大蒜、大蒜绿茶合剂对MNNG诱发实验性胃癌及癌前病变PBL微核率的影响

本文研究大蒜、大蒜绿茶合剂对ＭＮＮＧ诱发大鼠胃癌及癌前病变过程中ＰＢＬ微核率的影响。结果显示，ＭＮＮＧ组（ＭＧ）ＭＮＦ在１０月与１６月时无明显差异，但较对照组（ＣＧ）始终显著增高（Ｐ＜０．００１），胃癌及癌前病变均高于ＣＧ（Ｐ＜０．００１），癌前病变明显低于胃癌（Ｐ＜０．００１），预防组（ＰＧ）、治疗１（ＴＧⅠ）与Ⅱ组（ＴＧⅡ）皆低于ＭＧ（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＰＧ在１６月较１０月时显著降低（Ｐ＜０．００１），与ＴＧⅠ无明显区别，而ＴＧⅡ较ＰＧ１０月时差异明显（Ｐ＜０．００５），但与ＰＧ１６月时和ＴＧⅡ无差异。证明ＭＮＮＧ的致突变、致癌变性可持续作用，大蒜、绿茶具有明显的抗突变、抗癌变效果，微核先于胃癌出现于癌前病变，从而检测ＰＢＬ微核可作为胃癌危险和早期的新标志。     

血清幽门螺杆菌抗体、胃蛋白酶原、胃泌素-17检测

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨血清幽门螺杆菌抗体（Hp-IgG）、胃蛋白酶原（PG）、胃泌素-17（G-17）检测对社区胃癌高危人群的筛查效果,分析不同胃部疾病的血清学指标特点。［方法］ 2016年5月至2017年12月在社区招募40岁以上具有胃癌家族史或高危疾病史的胃癌高危人群参与筛查,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清中的PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17、Hp-IgG抗体,任意两项及以上指标阳性或PG、G-17单独阳性为筛查阳性,建议胃镜检查、随访并追踪其结果,由区内二、三级医院临床专家集中评定胃癌前期和胃癌。［结果］ 共招募5552名居民参与血清学筛查,随访追踪659例筛查阳性居民的胃镜结果,发现胃癌前病变176例,包括息肉48例,低级别上皮内瘤变10例,术后残胃80例,中/重度萎缩性胃炎伴或不伴肠化38例;胃癌10例,早期5例,进展期5例,胃癌检出率0.18%,早期率50%。其他胃病组、胃癌前期组和胃癌组的PGⅠ水平和PGⅠ/Ⅱ比值（PGR）呈依次递减趋势（χ2=45.704,P<0.001;χ2=17.746,P<0.001）;与非萎缩胃炎组比较,萎缩性胃炎组和中/重度萎缩性胃炎伴或不伴肠化组的PGR降低（Z=-2.514,P=0.012;Z=-2.094,P=0.036）;息肉组的PGⅠ水平降低（Z=-2.032,P=0.042）,G-17水平升高（Z=-2.294,P=0.022）;低级别上皮内瘤变组的PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17水平无显著变化（P>0.05）;术后残胃组的PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17水平和PGR均降低（Z=-8.241,P<0.001;Z=-2.767,P=0.006;Z=-4.208,P<0.001;Z=-4.394,P<0.001）;胃癌组PGⅠ水平和PGR明显降低（Z=-1.996,P=0.046;Z=-2.500,P=0.012）;各组间Hp-IgG抗体阳性率无显著差异（P>0.05）。 ［结论］不同胃部疾病患者的血清PG、G-17特点不同,PGⅠ和PGR降低有助于发现胃癌前期和胃癌患者;血清学筛查是社区人群肿瘤早发现工作的探索和创新,但仍需进一步评估不同血清学指标的筛查价值。     

赞皇县胃癌筛查方法研究简介

以放射免疫学方法对赞皇县胃癌高发区1504名成年居民血清胃蛋白酶原（PG）Ⅰ、Ⅱ和胃泌素（GAS）水平进行了定量分析。同时以ELISA方法对血清幽门螺杆菌（Hp)抗体进行了检测。研究结果发现农村居民血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ和GAS均明显偏离正态分布，赞皇县农村成年居民Hp感染均比较普遍，血清Hp抗体阳性率达到66.4%。内窥镜和病理学检查证实，血清PG异常居民的胃粘膜91%以上可见癌前病变，提示血清PG异常的居民是胃癌的高危人群，血清PG异常可作为胃癌前病变的筛查指标。     

血清胃蛋白酶原和幽门螺杆菌IgG抗体检测在胃癌及其癌前病变筛查中的价值

[目的]评价能否以血清胃蛋白酶原（PG）和幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）IgG抗体检测筛查胃癌及其癌前病变,并提高胃癌的早期诊断率。[方法]在胃癌高发区对35岁以上无症状、有胃病史及胃癌家族史者进行胃癌筛查。采用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）定量检测血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平和定性分析血清H.pylori-IgG抗体,结合内镜活检和病理检查结果,对比分析受检者血清PGⅠ、PGⅠ/Ⅱ比值和血清H.pylori-IgG抗体与胃癌及其癌前病变的关系。[结果]本组共筛查1502人,以PGⅠ≤70ng/ml,PGⅠ/Ⅱ≤7.0者作为PG单筛胃癌临界值,高级别上皮内瘤变及以上病变诊断的敏感性为66.67%,特异性为61.48%。PG阴性920人（61.25%）,阳性582人（38.75%）;总体胃癌检出率为0.60%（9/1502）,早期胃癌检出率为55.56%（5/9）,进展期为44.44%（4/9）;PG阳性癌检出率为1.04%（6/582）,高级别上皮内瘤变、低级别上皮内瘤变、肠上皮化生及萎缩性胃炎检出率分别为0.34%（2/582）、27.66%（161/582）、13.04%（78/582）、19.76%（115/582）;PG阴性癌检出率为0.33%（3/920）,高级别上皮内瘤变、低级别上皮内瘤变、肠上皮化生及萎缩性胃炎检出率分别为0.11%（1/920）、18.04%（166/920）、8.37%（77/920）、17.07%（157/920）。PG阳性与PG阴性之间胃癌及其癌前病变检出率有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。PG阳性中早期胃癌检出率为50.00%（3/6）。1502人中,Hp阳性1027例,占总检查人数的68.38%。PG阳性中Hp感染率为70.10%;PG阴性中Hp感染率为67.28%,两组间无统计学差异。[结论]PGⅠ≤70ng/ml,PGⅠ/Ⅱ≤7.0是筛查胃癌高发区武威地区胃癌及其癌前病变较为合适的临界值;以血清PG水平作为初筛,再行内镜及病理检查,可提高胃癌及其癌前病变的筛查率;该地区Hp感染率极高,提示胃癌高发可能与此有关。     

血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGR、G-17水平与Hp-IgG联合检测对胃癌早期诊断的临床价值分析

目的探讨血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(PGⅡ)、胃蛋白酶原比值(PGR)、胃泌素-17(G-17)及幽门螺杆菌IgG抗体(Hp-IgG)联合检测对胃癌早期诊断的临床价值。方法选取2018年1月至2019年6月四川省广元市第四人民医院收治的120例胃癌患者(早期胃癌组)、60例萎缩性胃炎患者(萎缩性胃炎组)、同期体检的120例健康志愿者(对照组)为研究对象。比较3组受试者血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGR、G-17和Hp-IgG的水平,通过ROC曲线分析各指标及联合诊断的价值。结果早期胃癌组、萎缩性胃炎组及对照组受试者血清PGⅠ分别为(59.85±8.59)ng/ml、(72.19±9.89)ng/ml、(96.83±8.66)ng/ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=530.504,P<0.001);3组受试者PGⅡ分别为(23.19±2.45)ng/ml、(20.60±4.19)ng/ml、(16.52±3.34)ng/ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=130.085,P<0.001);3组受试者PGR分别为2.78±0.69、4.33±0.95、6.21±1.46,差异具有统计学意义(F=288.801,P<0.001);3组受试者G-17分别为(77.04±10.09)ng/ml、(64.69±7.22)ng/ml、(55.91±8.32)ng/ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=170.770,P<0.001);3组受试者Hp-IgG分别为(70.23±8.11)IU、(58.30±9.37)IU、(33.00±5.24)IU,差异具有统计学意义(F=778.431,P<0.001)。早期胃癌组和萎缩性胃炎组患者的血清PGⅠ和PGR水平明显低于对照组患者(均P<0.05),且早期胃癌组血清PGⅠ和PGR水平显著低于萎缩性胃炎组患者(均P<0.05);早期胃癌组和萎缩性胃炎组患者的PGⅡ、G-17和Hp-IgG水平明显高于对照组(均P<0.05),且早期胃癌组患者PGⅡ、G-17和Hp-IgG水平显著高于萎缩性胃炎组(均P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,血清PGⅠ诊断胃癌的临界值为73.11 ng/ml,敏感性为63.33%,特异性为83.33%,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.801;血清PGⅡ诊断的临界值为19.55 ng/ml,敏感性为75.83%,特异性为72.22%,AUC为0.760;血清PGR诊断的临界值为4.60,敏感性为82.50%,特异性为77.22%,AUC为0.816;血清G-17诊断的临界值为64.33 ng/ml,敏感性为64.17%,特异性为65.56%,AUC为0.631;血清Hp-IgG诊断的临界值为53.80 IU,敏感性为59.17%,特异性为75.00%,AUC为0.708;在最佳临界切点时,PGⅠ+Hp-IgG二者联合检测敏感性为69.17%,特异性为76.67%,AUC为0.754;PGR+Hp-IgG二者联合检测敏感性为88.33%,特异性为74.44%,AUC为0.798;G-17+Hp-IgG敏感性为71.67%,特异性为65.56%,AUC为0.718;五者联合检测的敏感性为92.50%,特异性为72.22%,AUC为0.869。五者联合检测敏感性显著高于各指标单独检测(均P<0.05),且五者联合诊断的AUC显著高于各项指标单独检测(Z=1.848,P=0.032;Z=3.145,P=0.001;Z=1.688,P=0.046;Z=7.726,P<0.001;Z=4.931,P<0.001;Z=3.188,P=0.001;Z=1.783,P=0.037;Z=4.534,P<0.001)。结论血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGR、G-17和IgG anti-Hp联合检测可提高胃癌诊断的敏感性,对于胃癌早期诊断有重要的意义和价值。     

胃癌高危因素评分模型构建及对筛查时机、方案选择的价值研究

背景与目的：伺机性筛查也称为个体筛查,是一种基于临床表征的筛查方法,花费少,患者依从性高,是目前提高我国早期胃癌检出率的可行途径。基于患者基线资料及血液学检查等常用指标,构建一套关于胃癌高危因素评分模型,探讨其对胃癌高危患者筛查时机、方案选择的价值,以期为临床高效筛查提供更多依据。方法：收集2014年6月—2017年12月甘肃省人民医院普外科收治的387例胃黏膜相关疾病患者为研究对象。收集幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori,HP）感染情况、血清胃蛋白酶原（pepsinogen,PG）Ⅰ及PGⅠ/Ⅱ等指标,采用病例-对照的研究方法,构建胃癌高危评分模型。结果：受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线显示,当PGⅠ为43.7 μg/L时,曲线下面积最大为0.736,其灵敏度为0.529,特异度为0.779。当PGⅠ/Ⅱ为2.2 μg/L时,曲线下面积最大为0.780,其灵敏度为0.578,特异度为0.849。将二者并联时,对胃癌诊断的灵敏度为71.8%、特异度为75.5%,可确定PGⅠ≤43.7 μg/L且PGⅠ/Ⅱ≤2.1 μg/L是最佳筛查临界值。单因素分析结果显示,两组患者的性别构成、年龄、饮用水类型、家族史、食用腌制品、HP感染、PGⅠ及PGⅠ/Ⅱ等差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。进一步行多因素Logistic分析发现,患者性别、饮用水类型、HP感染、家族史、PGⅠ、PGⅠ/Ⅱ及年龄是影响患者胃癌发生的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。在Logistic分析基础上,对各危险因素进行赋值,建立评分模型：Y=A×年龄+30×性别+30×饮用水+30×HP（+）+50×家族史+B×PG水平（35~45岁：A=20;46~55岁：A=40;56~65岁：A=70;≥66岁：A=80。当PGⅠ≤43.7 μg/L且PGⅠ/Ⅱ＞2.1 μg/L：B=10;PGⅠ＞43.7 μg/L且PGⅠ/Ⅱ≤2.1 μg/L：B=30;PGⅠ≤43.7 μg/L且PGⅠ/Ⅱ≤2.1 μg/L：B=80）。根据构建模型对两组患者评分进行验证,结果发现,病例组评分［（209.78±46.98）分］显著高于对照组［（122.37±56.37）分］,差异有统计学意义（χ ² =13.962,P＜0.001）。ROC曲线显示,当临界值为156分时,曲线下面积最大为0.876,灵敏度为0.880,特异度为0.716,Youden指数=0.595。拟合优度经Hosmer-Lemeshow检验后发现,模型HL指标为13.492,P=0.095,表明模型拟合度较好。结论：根据建立的胃癌评分模型,对评分≥156且因消化道相关不适而就诊的患者,应视为高危人群,建议至少每年进行1次胃镜随访。     

实验性胃癌发生过程中淋巴细胞免疫功能的变化和大蒜对其的影响

观察甲基硝基亚硝基胍（ＭＮＮＧ）诱发大鼠胃癌过程中淋巴细胞转化率的变化及大蒜对其的影响，发现癌前病变、粘膜内癌及浸润癌各组之间及各组与正常组之间淋巴细胞转化率差异的显著性（ｐ〈０．０１），提示在ＭＮＮＧ诱癌过程中淋巴细胞免疫的降低与胃癌的发生发展有关系。而大蒜预防组、治疗组与ＭＮＮＧ组之间淋巴细胞转化率差异有显著性（ｐ〈０．０１），同时诱癌率明显下降，认为可抑制ＭＮＮＧ诱发实验性胃癌的发生，其机理     

血清胃蛋白酶原及骨桥蛋白联合筛查胃癌的应用价值

目的 探讨血清胃蛋白酶原（PG）Ⅰ、PGⅡ和骨桥蛋白（OPN）联合检测筛查胃癌的应用价值。方法 选择570例受检者,其中胃癌144例,不典型增生60例,慢性萎缩性胃炎113例,糜烂、溃疡70例,慢性浅表性胃炎92例,健康者91例。采用ELISA方法检测受检者血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、OPN的含量。应用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）确定PG联合OPN筛查胃癌的检验效率。结果 PGI≤80ng／ml＋PGⅠ／PGⅡ≤5联合OPN≥34ng／ml或≥30．4ng／ml筛查胃癌与PG单筛相比,其特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值差异均有统计学意义;PGⅠ≤50ng／ml＋PGⅠ／PGⅡ≤5联合OPN≥35．2ng／ml或≥29．2ng／ml筛查胃癌与PG单筛相比,其灵敏度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值差异均有统计学意义。PG联合OPN筛查与OPN单筛相比,其灵敏度、特异度可同时达到双高;而OPN单筛仅特异度较高。结论 利用血清PG与OPN联合筛查胃癌均优于血清PG或OPN单筛,此法可能成为胃癌人群筛查的一种新方法。     

胃癌高发区居民血清胃蛋白酶原水平与胃黏膜病变的关系

目的探讨胃癌高发区居民血清胃蛋白酶原（PG）水平与胃黏膜病变的关系,以及血清PG检测在胃癌和慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）筛查中的应用价值。方法采用时间分辨荧光免疫分析法（TRFIA）进行PG检测,与内镜活检、病理形态学观察结果相结合,对比分析胃癌高发区720例接受胃镜检查的当地居民血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平和胃黏膜病变的关系。结果胃黏膜正常组血清PG Ⅰ、PGⅡ和PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值的中位数分别为172．0μg／L、9．6μg／L和17．5。胃癌组血清PGⅠ水平明显低于慢性胃炎组、胃黏膜正常组和胃溃疡（GU）组（P均〈0．05）。GU组血清PGⅠ水平明显高于其他各组（P均〈0．05）。CAG组、胃癌组和GU组血清PGⅡ水平均明显高于慢性浅表性胃炎（CSG）组和胃黏膜正常组（P均〈0．05）。CAG组和胃癌组血清PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值明显低于其他组（P均〈0．05）。PGⅠ≤60μg／L对CAG或胃癌检出的灵敏度和特异度分别为19．7％和95．5％;而PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值≤6的检出灵敏度和特异度分别为34．7％和89．3％;PGⅠ≤60μg／L且PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值≤6的灵敏度和特异度分别为14．1％和97．3％。慢性胃炎伴肠上皮化生组血清PGⅠ水平和PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值明显低于正常组,而PGⅡ则明显增高（P〈0．05）。PGⅠ≤60μg／L、PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值≤6、PGⅠ≤60μg／L且PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值≤6对肠上皮化生检出的灵敏度分别为16．6％、25．6％和11．9％,特异度分别为92．9％、80．4％和93．9％。结论胃癌高发区居民血清PG水平与胃黏膜病变密切相关。血清PG异常作为CAG、胃癌及肠上皮化生病变筛查指标的灵敏度不太高,但特异度高。血清PGⅠ≤60μg／L可作为鉴别诊断胃癌与GU的一个辅助指标。     

血清PG和G-17及幽门螺杆菌抗体表达与胃癌发病率相关性分析

目的:探讨福建省胃癌高、中、低发地区居民血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)Ⅰ、PGⅡ、胃泌素(G-17)水平及幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的分布趋势。方法:选择长乐市江田镇、同安区大同镇和福安市赛歧镇分别代表福建省胃癌的高、中、低发地区,以ELISA检测3地区居民(共725人)的血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17含量及Hp IgG抗体,统计学检验比较各指标在3地区间的差异。结果:长乐江田镇、同安大同镇和福安赛歧镇PGⅠ中位数分别为110.75、131.00和107.32μg/L,PGⅡ为13.90、14.70和7.79μg/L,PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值为7.91、8.66和13.09,G-17为2.90、1.10和1.00ρmol/L,Hp感染率分别为49.6%、33.5%和29.3%。各指标在3个地区间的差异均有统计学意义,z值为47.15～121.76,χ2=22.47,P值均<0.001。3地区居民血清指标异常者(PGI<25μg/L、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值<2.5或G-17≥2ρmol/L)所占的比例差异有统计学意义,χ2值为13.45～94.46,P值均≤0.001。Hp感染阳性者的血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ和G-17均高于阴性者,而PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值则低于阴性者。无论Hp阳性或阴性,3个地区居民的血清学指标差异都有统计学意义,z值为-3.32～70.36,P值均<0.05。结论:福建省胃癌高、中、低发地区居民血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G-17水平及Hp感染率分布有明显的地区差异,提示这些血清学指标的变化可能与胃癌的发生密切相关。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

miRNA与肿瘤侵袭转移

目前,microRNA (miRNA)已成为肿瘤研究中最基本的参与者,主要通过与靶标基因3 'UTR(非翻译区)的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动.miRNA作为调控基因表达的重要分子在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用越来越受到重视,表明miRNA在肿瘤侵袭和转移中的作用机制具有重要的理论意义,同时也可为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新方法.本文就miRNA通过调控上皮间质转化及肿瘤干细胞导致肿瘤侵袭转移的最新研究进展作一综述.     

芦荟大黄素及芦荟提取物的诱变性和抗诱变性

目的:用L5178Y小鼠淋巴瘤细胞体外微核试验评价芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物的诱变和抗诱变作用,为其安全性评价提供依据。方法:设溶剂对照、阳性对照和抗诱变对照,芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物诱变和抗诱变试验各设4个剂量组,处理L5178Y细胞12 h后按常规方法进行体外微核试验分析。结果:较高浓度(6.67μg/ml)的芦荟大黄素可致微核细胞率增加,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而芦荟提取物未见此效应。在一定剂量范围内,芦荟大黄素(0.22～6μg/ml)和芦荟提取物(20～180μg/ml)对甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)所致微核细胞率均有一定程度的拮抗作用,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:芦荟大黄素具有一定的诱变作用,而在本实验剂量范围内的芦荟提取物未见遗传毒性。两种受试物在一定范围内均能较好地拮抗MMS所致的染色体损伤。     

甲状腺手术的技巧及副损伤的预防和处置

鉴于甲状腺手术是普外科的常见手术，为求其日渐完美，以有益于病人，现根据作者的体会，并结合阅读相关文献，就其手术操作、喉返神经处理、甲状旁腺处理进行扼要阐述。     

Erythrocyte levels of cadmium and lead and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma

Cadmium and lead are persistent environmental toxins that are known or probable carcinogens, based on evidence for causality for nonhematologic cancers. Associations of these metals with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are unknown but biologically plausible. To examine the associations of circulating levels of lead and cadmium exposure with risk of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) and multiple myeloma, we conducted a nested case-control study among 299 incident B-cell NHLs and 76 MM cases within the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (CPS-II NC). Each case was incidence-density matched to two eligible controls on age, race, sex and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lymphoid malignancies overall and stratified by subtype. We observed a significant positive association between high erythrocyte lead concentration and risk of lymphoid malignancies overall (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33 per 17.6 μg/L (1 standard deviation [SD])) and follicular lymphoma in particular (RR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.80 per SD). In contrast, there was no association between erythrocyte cadmium and risk of B-NHL (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.06 per 0.37 μg/L [1 SD]), or any B-NHL subtypes; but a strong inverse association with MM risk (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.89, per SD). Results from our study suggest a positive association between erythrocyte lead level and risk of lymphoid malignancies and a possible inverse association between cadmium and myeloma. Additional research is needed to confirm and further explore these findings.     

甲胎蛋白与自噬在肝癌发生发展中的作用及其相互关系

甲胎蛋白（AFP）作为临床诊断肝癌最常用的肿瘤标志物,有抑制免疫、促进细胞生长、抑制癌细胞凋亡的作用。自噬是一种维持细胞生存的重要途径之一,其与肝癌的发生发展及治疗有着密切联系,对肝癌既有抑制又有促进作用。PI3K/AKT作为两者共有的信号通路,它们是否有着相互关系来促进肝癌的发展尚需进一步研究。     

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftibuten and Cefaclor in the Treatment of Pneumonia and Bronchiectasis

Summary

In a multicentre, international study of 187 adult patients with bacterial pneumonia or bronchiectasis, the safety and efficacy of a regimen of 200 mg ceftibuten administered twice-daily was compared with cefaclor given in a dosage of 500 mg three times a day. Of the 94 evaluable patients, 66 received ceftibuten and 28 received cefaclor. The overall bacteriological response was similar in the two treatment groups with elimination of the original pathogen in 91% and 89% of the patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively. The overall clinical response mirrored the bacteriological results with a successful clinical outcome in 92% of ceftibuten-treated patients compared with 93% in patients receiving cefaclor. Adverse experiences were, in general, few and mild, being reported in 8% and 17% of patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively.