿肌纤维间隙浸润性生长.CT平扫表现为等、稍低密度肿物,动脉期呈轻度不均匀强化,延迟扫描强化程度显著增高.MRI表现为软组织肿物,T1WI等/稍低信号,T2WI多为不均匀稍高信号,T1WI及T2WI均见索条状稍低信号,增强后不均匀强化.结论 儿童DT CT/MRI表现为梭形、卵圆形沿肌肉间隙生长的软组织肿物,延迟强化明显增高;MRI能显示其中的纤维成分,其影像特征为正确诊断提供重要依据.     

Intramuscular vascular malformations of an extremity: findings on MR imaging and pathologic correlation

Objective. To analyze the findings of intramuscular vascular malformations of an extremity on MR imaging and to correlate these findings with histopathologic examination. Design and patients. The findings on MR imaging and the medical records of 14 patients with an intramuscular vascular malformation of the extremity were retrospectively studied. All patients underwent surgical excision. Diagnoses were based on the results of pathologic examination. Findings on MR imaging were noted and correlated with the histopathologic findings. Results. Intramuscular vascular malformations of an extremity showed multi-septate, honeycomb, or mixed appearance on MR imaging. Multi-septate areas correlated with dilated and communicating vascular spaces with flattened endothelium. Honeycomb areas corresponded to vascular spaces with inconspicuous small lumina and thickened vascular walls. Areas of increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images were found in all intramuscular vascular malformations. Infiltrative margins were more commonly seen in intramuscular lymphaticovenous malformations. Adherence to neurovascular structures and orientation of the lesion along the long axis of the affected muscle were more commonly seen in intramuscular venous malformations. Conclusions. Intramuscular vascular malformations showed either a multi-septate, honeycomb, or mixed appearance, reflecting the size of the vascular spaces and the thickness of the smooth muscles of the vessel walls. Prediction of the subtype of an intramuscular vascular malformation of an extremity on MR imaging seems to be difficult, although there are associated findings that may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of each subtype. Received: 19 January 1999 Revision requested: 4 May 1999 Revision received: 23 June 1999 Accepted: 29 June 1999     

椎管内血管畸形的MRI诊断：———附25例分析

椎管内血管畸形是椎管内血管先天发育异常所致,以往认为是比较罕见的疾病。自从ＭＲＩ应用于临床以来,发现该病并非罕见,ＭＲＩ在诊断该病方面具有独到之处,现将收集到的２５例报告如下。材料与方法２５例患者中,男１４例,女１１例,男女之比为１．３：ｌ,年龄５～５６岁,平均年龄３２．４岁。全部病例均使用西门子公司生产１．ＳＴ超导型磁共振仪,扫描序列采用自旋回波Ｔ;加权ＴＲ５００／ＴＥ１５ｍｓ,Ｔ。加权ＴＲ４６００／ＴＥ８０ｍｓ。矢状位层厚为３ｍｍ,层间距为０．３ｍｍ。矩阵为２５６Ｘ２５６,数据平均采集次数为…     

Intracranial vascular anomalies in patients with periorbital lymphatic and lymphaticovenous malformations

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the nature, incidence, and radiologic appearance of intracranial vascular anomalies that occur in association with periorbital lymphatic malformation (LM) and lymphaticovenous malformation (LVM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and imaging studies of 33 patients ranging in age from the neonatal period to 39 years (mean age, 5.1 years; median age, 1.0 year) who were evaluated for orbital LM or LVM at our institution between 1953 and 2002. Imaging studies, including CT, MR imaging, and cerebral angiograms, were evaluated by 2 radiologists to determine morphologic features of orbital LM and to identify associated noncontiguous intracranial vascular and parenchymal anomalies, including arteriovenous malformations (AVM), cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), developmental venous anomalies (DVA), dural arteriovenous malformations (DAVM), and sinus pericranii (SP). RESULTS: The malformation was left-sided in 70% of patients. Twenty-two patients (70%) had intracranial vascular anomalies: DVA (n = 20; 61%), CCM (n = 2; 6%), DAVM (n = 4; 12%), pial AVM (n = 1; 3%), and SP (n = 1; 3%). Arterial shunts were present in the soft tissues in 2 patients (6%). Three patients had jugular venous anomalies. Three patients (9%) had cerebral hemiatrophy, 2 (6%) had focal cerebral atrophy, and 2 had Chiari I malformation. CONCLUSIONS: Intracranial vascular anomalies, some of which are potentially symptomatic and require treatment, are present in more than two thirds of patients with periorbital LM. Initial imaging of patients with orbital LM should include the brain as well as the orbit.     

肠道血管畸形的多层螺旋CT血管成像诊断

目的探讨肠道血管畸形的多层螺旋CT血管成像(MSCTA)的表现。方法回顾性分析7例经手术证实的肠道血管畸形患者的CT表现。7例均行腹部平扫、动脉期、门静脉期和延迟期扫描,扫描范围从膈顶至耻骨联合。结果所有患者MSCTA像上均表现为局部血管丛增多、增粗、紊乱,粗细不等,其中2例增粗的血管局部呈"瘤"样改变,同时可见增粗的供血动脉及早显的引流静脉,1例见对比剂向肠腔内溢出,1例合并肠壁外血管畸形。结论肠道血管畸形的MSCTA诊断明确,具有简便、安全、无创、准确的特点,同时能发现肠壁及其他伴发病变,是肠道血管畸形有效的首选诊断方法。     

Adenocarcinomas of unknown primary (ACUP) of the mediastinum mimicking lymphoma: CT findings at diagnosis and follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To describe the computed tomography (CT) features at diagnosis and after treatment of adenocarcinoma of unknown primary (ACUP) mimicking lymphoma of the mediastinum. METHODS: Fifteen patients with pathologically proven ACUP and with primarily mediastinal involvement were initially referred to the Hematologic Department of our institution with a suspected diagnosis of lymphoma, and accounted for our study population. Presenting symptoms and baseline biological values were analyzed. All thoraco-abdominal CT studies were reviewed for the location and size of the mediastinal involvement and associated findings. Follow-up chest CT was performed in 14 patients after radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgical treatment. RESULTS: The most frequent CT feature was a large anterior and middle mediastinal mass (67%), with no calcification. Associated findings included the presence of lung nodules (40%), compression of large mediastinal vessels (33%) and pleural effusion (27%). Follow-up CT, performed in 14 cases, suggested partial or complete responses in 7 patients (50%) 4 weeks after the treatment onset. CONCLUSIONS: Mediastinal ACUP is a differential diagnosis of large mediastinal masses and is frequently associated with lung nodules and mediastinal vascular compression.     

小儿纵隔肠源性囊肿影像学表现及分析

目的 分析小儿纵隔肠源性囊肿及其并发症的影像学表现及诊断。资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的8例小儿纵隔肠源性、神经肠源性囊肿及其并发畸形、感染及出血时的影像学表现。结果 小儿纵隔肠源性囊肿多位于中后纵隔，呈圆形或椭圆形，密度均匀，边缘清楚。较大时可占据一侧胸腔的大部分。并发感染时囊肿壁模糊，囊内密度增高；囊肿穿孔后可与支气管相通，引起吸入性肺炎及咯血。神经肠源性囊肿均存在脊椎畸形。25％病例同时存在腹部肠重复畸形。结论 小儿纵隔肠源性囊肿少见，除囊肿本身的特点以外，还须注意其他伴发征象，诊断应依靠临床和综合影像学分析。     

脊髓血管畸形的MRI诊断价值

目的 评价MRI对脊髓血管畸形的诊断价值。资料与方法 24例临床诊断为脊髓占位的患者行MR平扫、增强、3D-CISS和三维增强磁共振血管成像(3D-CE-MRA)。结果 24例中23例可显示畸形血管：髓内3例，髓外16例，髓内外4例。对供血动脉、引流静脉的显示MR平扫不及3D-CE-MRA。1例MRI显示硬膜下血肿，未见畸形血管。结论 MR平扫是脊髓血管畸形最敏感的首选检查方法，3D-CE-MRA有助于脊髓畸形血管的显示。     

纵隔型肺癌的影像学表现

目的:探讨纵隔型肺癌的影像学表现,为临床制定合理的手术方案提供更准确的信息。方法:回顾性分析15例经手术和病理证实的纵隔型肺癌的X线和CT资料。所有病人均行胸部正侧位片和CT平扫检查,13例病人还行CT增强扫描。结果:15例病人中有8例位于右肺门,3例位于左肺门,右上肺和左上肺各2例。平片显示纵隔增宽,气管受压移位,4例可见胸腔积液。CT显示肿块位于纵隔胸膜下,与纵隔呈宽基底相贴,边缘不规则,增强后不均匀强化。结论:结合临床症状和体征,仔细分析影像学表现,大部分纵隔型肺癌都可以作出准确诊断。     

Cerebral vascular malformations: applications of magentic resonance imaging to differential diagnosis

Summary Twelve patients with cerebral vascular malformations (5 cavernous angiomas, 1 thrombosed arteriovenous malformation, and 6 venous angiomas) were studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. All lesions were clearly depicted. Characteristic MR findings were obtained mainly on T2-weighted images: a markedly low intensity area was always seen. The margins of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and venous angioma were irregular while those of cavernous angioma were smooth in all planes on T2-weighted images. Gradient-echo (GrE) pulse sequences were more sensitive than T2-weighted spin echo (SE) in lesion detection. MR imaging could play an important role in the differential diagnosis of cerebral vascular malformations.     

Abernethy畸形的影像学表现

目的提高对Abemethy畸形（Abemethy malformation）的认识。方法报告2例经DSA证实的罕见Abemethy畸形的影像学表现，2例分别行内科保守治疗和部分性脾动脉栓塞术，并作文献复习。结果例1CT增强扫描及三维血管成像示：肝下段下腔静脉增宽，门静脉干及分支变细，胃和脾周可见迂曲扩张的血管。经肠系膜上动脉间接门静脉DSA可见门静脉干及分支明显变细，肠道静脉血少部分回流入门静脉，大部分经一迂曲扩张的分流道人左。肾静脉；脾动脉DSA示脾静脉血主要经分流道人左。肾静脉。例2CT示：肝叶比例失调，右叶稍大，肝裂宽，脾大，脾门血管迂曲扩张。经肠系膜上动脉间接门静脉DSA可见门静脉干闭塞，周围可见细小迂曲的血管，肠道静脉血大部分经一分流道人左肾静脉；脾动脉DSA显示脾静脉血主要经分流道人左。肾静脉和下腔静脉。结论Abemethy畸形的诊断主要依据影像学，以间接或直接门静脉造影为金标准。治疗方法应根据畸形的不同类型及病人的情况决定。