Protective effects of melatonin on cortico-hippocampal neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta-peptide 25-35

AIM: To study the effects of melatonin on primary rat cortico-hippocampal neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta-peptide 25-35. METHODS: The neuronal morphology was observed by phase-contrast microscopy. The neurotoxicity was quantitatively estimated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the culture medium from the damaged neurons. The neuronal metabolic state was quantified by the reduction of 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). RESULTS: Treatment of primary rat cortico-hippocampal neurons with amyloid beta-peptide 25-35 (20 micromol/L) for 24 h caused a significant decrease in neurocyte viability (P < 0.01, compared with control). Melatonin (1 or 10 micromol/L) reduced the neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta-peptide 25-35. CONCLUSION: Amyloid beta-peptide 25-35 could exert direct cytotoxicity on rat cortico-hippocampal neurocytes and melatonin concentration-dependently rescued cultured neurons from exposure to amyloid beta-peptide 25-35 induced injury.     

Protective effects of bilobalide on amyloid beta-peptide 25-35-induced PC12 cell cytotoxicity

AIM: To study the effect of bilobalide, a terpene extracted from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, on beta-amyloid peptide fragment 25-35 (A beta 25-35)-induced PC12 cell cytotoxicity. METHODS: 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assay were used to measure the viability of PC12 cells. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were measured to determine lipid peroxidation of cells. Antioxidant enzymes in PC12 cells were detected. RESULTS: Treatment of PC12 cells with A beta 25-35 (100 mumol.L-1) for 24 h caused a great decrease in cell viability (P < 0.01 compared with control). Bilobalide 25-100 mumol.L-1 dose-dependently attenuated the cytotoxic effect of A beta 25-35. Bilobalide also inhibited A beta 25-35 (100 mumol.L-1)-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation and decline of antioxidant enzyme activities. CONCLUSION: Bilobalide protected PC12 cells from A beta 25-35-induced cytotoxicity.     

白果内酯对抗淀粉样β-肽25-35所致PC12细胞毒作用(英文)

目的:观察白果内酯对β-淀粉样蛋白片段25-35(Aβ25-35)所致PC12细胞毒性的影响。方法:用噻唑兰(MTF)及乳酸脱氢酶法检测PC12细胞的存活率;硫代巴比妥酸法测定细胞脂质过氧化;并同时检测了细胞内抗氧化酶活性。结果:白果内酯(25-100)μmol·L~(-1)剂量依赖性地抑制Aβ25-35(100 μmol·L~(-1))引起的细胞存活率下降,脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶活性下降。结论:白果内酯具有对抗Aβ25-35引起的PC12细胞毒性的作用。     

褪黑激素对β—淀粉样多肽25—35片段所致皮层海马神经细胞毒性损伤的防护作用

目的:观察褪黑激素对β-淀粉样多肽25-35片段(Nβ_(25-35)所致神经细胞毒性作用的影响.方法:用相衬倒置显微镜观察原代培养的神经细胞的形态;用噻唑兰(MTT)法、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)测定及台盼兰染色观察神经细胞的存活情况.结果:Aβ_(25-35)(20μmol/L)可引起培养的神经细胞数量减少,部分突起消失;台盼兰着色细胞数增加;神经细胞增殖能力降低;培养上清液中LDH释放量增加;褪黑激素(Ⅰ,10μmol/L)可抑制Aβ_(25-35)诱导的上述毒性损伤.结论:Aβ_(25-35)对原代培养的皮质-海马神经细胞有直接的细胞毒作用,褪黑激素对Aβ_(25-35)所致神经细胞毒性损伤具有剂量依赖性的防护作用.     

Inhibitory effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts on amyloid beta(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy and synaptic loss

Neurons with atrophic neurites may remain alive and therefore may have the potential to regenerate even when neuronal death has occurred in some parts of the brain. This study aimed to explore effects of drugs that can facilitate the regeneration of neurites and the reconstruction of synapses even in severely damaged neurons. We investigated the effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts on the regeneration of neurites and the reconstruction of synapses in rat cultured cortical neurons damaged by amyloid beta (Abeta)(25-35). Treatment with Abeta(25-35) (10 microM) induced axonal and dendritic atrophies and synaptic loss in cortical neurons. Subsequent treatment with the methanol extract and the water extract of E. senticosus (10 - 1000 ng/ml) resulted in significant axonal and dendritic regenerations and reconstruction of neuronal synapses. Co-application of the extract and Abeta(25-35) attenuated Abeta(25-35)-induced neuronal death. We investigated neurite outgrowth activities of eleutherosides B and E and isoflaxidin, which are known as major compounds in E. senticosus. Although eleutheroside B protected against Abeta(25-35)-induced dendritic and axonal atrophies, the activities of eleutheroside E and isofraxidin were less than that of eleutheroside B. Although the contents of these three compounds in the water extract were less than in the methanol extract, restoring activities against neuronal damages were not different between the two extracts. In conclusion, extracts of E. senticosus protect against neuritic atrophy and cell death under Abeta treatment, and one of active constituents may be eleutheroside B.     

Role of phenylalanine 20 in Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity

Senile plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease associated with cognitive decline and aging. Abeta(1-42) is the primary component of the senile plaque in AD brain and has been shown to induce protein oxidation in vitro and in vivo. Oxidative stress is extensive in AD brain. As a result, Abeta(1-42) has been proposed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of AD; however, the specific mechanism of neurotoxicity remains unknown. Recently, it has been proposed that long distance electron transfer from methionine 35 to the Cu(II) bound at the N terminus of Abeta(1-42) occurs via phenylalanine 20. Additionally, it was proposed that substitution of phenylalanine 20 of Abeta(1-42) by alanine [Abeta(1-42)F20A] would lessen the neurotoxicity induced by Abeta(1-42). In this study, we evaluate the predictions of this theoretical study by determining the oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of Abeta(1-42)F20A relative to Abeta(1-42) in primary neuronal cell culture. Abeta(1-42)F20A induced protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation similar to Abeta(1-42) but to a lesser extent and in a manner inhibited by pretreatment of neurons with vitamin E. Additionally, Abeta(1-42)F20A affected mitochondrial function similar to Abeta(1-42), albeit to a lesser extent. Furthermore, the mutation does not appear to abolish the ability of the native peptide to reduce Cu(II). Abeta(1-42)F20A did not compromise neuronal morphology at 24 h incubation with neurons, but did so after 48 h incubation. Taken together, these results suggest that long distance electron transfer from methionine 35 through phenylalanine 20 may not play a pivotal role in Abeta(1-42)-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity.     

Effects of tanshinone on neuropathological changes induced by amyloid β-peptide1-40 injection in rat hippocampus

AIM: To investigate the effect of tanshinone (Tan) on the neuropathological changes induced by amyloid beta-peptide1-40 (Abeta1-40) injection in hippocampus in rats. METHODS: Abeta1-40 10 microg was injected bilaterally into the dorsal blade of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in hippocampus was evaluated by histochemistry. The expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible form of NOS (iNOS) were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Abeta1-40-injected rats were treated ig with Tan, the major active ingredient from Salvia miltiorrhiza of Chinese herb extract. RESULTS: The level of AChE positive fibers of each subfield in Abeta1-40-injected hippocampus decreased significantly compared with those of control (P<0.01). The expression of nNOS was down-regulated whereas the iNOS was up-regulated. After treatment with Tan (50 mg/kg, ig), the changes mentioned above were significantly improved. Moreover, the correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the area percentage of AChE positive fibers and the number of iNOS positive neural cells in CA1, CA2 to CA3 (CA2-3), and dentate gyrus (DG) subfields (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Tan can protect the neuropathological changes induced by Abeta1-40 injection in hippocampus.     

Neuroprotective effect of oxyresveratrol from smilacis chinae rhizome on amyloid Beta protein (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons

We previously reported that Smilacis chinae rhizome inhibits amyloid beta protein (25-35) (Abeta (25-35))-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of oxyresveratrol isolated from Smilacis chinae rhizome against Abeta (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity on cultured rat cortical neurons. Oxyresveratrol over the concentration range of 1-10 microM significantly inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death, which was measured by a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. Oxyresveratrol (10 microM) inhibited 10 microM Abeta (25-35)-induced elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c), which was measured by a fluorescent dye, Fluo-4 AM. Oxyresveratrol (1, 10 microM) also inhibited glutamate release into medium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by 10 microM Abeta (25-35). These results suggest that oxyresveratrol prevents Abeta (25-35)-induced neuronal cell damage by interfering with the increase of [Ca2+]c, and then by inhibiting glutamate release and ROS generation. Furthermore, these effects of oxyresveratrol may be associated with the neuroprotective effect of Smilacis chinae rhizome.     

Conformational stability of Abeta-(25-35) in the presence of thiazolidine derivatives

In the attempt to identify a new lead compound able to modify the conformational preferences of the beta-amyloid peptides, a set of new compounds characterized by a thiazolidine ring linked to several different aryl moieties were synthesized. The ability of these compounds to prevent the beta-amyloid aggregation was evaluated using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Molecular docking procedure allowed an interpretation of spectroscopic in the key of molecular interaction.     

Effects of baicalein on beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia in mice

Baicalein may act on the benzodiazepine binding sites to exert an anxiolytic-like effect in mice. Since many benzodiazepine drugs have amnesic side-effect and baicalein can protect cultured cortical neurons from beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced toxicity, this study examined the amnesic effect of baicalein and its effects on beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35) (3 nmol/mouse, i.c.v.)-induced amnesia in mice. Using the step-through passive avoidance test, the results showed that baicalein (10-100 mg/kg, i.p.), unlike the benzodiazepine drug chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg, i.p.), had no significant amnesic effect. Baicalein (10-50 mg/kg, i.p.) also had no facilitating effect on the learning and memory. However, one dosage pretreatment, but not post-treatment, of baicalein (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia. Interestingly, post-treatment for 7 or 13 days of baicalein (10-15 mg/kg/day, i.p.), like melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.), also attenuated beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia. Therefore, this study demonstrated that baicalein has protective effect on beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia.     

原花青素对 Aβ25-35诱导的小鼠学习记忆损伤的影响

目的：观察原花青素对淀粉样β蛋白25‐35（Aβ25‐35）诱导的小鼠学习记忆损伤的影响。方法将30只雄性2月龄C57bl／6小鼠随机均分为五组：E组为空白对照;其余四组采用双侧侧脑室注射Aβ25‐35制备的小鼠学习记忆损伤模型后,D组为模型对照,A、B和C组分别用原花青素50、100和150 mg／kg灌胃,连续30 d。D组和E组采用灭菌双蒸水灌胃。采用Y迷宫测试小鼠短期学习记忆能力;HE染色观察小鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤情况;化学比色法测定小鼠血清中丙二醛（MDA）、羟自由基（OH －）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、总抗氧化能力（T‐AOC）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）表达水平;Western blot测定硝基络氨酸（NTS）、过氧化物还原酶1（Prdx‐1）在小鼠海马组织中的表达。结果与D组比较,A、B和C组小鼠短期学习记忆能力较好,CA1区深染神经细胞比例呈剂量依赖性下降,血清GSH、T‐AOC和SOD含量增高,且海马组织中NTS表达水平降低,Prdx‐1表达水平升高（ P＜0．01或P＜0．05）。结论原花青素能改善Aβ25‐35诱导的小鼠氧化应激水平,从而减轻小鼠海马神经退行性病变和小鼠学习记忆损伤。     

褪黑激素改善淀粉样β多肽25—35片段诱导的老年大鼠学习记忆功能障碍

目的：观察褪黑激素对淀粉样β多肽25－35片段（Aβ25－35）诱导的大鼠学习记忆功能障碍的改善作用。方法：学习记忆功能检测采用大鼠跳台法、穿梭法和Moriss水迷宫法;病理组织观察采用HE染色、刚果红染色和银染色。结果：大鼠双侧海马内注射Aβ25-35（20μg）可引起大鼠学习记忆功能障碍,主要表现为在跳台作业中潜伏期缩短,累计刺激时间延长,累计错误次数增多;穿俊实验中,主动回避潜伏期缩短,主要回避次数减少,被动回避次数增加;Moriss水迷宫同样也证实大鼠出现空间学习记忆障碍;HE染色发现皮质和海马神经细胞数量减少,胶质细胞呈反应性增生,嗜神经现象增多;刚果红染色血管出现阳性;银染色提示有纤维蛋白丝状物。褪黑激素（0．1,1,10mg/kg)连续给予（ig)7－10d分别对上述改变有不同程度的抑制作用。结论：褪黑激素能改善Aβ25－35诱导的大鼠学习记忆功能障碍。     

吡格列酮对淀粉样β蛋白片段25-35致大脑皮质神经元损伤的保护作用

目的观察吡格列酮(Pio)对淀粉样β蛋白片段25-35(Aβ25-35)所致培养皮质神经元损伤是否具有保护作用。方法培养7 d的乳大鼠大脑皮质神经元,先加入Pio0.01,0.1,1和10μmol.L-1作用1 h,然后加入Aβ25-3520μmol.L-1作用24 h;或先加入GW9662 10μmol.L-1作用30 min后,加入Pio1μmo.lL-1作用1 h,然后加入Aβ25-35作用24 h。MTT法测定细胞存活率;Hoechst33258核染色观察细胞凋亡的形态学改变及细胞凋亡率;Western印迹法检测磷酸化丝裂原激活蛋白激酶的激酶4(MKK4)水平、磷酸化c-Jun氨基端激酶1(JNK1)水平和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平。结果 MTT结果显示,Aβ25-35可使体外培养神经元存活率明显降到(66.8±1.2)%,Pio 0.1,1和10μmol.L-1可明显对抗Aβ25-35诱导的培养神经元存活率下降,分别为(81.2±2.9)%、(87.9±2.2)%和(98.1±1.9)%,且呈明显浓度依赖性;GW9662能部分拮抗Pio的这种抑制作用。Hoechst33258核染色结果显示,正常培养神经元细胞核荧光染色均匀,只见到极少量细胞出现核固缩,凋亡率为(11.8±1.1)%。Aβ25-35作用24 h后,神经元出现核固缩或核碎裂的数目明显增多,凋亡率增加到(64.6±2.3)%,Pio 0.1,1和10μmol.L-1可明显抑制Aβ25-35引起的培养神经元凋亡率增加,凋亡率分别为(58.3±1.2)%、(52.6±1.3)%和(41.5±1.5)%。Western印迹结果显示,与正常对照组相比,Aβ25-35可使神经元Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显降低,磷酸化MKK4表达及磷酸化JNK1表达水平明显增加,Pio能上调Bcl-2的表达水平,对抗Aβ25-35诱导的磷酸化MKK4和磷酸化JNK1表达水平增加。结论 Pio能够明显抑制Aβ25-35引起体外培养神经元的损伤作用,这种作用可能与激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ、上调Bcl-2蛋白表达和抑制MKK4/JNK信号转导通路有关。     

MAP激酶家族在淀粉样β蛋白片段25～35引起的大鼠海马炎症反应及细胞凋亡中的作用(英文)

目的　研究淀粉样β蛋白片段2 5～35(Aβ2 5～35)引起的大鼠海马炎症反应、细胞凋亡机制及抗炎药物布洛芬的保护作用。方法　大鼠灌胃给予布洛芬7.5mg·kg- 1,连续应用3周,脑室内单次注射Aβ2 5～35(10 μL ,1mmol·L- 1) ,注射后继续应用布洛芬1周后,取脑,进行尼氏染色和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫细胞化学染色,研究海马CA1区锥体神经元形态学改变和星形胶质细胞激活。Western印迹观察白细胞介素 1β(IL 1β) ,胞外信号调节激酶1/ 2 (ERK1/ 2 ) ,有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶p38(p38MAPK) ,蛋白激酶C(PKC)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶 3(caspase 3)蛋白表达。RT PCR分析IL 1βmRNA表达水平。结果　脑室内注射Aβ2 5～35可引起海马CA1区星形胶质细胞激活和浸润,IL 1β蛋白表达和IL 1βmRNA表达水平明显增加,这种炎症反应伴有海马CA1区锥体神经元损伤。另外,Aβ2 5～35也能引起磷酸化的p38MAPK蛋白表达较对照组明显增加,从对照组0 .16 7±0 .0 91增加到0 .4 97±0 .0 5 9(P <0 .0 1,n =4 )。使磷酸化的ERK1/ 2蛋白表达下调,ERK1的表达从对照组0 .14 6±0 .0 10下降到0 (P <0 .0 1,n =4 )。ERK2表达从对照组的0 .4 12±0 .0 5 4下降到0 .131±0 .0 38(P <0 .0 1,n =4 )。这些改变伴随有caspase 3蛋白表达的增加     

地塞米松和淀粉样β蛋白片段25-35对PC12细胞损伤和凋亡的影响

目的探讨地塞米松(DEX)和淀粉样β蛋白片段25-35(Aβ25-35)联合作用对PC12细胞损伤和凋亡的影响。方法采用单独或联合应用DEX 0.1～10μmol.L-1和Aβ25-35 1～5μmol.L-1作用PC12细胞24 h,MTT法测定细胞活力;膜联蛋白-Ⅴ,PI双染流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,PI单染流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡峰;逆转录-PCR检测胱天蛋白酶3 mRNA的表达水平。结果 MTT结果显示,与正常对照组相比,DEX 5和10μmol.L-1,Aβ25-35 1,5和10μmol.L-1,DEX 5+Aβ25-35 1,5和10μmol.L-1及DEX 10+Aβ25-35 5,10μmol.L-1组均可明显降低PC12细胞存活率,而DEX联合Aβ25-35能明显减少PC12细胞数(P<0.01)。流式细胞仪结果显示,DEX 5μmol.L-1和Aβ25-35 1μmol.L-1单独作用对PC12细胞凋亡率和亚二倍体凋亡峰有一定的增加作用(P<0.05),两者联合作用能明显增加PC12细胞早期和中晚期凋亡率,增加亚二倍体凋亡峰(P<0.01);RT-PCR结果显示,DEX 5μmol.L-1和Aβ25-35 1μmol.L-1单独作用对PC12细胞胱天蛋白酶3 mRNA的表达水平没有明显影响,它们联合作用能明显增加PC12细胞胱天蛋白酶3mRNA的表达水平(P<0.05)。结论 DEX和Aβ25-35联合作用能明显增加对PC12细胞的损伤,促进胱天蛋白酶3 mRNA表达,诱导PC12细胞凋亡。     

淫羊藿苷对淀粉样β蛋白片段25-35所致大鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用

目的观察淫羊藿苷对淀粉样β蛋白片段25-35(Aβ25-35)所致阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型大鼠学习记忆能力的保护作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法Wistar雄性大鼠,右侧海马内注射Aβ25-3510μg制备AD模型,次日起淫羊藿苷30,60和120mg.kg-1灌胃给药,连续14d,d15～19Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间辨别学习记忆能力;d20检测海马组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性,免疫组化法检测海马内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)的表达。结果与模型对照组比较,淫羊藿苷给药14d明显改善大鼠学习记忆能力;海马组织中SOD和GSH-PX活性升高,NOS活性降低;海马内AChE及ChAT的表达增加。结论淫羊藿苷可以改善Aβ25-35海马内注射所致AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力,其作用可能与其增加AChE和ChAT表达,增强SOD和GSH-PX等自由基清除酶活性,降低NOS活性,减少NO释放等多种机制,促进胆碱能递质系统功能的恢复有关。     

Characterization of anti-neurodegenerative effects of Polygala tenuifolia in Abeta(25-35)-treated cortical neurons

Although Polygala tenuifolia WILLD (PT) was classically mentioned as an anti-dementia drug in Chinese and Japanese traditional medicine, basic research showed only enhancement of the cholinergic function. In Alzheimer's disease, neuritic atrophy and synaptic loss occur prior to neuronal death event, and may be the first trigger of the memory impairment. Therefore, we studied effects of Polygala tenuifolia WILLD (PT) on Abeta(25-35)-induced neuronal damage using rat cortical neurons for characterization of activities of PT under Abeta-induced neuronal damage. Treatment with the water extract of PT enhanced axonal length dose-dependently after Abeta(25-35)-induced axonal atrophy. However, dendritic atrophy and synaptic loss induced by Abeta(25-35) were not recovered by treatment with PT extract. In contrast, Abeta(25-35)-induced cell damage was completely inhibited by PT extract. By characterization of PT effects on neuronal morphological plasticity and cell damage, usefulness as well as an insufficiency of PT as an anti-dementia drug was clarified.