非离子型造影剂代替泛影葡胺行碘过敏试验的可行性研究

目的　能否使用非离子型造影剂代替泛影葡胺作碘过敏试验来预测临床反应需要进一步研究。方法　观察了 850例接受冠脉造影及经皮腔内血管成形术患者 ,以泛影葡胺及非离子显影剂欧乃派克 /碘必乐两种剂型行碘过敏试验 ,检验其试验结果与临床反应的符合率。结果　以泛影葡胺为试剂的碘过敏试验预测非离子型造影剂的临床反应 ,阳性预测值为 4 7% ,敏感性为 2 5% ,特异性 97% ,而以非离子型造影剂行碘过敏试验 ,阳性预测值为 1 0 0 % ,敏感性为 1 0 0 % ,特异性 1 0 0 %。结论　以非离子型造影剂取代泛影葡胺可准确的预测相应剂型的临床反应 ,方法安全可行。     

造影剂重度过敏1例护理体会

目前，国内进行冠脉造影常用的新型非离子型造影剂欧乃派克、碘必乐和优维显均具有一定的毒性，易引发过敏。但术前碘过敏试验阴性，而造影过程中或造影后出现严重过敏反应者报道不多。现将我院心血管内科成功抢救1例造影剂重度过敏患者的护理体会报告如下。     

52例冠状动脉造影患者非离子型含碘对比剂过敏不良反应分析

目的:对冠状动脉造影患者发生非离子型含碘对比剂过敏不良反应事件的现状进行分析。方法:收集2011-02至2013-09期间我中心应用非离子型含碘对比剂行冠状动脉造影的患者1 225例,其中发生含碘对比剂过敏不良反应52例,男性47例(90.38%),女性5例(9.62%)。碘克沙醇、碘海醇、碘帕醇、碘普罗胺4种含碘对比剂导致的过敏不良反应患者分别为34、3、3、12例。通过对比4种含碘对比剂过敏不良反应患者临床表现及转归情况,对含碘对比剂的应用及安全性进行分析。结果:52例含碘对比剂过敏不良反应中,轻度过敏不良反应40例(76.92%);中度11例(21.15%);重度1例(1.92%)。13例过敏不良反应发生于接触含碘对比剂后1 h内,39例过敏不良反应发生于接触含碘对比剂后1 h~3 d。经对症及抗过敏治疗后治愈34例,包括1例过敏性休克抢救成功,无死亡病例。结论:冠状动脉造影围手术期应密切观察有无含碘对比剂过敏不良反应发生,及时正确救治;使用非离子型含碘对比剂行冠状动脉造影较安全。     

冠状动脉介入诊疗术中心脏骤停40例分析

目的:分析冠状动脉(冠脉)介入诊疗术(冠脉造影及经皮冠脉介入治疗)中发生心脏骤停的原因并探讨防治方法。方法:回顾性分析冠脉介入诊疗术中发生心脏骤停的病例。结果:4312例冠脉介入诊疗术中发生心脏骤停40例,发生率为0.93%,其中心室颤动34例,发生率为0.79%。31例发生于右冠脉介入诊疗术中。使用离子型造影剂的患者较使用非离子型造影剂的患者有较高的心脏骤停发生率(3.4%∶0.5%,P<0.01)。由于抢救及时全部患者均转危为安。结论:心脏骤停易发生于右冠脉介入诊疗术中,与导管进入冠脉口过深阻碍冠脉血流或引起冠脉痉挛、急性心肌缺血等多种因素有关。离子型造影剂可促使心脏骤停的发生。及时发现和处理心脏骤停是防治的关键。     

应用非离子型造影剂免过敏试验的探讨

目的探讨应用非离子型造影剂免过敏试验的安全性及临床处理措施。方法观察广东省人民医院心导管室于2005年7月开始按卫生部的精神(凡药物说明书无要求做过敏试验的取消过敏试验)取消碘过敏试验的12426例患者,在用非离子型造影剂后到离开导管室期间的临床反应。结果在12426例患者中有51例出现不良反应,其中无1例出现严重反应,31例出现发冷、寒战,20例出现皮肤荨麻疹,不良反应率为0.41%,低于其他文献报道。结论应用非离子型造影剂前认真做好预防和抢救准备工作,免过敏试验是安全可行的。     

冠状动脉介入诊疗手术中碘造影剂过敏性休克发生特点及抢救经验

目的:研究和分析冠状动脉(冠脉)介入诊疗手术中碘造影剂过敏性休克发生的特点与抢救对策,为提高冠脉介入诊疗手术安全提供参考。方法:回顾性分析我院近5年进行的住院冠脉介入诊疗手术病例中,术中发生的碘造影剂过敏性休克病例资料,并对抢救措施进行总结。结果:79 102例冠脉介入诊疗手术病例均使用非离子型碘造影剂,过敏性休克发生率为0.019%(15/79 102)。首发表现包括血压迅速下降(9例)、突发意识障碍(2例)、皮肤黏膜表现等(4例)。发生顽固性休克的患者5例,其中3例患者早期使用大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗最终存活,另外2例死亡患者未早期使用或未使用。5例顽固性过敏性休克中有4例再次接触碘造影剂者,其中2例死亡。结论:冠脉介入诊疗手术中碘造影剂过敏性休克发生率低,但发生过敏性休克的后果严重,尤其是再次接触碘造影剂者。过敏性休克首发表现多样。发生过敏性休克后抢救中在使用肾上腺素等常规抢救药物的基础上及早应用大剂量甲基强的松龙可能有益。     

CT增强造影剂的不良反应及其预防

CT检查目前已经普遍应用于临床，由于平扫对于很多病变的鉴别存在一定困难，而增强扫描根据不同组织、病变对造影剂的吸收程度，使病变区与周围组织及脏器的对比增强，从而提高分辨率，使之已广泛应用于临床，提高了疾病诊断正确率，为临床提供丰富而可信的影像资料。目前常用的造影剂主要分为离子型造影剂与非离子型造影剂，由于其均为含碘制剂，均有发生碘过敏的可能，甚至发生严重过敏反应可能，我们通过总结1293例增强病例，讨论其毒副作用的预防。     

绝经前女性急性冠脉综合征的临床特点分析

目的 研究绝经前女性急性冠脉综合征患者的临床特点.方法 选取2005～2009年收治的早发急性冠脉综合征患者115例,分为绝经前女性组26例和早发男性组89例,均行冠脉造影,根据具体情况选择冠脉支架治疗、冠脉搭桥手术和药物保守治疗,比较两组患者的临床资料特征,以及随访6个月的预后情况.结果 两组患者合并糖尿病和高血压者比较差异有显著性,绝经前女性组急性心肌梗死发病率（76%）显著高于早发男性组（51%）（P〈0.05）,两组患者并发心功能不全者比较无统计学差异.冠脉造影结果显示,两组患者单支病变、双支病变、多支病变发生情况比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;左主干病变及左主干并多支病变情况比较,无统计学差异.两组患者接受冠脉搭桥治疗情况比较无显著性差异,药物治疗比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）.结论 绝经前女性急性冠脉综合征患者合并高血压和糖尿病者多,以急性心肌梗死起病多见,病变以单支病变为主,左主干病变发生较少,接受内科介入治疗较多.     

668例女性冠心病患者临床及冠脉病变特点分析

目的分析女性冠心病的临床及冠脉病变特点。方法回顾性分析668例经冠脉造影确诊的女性冠心病患者的临床及冠脉病变特点,并与男性冠心病患者进行比较。结果女性冠心病患者年龄大,临床出现典型心绞痛症状及心电图缺血表现较男性少,合并糖尿病、高脂血症的发生率较男性高。冠脉双支及三支病变、B型及c型病变的发生率均较男性高。结论女性冠心病患者临床表现不典型,糖尿病、高脂血症的发生率高,冠脉病变程度较男性更严重。     

64层螺旋CT增强扫描造影剂不良反应的预防和护理体会

CT增强扫描是经血管内注入水溶性碘造影剂后行扫描的检查方法.目的是提高病变组织与正常组织间的密度差,以显示累及的范围,以及通过病变有无强化和强化类型,从而提高病变诊断的准确性.但该检查具有一定的风险,部分患者对碘造影剂有过敏反应.即使碘过敏试验阴性,仍可出现不同程度的不良反应.我们统计了1400例CT增强患者不良反应的发生和防治情况.现将护理体会介绍如下.     

Anaphylactoid reactions to radiocontrast media

Adverse reactions to contrast material are a concern because iodinated contrast materials are commonly used drugs. The risk for adverse reaction is 4% to 12% with ionic contrast materials and 1% to 3% with nonionic contrast materials. The risk for severe adverse reaction is 0.16% with ionic contrast materials and 0.03% with nonionic contrast materials. The death rate, one to three per 100,000 contrast administrations, is similar for both ionic and nonionic agents. More than 90% of adverse reactions with nonionic contrast materials are anaphylactoid. The types of severe reactions seen with nonionic contrast administration were initially predominantly anaphylactoid. With the advent of helical CT angiography, the reactions are now predominantly attributable to cardiopulmonary decompensation. With the widespread use of nonionic contrast materials, adverse reactions are now seen less frequently. Skills involved in evaluating and treating adverse reactions are not as frequently used. Periodic reviews and updates of specific treatment plans for various reactions with the physicians and staff who use contrast material are very important to ensure optimal preparedness. The key to successful treatment is preparation and early intervention.     

Adverse reactions of low osmolar non-ionic and ionic contrast media when used together or separately during percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND: Due to perceived advantages in the use of non-ionic contrast agents for diagnostic angiography and ionic agents for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), patients often receive various combinations of both types of agents. AIM: To assess potential adverse effects of non-ionic and ionic contrast media when used together or separately during percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 532 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in our institution. Patients were divided into two groups: those that underwent diagnostic angiography and "follow on" PCI; and those that underwent "planned" PCI. The groups were subdivided on the basis of the use of the ionic agent ioxaglate or the non-ionic agent iopromide during PCI. The frequency of allergic reactions and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were noted. RESULTS: With respect to the "follow on" group, allergic reactions occurred in 9 of 150 patients (6.0%) who received the combination of ioxaglate and iopromide versus 1 of 93 (1.1%) who only received iopromide (p=0.094). There was no difference with respect to MACE [6 (4.0%) ioxaglate and iopromide versus 4 (4.3%) iopromide alone, p=1.00]. In the "planned" group, 7 of 165 patients (4.2%) receiving ioxaglate had an allergic reaction as opposed 0.0% (0 of 124 patients) in the iopromide group (p=0.021). All contrast reactions were mild. The incidence of a MACE was similar in both groups [1 (0.6%) ioxaglate versus 2 (1.6%) iopromide, p=0.579]. The incidence of allergic reactions was similar if ioxaglate was used alone or in combination with iopromide (p=0.478). CONCLUSIONS: Whilst combining ionic and non-ionic contrast agents in the same procedure was not associated with any more adverse reactions than using an ionic contrast agent alone, the ionic contrast agent ioxaglate was associated with the majority of allergic reactions. With respect to choice of contrast agent, using the non-ionic agent iopromide alone for coronary intervention is associated with the lowest risk of an adverse event.     

造影剂肾病临床相关因素分析

目的:探讨冠状动脉造影(CAG)和经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)患者造影剂肾病(CIN)的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析北京安贞医院2006年1月至2011年10月行CAG或介入治疗患者1 793例,分析CIN发生情况及相关危险因素。所有患者均应用低渗非离子造影剂。结果:CIN总发生率为7.81%(140/1 793),CIN发生率随危险因素的增加而增高。与非CIN患者比较,CIN患者中的老年患者(≥70岁)、女性患者、合并糖尿病、未水化治疗、多支血管病变及基础肾功能不全居多。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥70岁、合并糖尿病、术前eGFR<60mL.min-1.1.73m-2、造影剂用量>150mL,是发生CIN的危险因素,水化是减少CIN发生的保护因素。结论:行CAG和PCI的患者CIN率为7.81%,CIN发生率随危险因素的增加而增高。其中年龄、合并糖尿病、术前肾功能不全及造影剂用量是CIN发生的危险因素,术前水化可减少CIN的发生。     

Ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography: reduced incidence with nonionic contrast media

Ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography with Renografin-76 has been attributed to the high osmolar ionic and calcium binding additive properties. Isovue-370 is a new low osmolar nonionic contrast medium lacking calcium binding additives. The present investigation compared the incidence of contrast media-induced ventricular fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary angiography with Renografin-76 to that with Isovue-370. Group I consisted of 2,000 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography with Renografin-76, and group II consisted of 2,000 subsequent consecutive patients in whom Isovue-370 was employed as the contrast medium. There was no significant difference between groups I and II with respect to volume of contrast media used per patient (125 +/- 35 vs. 140 +/- 45 ml), age (63.5 +/- 15 vs. 60 +/- 17 years), sex (74% male vs. 76% male), ejection fraction (55% vs. 55%), valvular heart disease (8% vs. 9%), prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (5.8% vs. 5%), or extent of coronary artery disease. Contrast media-induced ventricular fibrillation occurred in 20 patients in group I (incidence 1%), whereas eight episodes occurred in group II (incidence 0.4%) (P less than 0.03). Thus the present investigation suggests that the incidence of ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography can be significantly decreased by using low osmolar nonionic contrast media lacking calcium binding additives.     

Identification of severe coronary artery disease using simple clinical parameters.

The purpose of our study was to examine the ability of clinical and resting electrocardiographic variables to provide useful estimates of the probability of three-vessel or left-main coronary artery disease. The study group consisted of 680 patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease who underwent exercise equilibrium radionuclide angiography and coronary angiography within 6 months. Sixteen clinical and electrocardiographic variables were examined by logistic regression analysis. The independently predictive variables were then used to develop convenient graphic estimates of the probability of three-vessel or left-main disease and to classify patients into high-risk (greater than 35%), intermediate-risk (15-35%), or low-risk (less than 15%) groups. Five variables were independently predictive of left-main or three-vessel disease: age, typical angina, diabetes, gender, and both history and electrocardiographic evidence of a prior myocardial infarction. A single graph was constructed that displayed the probability of severe coronary artery disease as a function of a five-point cardiac risk scale, which incorporated these variables. Two hundred sixty-two patients (39% of the study group) were classified as high risk; 127 of these patients (48%) had three-vessel or left-main disease. An additional 96 patients were classified as low risk; nine of these patients (9%) had three-vessel or left-main disease. Five clinical variables that were obtained on an initial patient assessment can provide useful estimates of the likelihood of severe coronary disease.     

Refractory anaphylactoid shock potentiated by beta-blockers

Allergic reactions, including anaphylactoid shock due to contrast material, are not uncommon. However, persistent anaphylactoid shock refractory to conventional therapy is rare. We present a case of refractory anaphylactoid shock during coronary angiography unresponsive to aggressive standard therapy in a patient on beta-blockers. Significant clinical improvement was noted upon administration of glucagon. Since beta-blockers are commonly used in patients with coronary artery disease, this potentially life-threatening complication has to be kept in mind with any procedure involving contrast media in patients on beta-blockers. Immediate access to glucagon by keeping it in the procedure room may be lifesaving in these situations. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

组织多普勒Tei指数与冠状动脉病变程度的关系

目的评价组织多普勒Tei指数(DTI-Tei指数)与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系。方法将126例行冠状动脉造影或介入治疗的非心肌梗死患者分为冠心病组与非冠心病组,根据Gensini评分分为无病变组、轻度病变组、严重病变组,应用组织多普勒(DTI)测定所有患者的Tei指数,观察DTI-Tei指数与冠状动脉病变Gensini评分的相关性及对严重冠状动脉病变的预测价值。结果冠心病组与非冠心病组相比较DTI-Tei指数差异具有统计学意义(分别是0.41±0.06和0.46±0.09,P<0.01),比较无病变组、轻度病变组、严重病变组的SBP[(135±18)mmHg、(148±19)mmHg和(156±20)mmHg、PP[(58±12)mmHg、(68±13)mmHg和(75±17)mmHg]、HDL-C[(1.29±0.21)mmol/L、(1.25±0.31)mmol/L和(1.11±0.32)mmol/L]、DTI-Tei值(0.41±0.06、0.43±0.07和0.51±0.07)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察SBP、PP值,严重病变组及轻度病变组高于无病变组(P<0.05),严重病变组与轻度病变...     

Comparison of ionic and low-osmolar contrast media during cardiac catheterization

The use of nonionic contrast agents during cardiac catheterization decreases the incidence of both major and minor cardiovascular complications when compared with ionic contrast. Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects are less profound especially in patients who have severe coronary artery disease or left ventricular dysfunction. Sparse data exist comparing ionic and nonionic contrast in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. No clinical evidence suggests that nonionic contrast agents are less nephrotoxic than ionic contrast though patients with significant baseline renal dysfunction (creatinine > 3.0) might benefit. The incidence of thrombotic events appears to be similar for both types of agents. Finally, the risk reduction of cardiovascular events must be weighed against markedly higher costs.     

年龄＞75岁老年患者冠状动脉介入治疗随访研究

目的评价年龄>75岁老年患者冠状动脉介入治疗术后远期效果,了解老年人介入术后的有效性。方法 351例行冠状动脉介入患者,按年龄分为普通老年组(≤75岁,n=180)和>75岁老年组(n=171),了解年龄>75岁患者一般临床资料、冠状动脉造影情况、冠状动脉介入术后1年心肌梗死发生率、再次冠状动脉介入率及不良事件发生率等。结果 >75岁老年组高血压、糖尿病患病率升高(P<0.05),冠状动脉病变以多支病变为主(P<0.05),左回旋支和右冠状动脉病变明显高于普通老年组(P<0.05),冠状动脉介入术后心源性病死率、再次冠状动脉介入治疗率、冠状动脉搭桥率等明显高于普通老年组(P<0.05)。结论年龄>75岁患者冠心病多并发高血压、糖尿病等,冠状动脉病变重而且复杂,冠状动脉介入治疗术后心血管发生率升高,不能减少远期死亡率。     

Determinants of amount of contrast utilized in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures

OBJECTIVE: To determine predictors of contrast amount during coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced nephropathy is a leading cause of hospital-acquired acute renal insufficiency. During percutaneous coronary procedures, contrast amount is a major risk factor incriminated in development of contrast-induced nephropathy. METHODS: Demographic and procedural details were obtained for consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures between January 2002 and October 2005 (N=962, mean+/-standard error of contrast amount: 216.6+/-3.0 ml) at a tertiary care hospital. RESULTS: A significant difference (P value <0.05) in unadjusted mean contrast volume was observed between subgroups of percutaneous coronary intervention vs. coronary angiography, patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting, patients undergoing additional procedures and multivessel and multisite percutaneous coronary interventions. On General Linear Model analysis, independent predictors (beta coefficient, 95% confidence interval, P value) of increased contrast amount during percutaneous coronary procedures were history of coronary artery bypass grafting (44.4, 30.6-58.2, <0.001), type of coronary procedure (85.2, 73.4-97.0, <0.001 for percutaneous coronary intervention vs. coronary angiography), number of interventions and number of additional procedures performed. Among additional procedures, rotablation, intravascular ultrasound and Angiojet were associated with increased contrast use. No significant independent effect on the contrast amount was observed with percutaneous coronary intervention location (right coronary artery vs. left anterior descending artery vs. circumflex artery) site (ostial vs. proximal vs. mid vs. distal) of percutaneous coronary intervention or with interventions on chronic total occlusions on the contrast amount. CONCLUSION: Data from our study could guide the coronary angiographer in moderating the volume of contrast utilized as well as assist with the elective planning of complex therapeutic procedures.