新生儿肺炎血清sIL—2R与外周血单个核细胞IL—2R表达的研究

为了解新生儿肺炎ＩＬ－２Ｒ的变化，采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测３３例新生儿肺炎血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平、ＰＢＭＣ体外ＰＨＡ培养７２小时ｍＩＬ－２Ｒα表达及上清液ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平，并与３６例正常新生儿对照。结果：（１）患儿血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平治疗前高于治疗后（Ｐ〈０．００１），且治疗前后均高于对照（Ｐ〈０．０１）；治疗前血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与病情轻重密切相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）；（２）患儿ｍＩＬ－２Ｒα表达治疗前后     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者诱导分化治疗前后血清IL—2受体的…

ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测２７例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者（ＡＰＬ）血清白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平。结果表明ＡＰＬ患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ高于正常对照（Ｐ〈０．０１），经维甲酸治疗后逐渐降低，但治疗中期患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ仍高于正常和治疗后（缓解期）患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ（Ｐ〈０．０５）。治疗后血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ虽略高于正常对照。却已恢复正常范围（Ｐ〈０．０５）。同时发现治疗中ＷＢＣ却明显升高，治疗后又下降     

血液系统疾病血清sIL—2Rα／水平的研究

应用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测了原发性血小板减少性紫癜（ＩＴＰ）、白血病、缺铁性贫血及自身免疫性溶血性贫血共４０例患儿血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒα水平，结果显示：患儿组血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒα水平明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．００１）；ＩＴＰ患儿用激素治疗后其血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒα水平较治疗前明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）；ＩＴＰ患儿血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒα水平与血小板数低度负相关，而白血病则与白细胞及血小板数无相关关系。     

肝硬化患者血清透明质酸含量与sIL－2R水平的观察

本文用放射免疫测定法及双抗体夹心法测定了２５例健康人，３０例肝硬化患者血清透明质酸（ＨＡ）的含量及可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平。结果表明：（１）肝硬化组血清ＨＡ含量及ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平均高于对照组（Ｐ值均＜０．０１）；（２）肝硬化组血清ＨＡ与ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平间呈正相关关系（ｒ＝０．５１９２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：肝硬化组患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高与肝损害程度有关，可能是由于肝细胞受损而对ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ清除能力降低所致。     

狼疮性肾炎患者可溶性IL－2R的检测

为了解可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）与狼疮性肾炎（ＬＮ）活动的关系，对３０例ＬＮ病人血清和尿液ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ含量进行测定。结果显示，ＬＮ活动组（１７例）血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ平均值为２７４．７±２０９．７Ｕ／ｍｌ，明显高于ＬＮ非活动组（１３例，平均值１１５．４±８５．ｌＵ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０２）和正常对照组（２０名，平均值１１３．５±４０．ｌＵ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１），血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平变化与血清补体和肌酐值改变无明显相关性；尿液ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ的变化与血清相似，但两者间无明显相关性，亦与尿蛋白分泌无明显相关性；尿／血ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ比值在正常对照组为０．８８±０．４５，ＬＮ病人平均比值＞１。     

细胞因子在免疫复合物型肾小球肾炎发病机制中的作用

按Ｄｉｘｏｎ方法制造血清病型肾小球肾炎动物模型，进而研究其发病机制，模型ＡＥＳＳＲ血清ＣＩＣ水平明显高于正常值（Ｐ〈０．０１）；ＣＭＳＣ水平明显低于正常值（Ｐ〈０．０１），ｓＩｌ－２Ｒ，ＩＬ－８，ＩＦＮ，ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ－２水平均明显高于正常值（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＣＩＣ与ＣＭＳＣ呈高度负相关，ｒ＝－０．９４３（Ｐ〈０．０５），ＣＩＣ与ＩＬ－８呈高度正相关，相关系数ｒ＝０．８２９（Ｐ〈０．０５）。进一步证     

肾病综合征患儿血清IL-6和sIL-2R测定

检测了３５例肾病综合征（ＮＳ）患儿血清白细胞介素 ６（ＩＬ ６），血清可溶性白细胞介素 ２受体（ｓＩＬ ２Ｒ）含量的变化。结果表明，患儿血清中ＩＬ ６、ｓＩＬ ２Ｒ较对照组显著增高（Ｐ值均＜００１），提示患者体内细胞免疫与体液免疫应答过程参与了ＮＳ...     

分泌性中耳炎中耳积液和血清中sIL－2R水平的初步研究

应用酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对３０例正常人血清（对照组）和６０例分泌性中耳炎患者（ＳＯＭ组）中耳积液和血清中可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）进行了检测。结果示ＳＯＭ组血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于对照组，ＭＥＦ中其含量明显高于血清；鼻咽癌组血清及ＭＥＦ中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于─般ＳＯＭ组；粘液组高浆液组；慢性组高于急性组（均Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：血清及ＭＥＦ中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平的测定有助于对ＳＯＭ患者免疫状态的评估；ＭＥＦ中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ可能主要由局部中耳粘膜产生；ＭＥＰ中高浓度的ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ存在可能是ＳＯＭ迁延不愈的─个原因。     

多发性硬化患者血清sIL-6R 水平观察

为探讨可溶性白细胞介素－６受体（ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ）在多发性硬化（ＭＳ）发生、发展中的作用，采用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ方法，对２８例ＭＳ患者和２５例正常对照组血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平进行了测定。结果显示缓解－复发型和进展型ＭＳ患者血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平明显高于正常对照组和良性型组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）；而良性型ＭＳ患者血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平与正常对照组相比，未见明显改变。缓解－复发型ＭＳ患者血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平随着病情的好转而下降。ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平与ＭＳ患者头颅ＭＲＩ上的病灶大小和部位无明显相关性（ｒ１＝０．１２４，Ｐ＞０．０５；ｒ２＝０．０９１，Ｐ＞０．０５）。推测ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平的高低可作为判断ＭＳ患者病情变化的指标之一。     

原发性肝癌患者手术治疗前后检测可溶性白细胞介素2受体和肿瘤坏？…

应用双抗体酶联夹心法和放射免疫分析法检测了３０名正常人和３３例原发性肝癌患者血清中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ和ＴＮＦ含量，结果表明：原发性肝癌患者手术前ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ，ＴＮＦ非常显著地高于正常人（Ｐ〈０．００１，Ｐ〈０．０１）；术后２周，血清ｓＩｌ－２Ｒ与正常人比较有差异（Ｐ〈０．０１），而ＴＮＦ则无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），ＡＦＰ含量高低与ｓＩｌ－２和ＴＮＦ含量无关（ｒ＝０．３８２６，０．３７２５；Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.