Hypertension management and control among English adults aged 65 years and older in 2000 and 2001

OBJECTIVE: To describe blood pressures, and hypertension and its management among older people. DESIGN: Two combined annual cross-sectional surveys. SETTING: England 2000 and 2001. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally-representative sample of 3513 non-institutionalized people aged more than 64 years (elderly). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1). Use of antihypertensive agents, and hypertension according to two definitions: receiving blood pressure decreasing treatment, or either: systolic blood pressure > or= 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > or= 90 mmHg (old); or systolic blood pressure > or= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > or=90 mmHg (new). (2). Rates of treatment and control (old: < 160/90 mmHg; new: < 140/85 mmHg). (3). Isolated systolic hypertension stage 1 (systolic blood pressure > or= 140-159 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg), or stage 2 (systolic blood pressure > or= 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg). RESULTS: In 2000/2001, 62 and 81% of elderly adults were hypertensive according to the old and new definitions, respectively. Among those with hypertension (new definition) treatment and control rates were 56 and 19% (control rates among those treated were 36% in men and 30% in women). Of those treated, 54% were receiving one drug, 35% were receiving two, and 10% were receiving three or more drugs. Among untreated hypertensive individuals, 23% had increased systolic and diastolic pressures, 76% had isolated systolic hypertension and 1% had isolated diastolic hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that, according to current guidelines more than 67% of older English adults should receive antihypertensive medication. To pre-empt this situation, population-based strategies to reduce the current rate of increase in blood pressure throughout adult life should be urgently implemented. Only then will the current epidemic of hypertension among the elderly, with the huge cost associated with its management and adverse cardiovascular sequelae, be averted.     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the elderly: the Three City study

OBJECTIVE: To study management of hypertension in the elderly in a large population-based study and to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and factors related to awareness, treatment, and control. DESIGN: The Three City study, a population-based study among 9693 non-institutionalized individuals aged 65 years and over. METHODS: Blood pressure was measured with an automated electronic device, and treatment assessed, during home interview. Hypertension was defined by a mean blood pressure of two measurements superior to or equal to 160/95 mmHg and/or the intake of antihypertensive medications. RESULTS: In the final working sample of 9090 people, 62% were hypertensive. More than two-thirds were aware of their hypertension and 81% were treated with antihypertensive drugs. Among 4573 treated hypertensive participants, 35% had a blood pressure over 160/95 mmHg and 69% over 140/90 mmHg. Women were more frequently aware of their hypertension, more frequently treated, and more frequently controlled than men. A history of cardiovascular disease, high body mass index, diabetes and high frequency of visits to the general practitioner were related to higher percentages of awareness and treatment. Among treated hypertensive patients, those with a history of cardiovascular events or who visited their general practitioner more often or who more often had their blood pressure measured were more frequently controlled. Awareness was strongly associated with treatment, but was inversely related to control of hypertension among treated hypertensive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Management of hypertension, and particularly its control among treated hypertensive patients, needs to be improved in people aged 65 years and over.     

Benefit of home blood pressure measurement after a finding of high blood pressure at a community screening

OBJECTIVE: Many hypertensive individuals are not under medical management. We studied whether incorporating home blood pressure measurement and subsequent tailored advice into the primary care system improved hypertension management among untreated hypertensive individuals (screening systolic blood pressure >or= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >or= 90 mmHg and not taking antihypertensive medication) diagnosed during a community screening. METHODS: All residents aged 30 years or older in one district were asked to measure their blood pressure at home for 30 days, then received tailored advice (intervention area). Four of five Japanese districts served as a control. A self-administered questionnaire monitored the awareness and treatment of hypertension. RESULTS: Eighty-eight per cent (106/120) of untreated hypertensive individuals in the intervention area measured home blood pressure. Of men and women meeting the criteria for untreated hypertension at a community screening in 2003, 97 intervention and 390 control individuals were rescreened in 2004. Among the untreated 2003 screening hypertensive individuals with home hypertension (home systolic blood pressure >or= 135 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >or= 85 mmHg), the proportion not starting antihypertensive medication was 56%, and the proportion taking 'no action against hypertension' was 41%. These proportions were lower than in the control group (76%, 60%), yielding odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 0.38 (0.21-0.68) and 0.42 (0.24-0.75), respectively. CONCLUSION: Incorporating home blood pressure measurement coupled with tailored advice into the primary care system has the potential to reduce the risk of untreated hypertension.     

Hypertension management in patients with stable coronary disease

AIMS: To assess hypertension control in patients with stable coronary disease in France. DESIGN: A cross sectional study was conducted in a representative sample of 794 cardiologists. PARTICIPANTS: The first 6 patients with coronary disease received at practitioner's office were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cardiovascular risk factors, antihypertensive drugs, cardiovascular history were reported. BP was measured. Patients considered as hypertensive by his cardiologist and receiving antihypertensive drugs were considered as hypertensive. Controlled hypertension was defined as a blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as blood pressure > or = 140/90 mmHg. Among the uncontrolled hypertensives we distinguished patients with isolated systolic hypertension: diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg and systolic blood pressure > or = 140 mmHg. RESULTS: All variables were available in 6,349 patients who form the basis of this report. 3,161 patients were hypertensive. Of them, 1,846 (58.4%) were uncontrolled hypertensives, whom 1,280 (69.3%) were uncontrolled on the basis of systolic blood pressure alone. CONCLUSION: This study conducted in a representative sample of French cardiologists indicates that there is a considerable potential to further reduce cardiovascular morbidity in patients in secondary prevention.     

Management of older patients with hypertension in primary care: improvement on the rule of halves

OBJECTIVES: the benefits of treatment of hypertension in older people are well-established but implementation of this knowledge may be sub-optimal. We have determined recent primary care management of older people with hypertension. METHODS: we examined health records (n = 6986) of a 1 in 7 sample of patients aged 65-80 years from a random sample of practices (n = 51) in the former Northern Region of the UK, stratified by health authority, for the previous 6 years. We recorded documented risk factors, diagnosis of hypertension, three most recent blood pressure readings, current drug therapy and previous blood pressure lowering therapy, and presence of coexistent pathology. RESULTS: blood pressure was defined as hypertensive (> or = 160/> or = 90 mmHg; one or both values above these limits), normotensive or undetermined using a validated algorithm. In 30% of patients, blood pressure status was undetermined. Thirty-five percent of subjects were found to be hypertensive. Of these, 70% were receiving antihypertensive treatment but only 30% of treated patients had controlled (< 150 and 90 mmHg) and 13% well controlled (< 140 and 85 mmHg) blood pressure. In all, 14% of older hypertensive patients were detected, treated and had their hypertension controlled. There were significant differences between practices in the proportion of hypertensive patients treated (P < 0.001) and in the proportion of hypertensive patients whose blood pressure was controlled (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: treatment of hypertension in older people in primary care has improved in terms of detection and treatment but in only one-third of patients is high blood pressure controlled. There remain important opportunities for prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction in this age group through achieving improved blood pressure control.     

Improvement in hypertension management in England: results from the Health Survey for England 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mean levels of blood pressure and hypertension (> or = 140 mmHg systolic or > or = 90 mmHg diastolic pressure or on treatment for hypertension) in the adult English population, and to evaluate any changes in the efficacy of hypertension management between 1994 and 2003. DESIGN/METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys. England, 2003. A nationally representative sample of 8834 non-institutionalized adults (aged > or = 16 years). Rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension. RESULTS: Since 1994, mean systolic blood pressure has fallen by 1.6 and 4.3 mmHg in male and female adults, respectively. The rates of awareness and treatment have increased, and control rates (< 140 mmHg systolic and < 90 mmHg diastolic) among hypertensive men and women have approximately doubled to 21.5 and 22.8%, respectively. Of those on treatment for hypertension, the majority (56%) are on two or more agents compared with 40% in 1994 and 1998. CONCLUSION: Hypertension management has improved greatly since 1994, with more awareness, treatment and control. Nevertheless, in 2003 the majority of hypertensive adults in England had blood pressure levels above the currently recommended targets.     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Portugal. The PAP study.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and distribution of hypertension and to determine the level of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the Portuguese adult population. The study was conducted in 2003, using a multistage cluster sampling method to select a representative national sample. A total of 5023 adults, aged 18 to 90 years, were examined. Three blood pressure measurements were obtained by trained observers using an OMRON M4-1 sphygmomanometer after a 5-minute seated rest. Information on history of hypertension and use of antihypertensive medication was obtained using a standard questionnaire. Hypertension was defined as mean systolic blood pressure > or =140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > or =90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive medication. Overall, 42.1% of the Portuguese adult population aged 18 to 90 years, representing 3,311,830 people, would have hypertension. The age-specific prevalence of hypertension in the three age-groups studied--under 35 years, 35-64 years, and over 64 years--was 26.2%, 54.7% and 79% in men and 12.4%, 41.1% and 78.7% in women respectively. Among hypertensive subjects, only 46.1% were aware of their high blood pressure, 39.0% were taking antihypertensive medication, and 11.2% had their blood pressure controlled (<140/90 mmHg). Our results indicate that hypertension is highly prevalent in Portugal. The percentages of hypertensives who are aware of their condition, are being treated, and whose hypertension is controlled are unacceptably low. These results underscore the urgent need to develop national strategies to improve prevention, detection, and treatment of hypertension in Portugal.     

Prevalence and determinants of undertreatment of hypertension in the Netherlands

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension, and the determinants of undertreatment in the Dutch population. The study design was cross-sectional. A population-based survey on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Netherlands from 1996 to 2002 was the setting of the study. A total of 10 820 men and women, aged 30-59 years, were included in the study. The main outcome measures of the study were: Prevalence of hypertension, treatment, and control of hypertension and determinants of undertreatment of hypertension. Hypertension was defined as: systolic blood pressure (SBP) > or =140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > or =90 mmHg, and/or the use of antihypertensive medication. Treated and controlled hypertension was defined as SBP <140 mmHg and DBP <90 mmHg. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the determinants of undertreatment. The prevalence of hypertension in men was 21.4% and in women 14.9%, and 17.9% of the hypertensive men and 38.5% of the hypertensive women were receiving antihypertensive medication. Of the untreated hypertensives, 21.9% of the men and 13.6% of the women were eligible for treatment with antihypertensive medication according to Dutch guidelines. Female gender and the use of cholesterol-lowering medication were associated with an increased chance of being treated. Subjects who were physically active, on a low salt diet, and current smokers had an increased chance of being untreated. Taking cholesterol-lowering medication and no asthma or allergy were factors associated with better control of blood pressure. In conclusion, a considerable proportion of hypertensives were untreated and uncontrolled. Therefore, the detection and control of hypertension in the Netherlands needs to improve. Several groups of hypertensives were identified that need additional care and attention.     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Portugal: the PAP study

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and distribution of hypertension and to determine the status of hypertension awareness, treatment and control in the Portuguese adult population. METHODS: This study was conducted in 2003, and a multistage cluster sampling method was used to select a national representative sample. A total of 5023 adults, age 18-90 years, were examined. Three blood pressure measurements were obtained by trained observers using an OMROM M4-I sphygmomanometer after a 5-min sitting rest. Information on the history of hypertension and the use of antihypertensive medications was obtained by use of a standard questionnaire. RESULTS: Hypertension was defined as a mean systolic blood pressure > or = 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive medications. Overall, 42.1% of the Portuguese adult population aged 18-90 years, representing 3 311 830 people, had hypertension. The age-specific prevalence of hypertension in the three age groups studied--younger than 35 years, 35-64 years old and older than 64 years--was 26.2, 54.7 and 79% in men and 12.4, 41.1 and 78.7% in women, respectively. Among hypertensive patients, only 46.1% were aware of their high blood pressure, 39.0% were taking antihypertensive medication and 11.2% achieved blood pressure control (< 140/90 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hypertension is highly prevalent in Portugal. The percentages of those with hypertension that are aware, treated and controlled are unacceptably low. These results underscore the urgent need to develop national strategies to improve prevention, detection and treatment of hypertension in Portugal.     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and risk factors of hypertension in Korea: the Ansan study

OBJECTIVES: To determine prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, and its risk factors in an urban Korean population. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional survey in Ansan-city, Korea. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Population-based samples of people aged 18-92 years in Ansan-city, Korea, were selected, yielding 2278 men and 1948 women, and their blood pressures were measured using a highly standardized protocol. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg or reported treatment with antihypertensive medications, and subclassified according to 1999 WHO-ISH guidelines. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) defined as a systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg and diastolic BP < 90 mmHg was also examined. Data were stratified by age and sex. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypertension in this study was 33.7%. Among these, 64.9% had Grade 1 hypertension, 22.5% Grade 2, and 12.5% Grade 3. Age-specific prevalence of hypertension increased progressively with age, from 14.19% in 18 to 24 year-olds to 71.39% in those 75 years or older. Hypertension prevalence was significantly higher in men (41.5%) than in women (24.5%) (P < 0.001). Isolated systolic hypertension had significantly lower prevalence (4.33%) within the population, although in the elderly aged 55 years or more it rose by 11.13%. Overall, 24.6% of hypertensive individuals were aware that they had high blood pressure, as much as 78.6% were being treated with antihypertensive medications, and 24.3% were under control. Hypertension awareness as well as treatment and control rates varied by sex, with women higher in all three rates. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, body mass index and abdomen circumference were significantly associated with prevalence of hypertension both in men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension is highly prevalent in Korea. Despite the high rate of treatment, the rates of awareness and control are relatively low, suggesting the nationwide demand for preventing and controlling high blood pressure in Korea in order to avert an epidemic of cardiovascular disease.     

Prevalence of isolated uncontrolled systolic blood pressure among treated hypertensive patients in primary care in Belgium: results of the I-inSYST survey

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of isolated uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (on-treatment isolated systolic hypertension) in treated hypertensive patients and identify the characteristics and treatment strategy in these patients. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional survey in primary care. Participating physicians enrolled more than 13 consecutive treated hypertensive patients. Patients were considered to have isolated systolic hypertension when systolic blood pressure was at least 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure was less than 90 mmHg. RESULTS: On-treatment isolated systolic hypertension occurred in 28% of evaluable patients (n = 11562) and in 36% of uncontrolled patients (n = 9080). Among the isolated systolic hypertension and among other uncontrolled patients, 53% and 47%, respectively, used more than one antihypertensive drug class. beta-Blockers were the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive drugs. Patients with isolated uncontrolled systolic blood pressure were more frequently treated with diuretics (43 vs. 39%) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (23 vs. 17%). Despite blood pressure being under control in only 21% of the patients, hypertension treatment was not changed in 46% of patients with isolated uncontrolled systolic blood presssure vs. 14% of patients with both uncontrolled systolic and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: In Belgium, the prevalence of on-treatment isolated systolic hypertension in treated hypertensive patients, was 28%. The goal blood pressure was likely not reached in most patients due to inadequate treatment. The overall control rate was worse for systolic than for diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, antihypertensive treatment was less frequently adapted in patients with isolated uncontrolled systolic blood pressure than in those patients with both uncontrolled systolic and diastolic blood pressure.     

Lack of control of high blood pressure and treatment recommendations in Canada

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a major risk factor for death that affects many Canadians, but only 16% of hypertensive Canadians are treated and have their hypertension controlled. While the control rate is very low, the 2001 Canadian Hypertension Recommendations do not recommend that low risk hypertensive patients be started on pharmacotherapy, and pharmacotherapy is not recommended for people for whom there is no demonstrable benefit from randomized, controlled trails. OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of hypertensive patients who are appropriately managed according to the 2001 Canadian Hypertension Recommendations. METHODS: Data from the Canadian Heart Health Survey, which surveyed a cross-sectional population (n=23,129) between 1986 and 1992, were used to determine the proportion of nondiabetic hypertensive patients who are managed according to the 2001 Canadian Hypertension Recommendations. Hypertensive patients not recommended to receive pharmacotherapy include those without risk factors and target organ damage, with a diastolic blood pressure of 90 to 99 mmHg and a systolic blood pressure of less than 160 mmHg. People with diastolic blood pressures of less than 90 mmHg who have systolic blood pressures of 140 to 159 mmHg are also not recommended to have pharmacotherapy. Patients prescribed antihypertensive therapy who had blood pressure controlled to less than 140/90 mmHg were assessed as having their hypertension managed appropriately, as were those who were not treated and were not recommended to be prescribed treatment. RESULTS: There were 58,813 (1.7%) hypertensive patients who did not have target organ damage or additional risk factors, and had a systolic blood pressure of less than 160 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 99 mmHg. Twenty four per cent of hypertensive persons (831,787) had a systolic blood pressure of 140 to 160 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mmHg. About 25% (23.6%+1.7%) of hypertensive Canadians in the Canadian Heart Health Survey are not recommended to be prescribed antihypertensive therapy according to the 2001 Canadian Hypertension Recommendations. Sixteen per cent of hypertensive patients were treated and had their blood pressures controlled (blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg). Therefore, about 41% (ie, 16%+25%) of hypertensive patients are appropriately managed according to the 2001 Canadian Hypertension Recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the Canadian Heart Health survey indicate that there are a striking number of Canadians with untreated high blood pressure (59%) who probably do not have their hypertension managed according to the 2001 Canadian Hypertension Recommendations. Greater efforts are required to identify people with hypertension, and to ensure that they are managed according to the best available evidence.     

Leitliniengerechte Differenzialtherapie der Hypertonie

The goal of antihypertensive therapy is to lower blood pressure and, by doing so, to decrease cardiovascular risk. Life style changes and drugs are available for the treatment of hypertensive patients. In order to reach the target blood pressure, most patients with hypertension need drug treatment in addition to life style changes. In all hypertensive patients, the target blood pressure is <140/90 mmHg. In patients with diabetes mellitus, with chronic renal failure as well as in patients with complications of hypertension and, thereby a very high cardiovascular risk, the target blood pressure is <130/80 mmHg. Diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are the drugs of first choice in the treatment of hypertension. The selection among these drug classes has to consider probable side effects as well as accompanying diseases and complications of hypertension. One should also take into account that most of the beneficial effects of antihypertensive therapy is due to the decrease of blood pressure per se and that the majority of hypertensive patients require the combination of two or more antihypertensive drugs in order to reach the target blood pressure.     

浙江省社区人群高血压患病率、知晓率、服药率和血压控制状况分析

目的　评估浙江省社区人群高血压的患病率、知晓率、服药率以及血压的控制状况。方法　根据《心血管病流行病学方法》手册中的方法在浙江省 11市年龄≥ 15岁的自然人群中进行高血压抽样调查 ,应用标准问卷询问高血压病史以及高血压的治疗情况。结果　浙江省的高血压患病率为 33.4 % ,标化率 18 7% ,较 1991年全国高血压抽样调查时全省高血压患病率 13.11%增长了 15 5 % ;在高血压患者中有 5 6 .6 %的患者知道自己患有高血压 ,4 4 .9%患者正在服药 ,9.3%患者血压得到控制。结论　①本省高血压患病率成倍增加以中青年人群为显著 ;②与高血压患病率较高相比较高血压的知晓率、服药率和控制率偏低 ;③迫切需要进行社区人群高血压的综合干预。     

Trends in hypertension care in eastern and south-western Finland during 1982-2002

OBJECTIVE: To assess the trends in blood pressure (BP) levels and the control of hypertension in eastern and south-western Finland during 1982-2002. DESIGN: Five independent cross-sectional population surveys conducted in 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997 and 2002. SETTING: The provinces of North Karelia and Kuopio in eastern Finland and the region of Turku-Loimaa in south-western Finland. PARTICIPANTS: Stratified random samples of men and women aged 25-64 years were selected from the national population register. The total number of participants was 29 127. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the prevalence and control of hypertension. The distribution of all subjects with no antihypertensive drug treatment in 2002 according to the modified risk stratification scheme introduced in 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines. RESULTS: Mean SBP and DBP and the prevalence of hypertension decreased significantly in all areas. The proportion of treated hypertensive subjects with adequately controlled BP (SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg) increased from 13.7 to 33.3% in men (P < 0.001) and from 11.4 to 32.0% in women (P < 0.001). The unsatisfactory treatment of hypertension was mainly a result of the lack of control of high SBP. According to the 2003 guidelines, 35.9% of the entire population currently not on antihypertensive drug treatment should have been prescribed such treatment within a year. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension care has improved significantly in Finland during 1982-2002. However, the difference between the actual situation at the population level and the treatment goals presented by the hypertension guidelines remains vast.     

Prevalence and therapeutic control of hypertension in French Caribbean regions

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of hypertension in French Caribbean regions. DESIGN: A cross-sectional worksite study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 6136 workers referred for annual check-up from Martinique, French Guyana and Guadeloupe. An average of three consecutive measurements was taken as the blood pressure (BP) level. An additional visit was required in subjects not taking antihypertensive medications with an average BP over 140/90 mmHg. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control. RESULTS: The age-specific prevalence of hypertension, based on two visits, increased from 3.2% in men below 30 years to 46.9% in those older than 50 years. The corresponding values found in women were 1.8 and 42.6%. The overall prevalence was 19.5% in men and 18.9% in women. The rate of awareness remained low while age increased. The use of antihypertensive medications slowly increased with age, but overall the rate remained lower in men compared with women. Up to 71% of hypertensive women received antihypertensive medications. Compared with previous studies, a high proportion of adequately treated patients was found among women (44.9%). Only 30.4% of hypertensive men were treated, and as a result the control rate was lower (13.3%). CONCLUSION: Major sex-related differences are found in the control of high BP, with an unexpected high rate observed among Caribbean women. Better awareness and higher treatment rates play an important role in explaining such results. This may be important, especially in developing countries, where poor control of hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases.     

Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in primary health care: a 2-year open randomized controlled trial of lifestyle intervention against hypertension in eastern Finland

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether lifestyle counselling is effective in non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in primary health care. DESIGN: Open randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Ten municipal primary health care centres in eastern Finland. PATIENTS: Seven hundred and fifteen subjects aged 25-74 years with systolic blood pressure 140-179 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-109 mmHg or antihypertensive drug treatment. INTERVENTIONS: Systematic health counselling given by local public health nurses for 2 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure, lipids and lifestyle data were collected annually. RESULTS: Among participants with no antihypertensive drug treatment, the net reductions after 1 year both in systolic blood pressure [-2.6 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI), -4.7 to -0.5 mmHg] and in diastolic blood pressure (-2.7 mmHg; 95% CI, -4.0 to -1.4 mmHg) were significant in favour of the intervention group. This difference in blood pressure change was maintained during the second year. In participants with antihypertensive drug treatment, no significant difference in blood pressure reduction was seen between the groups during the study. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively modest, but systematic counselling in primary health care can, at least among untreated hypertensive subjects, produce reductions in blood pressure levels that are modest for the individual, but very important from the public health point of view.     

云南省居民高血压的患病率、知晓率及治疗率调查

目的:了解云南省15～69岁人群高血压患病率以及知晓率、治疗率和控制率。方法:对云南省8个州(市)的16个县(区)15～69岁常住居民进行高血压抽样调查,应用标准问卷询问高血压病史以及高血压的治疗情况,采用电子血压计进行血压的测量。结果:总人群高血压患病粗率24.8%,标化率21.5%;高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为22.9%、12.7%和1.0%。结论:本省高血压患病率呈现增长趋势;与全国比较,高血压患病率较高,高血压的知晓率、治疗率和控制率较低。     

Stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: the diagnosis and management of hypertension by specialists

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is common in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and is an important cause of stroke. OBJECTIVES: To determine how effectively hypertension is managed among specialist-treated outpatients with AF. METHODS: Investigators reviewed the charts of patients with a diagnosis of AF cared for by medical specialists to determine the change in blood pressure, patterns of antihypertensive drug use and the role of the specialist in the management of hypertension. RESULTS: Of 209 patients with AF, 118 had a history of hypertension or an office blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured at 73% of all visits. Hypertension was identified as an important problem in 57% of patients and antihypertensive therapy was either initiated or suggested in 77%. One year after the initial specialist visit, systolic blood pressure was significantly lower (140+/-20 mmHg at one year versus 148+/-23 mmHg initially; P=0.015); however, there was no change in diastolic blood pressure (80+/-12 mmHg at one year versus 81+/-16 mmHg initially; P=0.602) and only 50% of patients had a blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg. In contrast, the percentage of patients receiving warfarin increased from 46% to 78% (P=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients treated by specialists for AF, systolic blood pressure is significantly reduced during follow-up; however, 50% of patients continue to have suboptimal blood pressure control. In many patients, hypertension is not identified as an important comorbid illness and antihypertensive therapy is neither recommended nor initiated by the specialist. Greater specialist involvement in the identification and treatment of hypertension in patients with AF could lead to an important, additional reduction in stroke.     

The importance of drug combinations for effective control of hypertension.

The need for drug combinations in the management of hypertension arises from the fact that the majority of hypertensive patients need at least two drugs to control the blood pressure to below 140/90 mmHg. The importance of achieving such goal blood pressures is emphasised by longitudinal studies demonstrating that the achieved blood pressure is the main determinant of outcome and from population surveys in a number of countries that reveal that in general, less than 30% of treated hypertensive patients have blood pressures below 140/90 mmHg. Good combinations of antihypertensive drugs use agents from different classes with different primary actions so that the hypotensive effects are fully additive while side effects are minimised. The particular value of combining drugs for treating hypertension is that it permits the use of low doses, which in turn improves adherence to therapy and control of hypertension. Effective combinations for the treatment of essential hypertension and of systolic hypertension in the elderly are discussed, as are the potential advantages of fixed low dose combinations.