永久性与临时性双腔留置导管在血透患者的应用

目的：观察永久性双腔留置导管作为血透长期通路的效果,比较两种双腔留置导管的并发症。方法：我院１９９８年１２月～２０００年９月,行带涤纶套双腔深静脉留置导管手术２４例,年龄３０～８１（平均６０）岁,术前平均血透３０．６个月,平均内瘘（和腹透置管）手术３．５次,留置通路经颈内、颈外或锁骨下静脉。随机观察临时性双腔留置导管１５例,颈内或锁骨下静脉留置,年龄１０～６５（平均４２）岁。以尿素清除指数ＫＴ／Ｔ和ＵＵＲ为透析效果的评价指标。结果：带涤纶套双腔留置导管经颈内静脉、颈外静脉和锁骨下静脉入路分别有１２例、８例和４例,长期留置导管已使用１５０个病人月,平均使用６．５（１～１９）个月,使用长期导管血液透析共１８１２例次。常见的并发症是：导管内血栓形成或血流不畅６例８４次,发生率为２．３％透析例次;发生感染７例１２次,发     

老年糖尿病下肢深静脉血栓患者应用导管介入溶栓联合抗凝治疗的疗效分析

目的 研究分析老年糖尿病下肢深静脉血栓患者应用导管介入溶栓联合抗凝治疗的疗效。方法 选取2020年3月—2022年12月连江县医院收治的94例老年糖尿病下肢深静脉血栓（Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis, LEDVT）患者为研究对象,利用随机数字生成器随机分为研究组与对照组,各47例。对照组接受基础抗凝治疗,研究组在此基础上接受导管介入溶栓治疗。对比两组患者治疗后血栓溶解情况,静脉通畅率及消肿率和并发症发生率。结果 研究组血栓溶解情况、静脉通畅率及消肿率均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。两组患者并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 应用导管介入溶栓联合抗凝治疗能够进一步改善患者溶栓效果、静脉通畅率及消肿率,并且安全性也有一定的保障。     

两种临时血管通路在血液净化中应用的临床观察

目的回顾分析我科近三年来透析患者两种临时血管通路（颈内静脉置管与股静脉置管）的临床资料，观察两种临时血管通路在血液净化中的应用及并发症的发生情况。方法通过观察我科2004年1月～2006年11月149例血液透析患者两种临时血管通路（颈内静脉置管与股静脉置管）的置管情况，对两种临时血管通路的留置时间、血流量大小、透析充分性、安全性、感染发生率等指标进行比较。结果共有149例血液透析患者行临时深静脉插管，其中颈内静脉置管40例，股静脉置管109例。颈内静脉置管留置时间平均为（27．2±11．1）天，股静脉置管留置时间平均为（15．9±10．4）天，两组相比具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。两组患者均可获得稳定的血流量，组间相比差异无统计学意义。透析充分性用KCV评价，KCV〉1．2为透析充分。颈内静脉置管组KCV均〉1．2，股静脉置管组有5例KCV〈1．2，可能与导管血栓形成有关，经导引钢丝疏通或尿激酶处理后KCV改善，两组相比无显著差异。颈内静脉置管组发生误穿动脉1例，股静脉置管组发生误穿动脉4例，全部病例均未发生血气胸、空气栓塞、明显血肿等严重并发症，安全性相比两组无明显差异。置管后发生导管感染26例，其中颈内静脉置管组发生1例（2．5％），股静脉置管组发生25例（22．93％），两组相比具有差异统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论两种深静脉置管建立的临时血管通路均可获得稳定的血流量，透析充分性及安全性无明显差异。但颈内静脉置管的留置时间要显著长于股静脉置管，而感染发生率则显著低于股静脉置管，故笔者认为颈内静脉置管是血液净化建立临时血管通路的首选方法。     

经导管局部溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成38例临床观察

目的观察经导管局部直接溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效。方法38例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,在置入腔静脉滤器后,经胭静脉置入溶栓导管局部直接溶栓,共10—14d。结果髂股静脉完全再通率73．68％（28／38）,临床治愈率73．68％（28／38）,总有效率100％;未发生肺栓塞及出血并发症。结论经导管局部直接溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成,髂股静脉再通率高且安全。     

定期尿激酶治疗对长期颈内静脉留置导管功能及透析充分性的影响

目的探讨定期尿激酶治疗对改善长期颈内静脉留置导管的功能和提高透析充分性的作用。方法颈内静脉导管留置时间小于3个月的维持性血液透析患者12例,导管留置时间大于3个月者13例。记录透析血流速,计算尿素清除指数(Kt/V)和溶质清除指数(SRI)。每2周重复尿激酶封管,3个月后复查上述指标。结果颈内静脉导管留置时间超过3个月者,透析血流速下降,Kt/V、SRI分别为1.12±0.22和57.2%±9.1%,较导管留置时间<3个月者降低(P<0.05、P<0.01);经过定期尿激酶治疗,透析血流速、Kt/V和SRI与近期插管透析者比较无差异。结论定期尿激酶治疗,可以有效保持长期颈内静脉留置导管功能,提高透析效率。     

PICC导管在长期留置深静脉导管高龄老年患者中的应用效果

目的观察peripherallyinsertedcentralcatheter（PICC）导管在长期留置深静脉导管高龄老年患者中的应用效果及并发症。方法收集80岁及以上需要长期留置深静脉导管的高龄患者132例。按穿刺途径不同分为两组：PICC导管组（n=72）和颈内静脉组（n=60）。结果PICC导管留置时间较颈内静脉组显著延长,分别为（146．84±100．46）d和（36．60±35．61）d,两组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。PICC导管组导管相关性感染和滑脱分别为2例和1例,均较颈内静脉组（10例和9例）显著减少（均P〈0．05）。结论高龄老人可应用PICC导管,留置时间长,安全性好,并发症少,值得临床上推广应用。     

手术与导管溶栓综合治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(附138例报告)

对138例急性下肢深静脉血栓患者行手术取栓,术中留置导管,术后每天经导管行溶栓治疗.结果平均置管5 d.留置导管静脉造影示120例患肢深静脉全程通畅,静脉壁光滑无反流,5例胭静脉狭窄50%,10例胫前静脉部分再通,3例胫后静脉部分再通.随访86 d～5 a,118例症状全部消失,2例穿弹力袜能正常工作.认为手术取栓联合导管溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成疗效肯定,可减少下肢深静脉血栓形成等后遗症.     

血液透析患者颈内静脉长期留置血透导管的体会

目的探讨维持性血透患者颈内静脉长期留置血透导管的效果。方法应用Seldinger技术行导管置入,观察导管的使用情况及并发症。结果行颈内静脉双腔留置导管插入术22例,成功21例,失败1例;21例患者的透析后尿素下降率为46%～78%,平均69%,19例患者的KT/V达到1.3,其余2例为0.9、1.1;主要并发症为血流不畅和导管感染。结论维持性血透患者颈内静脉长期留置血透导管的效果良好,值得推广。     

胫后静脉置管溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效观察

目的 观察胫后静脉置管溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床疗效.方法 选择37例急性DVT患者,在超声引导下经患肢胫后静脉穿刺,置入溶栓导管至髂、股、腘静脉血栓进行溶栓治疗,并分析其临床疗效.结果 溶栓治疗后,患者患、健侧大腿及小腿周径差均明显小于溶栓前(P均＜0.01);患肢大腿消肿率为(89.74±7.16)％,小腿消肿率为(86.74±7.57)％.溶栓后静脉通畅评分明显高于溶栓前(P＜0.01),溶栓后静脉平均通畅率为(75.34±7.36)％.患者均未发生严重并发症.对33例患者随访5～12个月,均无血栓再发.结论 胫后静脉置管溶栓是治疗急性DVT安全、有效的方法.     

经皮颈内静脉长期导管在老年维持性血液透析患者中的临床应用

目的：探讨经皮颈内静脉长期导管在老年维持性血液透析患者中的应用及其常见并发症的防治。方法对2009年12月至2012年12月在中南大学湘雅医院行经皮颈内静脉长期置管的15例维持性血液透析老年患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察置管术后情况、导管的使用情况、常见并发症的防治、透析充分性评价等。结果（1）实施颈内静脉长期置管18例次,其中3例为重新置管,置管成功率100%。（2）导管相关并发症：2例患者术后1周内出现置管处局部渗血;1例出现导管出口感染,2例发生导管相关性血流感染;3例患者出现导管血栓形成;2例诊断导管纤维鞘形成;1例因人为损坏出现导管破裂。经过相应处理后均使问题得到解决。（3）导管使用期限：本组患者长期导管使用时间为4～41个月,除1例死亡（原因为脑出血）,3例为重新置管,余患者仍继续使用。（4）透析充分性评价：15例患者平均尿素下降率为72%,平均尿素清除指数达1.54。结论对于血管条件差无法建立动静脉内瘘的老年血透患者,使用颈内静脉长期导管行血液透析可以达到充分透析;提高置管及导管护理技术、加强健康宣教,能延长导管使用年限,减少导管并发症。     

Outcomes of Non‐Tunneled Non‐Cuffed Hemodialysis Catheters in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis in a Resource Limited Sub‐Saharan Africa Setting

The aim of the present study was to investigate the adverse outcomes of non‐tunneled hemodialysis catheters and determinants in chronic hemodialysis patients receiving care at the Yaoundé General Hospital hemodialysis center, Cameroon. This was a prospective study of 11 months duration (February–December 2008) involving 81 non‐tunneled non‐cuffed catheters (63 femoral, 18 internal jugular) placed in 72 adults (47 men, 65.3%) on chronic hemodialysis. Baseline clinical and laboratory parameters associated with catheter‐related complications during follow‐up were investigated. The difference between variables was assessed using the χ² test and equivalents. Sixty‐five (80.2%) catheters were inserted for emergency dialysis, 11 (13.6%) for a failed native arteriovenous fistula and five (6.2%) for a failed prior catheter. The mean time‐to‐catheter removal was 35 ± 28 days. Catheter‐related complications accounted for a third of catheter removals. The main catheter‐related complications were infections (17/27, 62.9%) and bleeding (6/27, 22.2%), which were associated with unemployment (P = 0.0002) and longer duration of catheter (P = 0.004). The catheter‐related infections were sepsis (11.8%), exit‐site (29.4%) and both (58.8%); leading to death in 11/17 (64.7%) cases. Fever (94.1%), pain (88.2%) and pus (70.6%) were the main infectious signs with Staphylococcus aureus involved in 70.6%. Unemployment was significantly frequent in patients with infectious complications (76.5% vs. 26.6%, P = 0.0004). Non‐tunneled hemodialysis catheters are mainly used for emergency dialysis through the femoral vein in this setting. Catheter‐related infections due to Staphylococci are the leading complications associated with unemployment and longer utilization. Efforts are needed to improve early transfer of patients to nephrologists for better preparation for renal replacement therapy.     

Local complications associated with indwelling Swan-Ganz catheters: Autopsy study of 36 cases

Thirty-six hearts of patients who died with indwelling Swan-Ganz catheters in place were prospectively examined to assess the incidence and extent of localized lesions in the right side of the heart. Bland mural thrombosis in the superior vena cava, the right atrium and the pulmonary artery was found in 22 of 36 cases (61 %). Patients with catheter periods > 2 days had a greater incidence and extent of bland mural thrombosis (79%) than patients with short-term catheterization (41%, p < 0.01). Anticoagulation had no influence on bland mural thrombosis. Valvular hemorrhage occurred in 31% and aseptic valvular vegetations in 8% of the hearts. No case of infective endocarditis was found. Four of 36 cases (11%) had evidence of pulmonary infarction that appeared to be unrelated to the lesions in the right side of the heart. Endocardial lesions were common complications of indwelling Swan-Ganz catheters but had no significant impact on the clinical courses of the patients.     

Complications of indwelling catheters in cystic fibrosis: a 10-year review

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) frequently require recurrent courses of IV antibiotics to treat acute exacerbations of their pulmonary disease. Over time, CF patients often lose peripheral access, and indwelling central venous catheters are placed. We attempted to determine the type and incidence of catheter complications so that CF patients could be fully informed of the risks prior to placement of these catheters. DESIGN: The charts of all CF patients who attended the Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic of the University of Washington Medical Center from January 1989 through December 1998 were reviewed. Demographic information was obtained along with the type and duration of catheter, type and number of complications, and the use of anticoagulant medication. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Of the 218 CF patients who attended the clinic, 65 patients (30%) had indwelling catheters in place at some time during the study period. A total of 87 catheters were placed into these 65 patients. The total number of catheter-days for first indwelling catheters was 68,220. The total number of catheter-days for all catheters was 75,660 (210 catheter-years). Thirty-five catheter-related complications were identified, occurring in 26 patients. Complications included thrombosis (n = 14), infections (n = 9), mechanical problems (n = 6), pneumothorax (n = 3), superior vena cava syndrome/stenosis (n = 2), and air embolism (n = 1), for an overall complication rate of 0. 463/1,000 catheter-days. CONCLUSION: We conclude that indwelling catheters are relatively safe in patients with CF. Good infection control policies appear to prevent most infectious complications. The most common complication is that of thrombosis, which may be recurrent in some patients. Consideration should be given to prophylactic warfarin therapy despite the potential risk of significant hemoptysis in this patient population.     

长期深静脉留置透析导管相关性真菌感染及其易感因素分析

目的探讨长期深静脉留置透析导管相关性感染真菌谱、治疗转归及其易感因素。方法选择2004年1月~2006年9月在我院行长期深静脉留置透析导管的患者24例次为观察对象,根据是否出现导管相关性真菌感染将24例次患者分为真菌感染组和非真菌感染组2组。观察并分析真菌感染发生率、临床表现、真菌培养、药物敏感试验、治疗转归及其相关易感因素。结果(1)本组资料中导管相关性真菌感染发生率为20.83%,氟康唑导管内应用联合氟康唑封管治疗有效率为60%;(2)本组资料中感染真菌均为假丝酵母菌,治疗前对氟康唑敏感性最高;(3)导管相关性真菌感染与近期抗生素的应用、导管置入时间小于1年有关。结论导管相关性真菌感染是影响导管寿命的重要并发症之一,与近期抗生素的应用、导管置入时间小于1年有关,氟康唑导管内治疗部分有效。     

Temporary hemodialysis catheters as a long-term vascular access in chronic hemodialysis patients

The objective was to review our experience with temporary, precurved, jugular catheters used for long-term vascular access in chronic hemodialysis patients. Thirty chronic hemodialysis patients, 14 men and 16 women, with an average age of 65.3 +/- 13.5 years (30-90 years), treated by dialysis for 1 month to 30 years (average +/- SD, 6.3 +/- 8.1 years), had single lumen, 'temporary' precurved non-tunneled jugular catheters placed into the right jugular vein as permanent vascular access, with 4% trisodium citrate as a locking solution and mupirocin at the exit site. Hemodialysis catheters were used for vascular access on average for 9.1 +/- 6.5 months, (1-22.7 months), and for a total of 271.7 months (8151 days). Average catheter functioning time was 3.1 +/- 1.9 months (0.5-10 months). The total number of side-effects was 55 (6.7/1000 catheter days), including 26 cases of thrombosis (3.2/1000 catheter days), 9 ruptures of the catheter (1.1/1000 catheter days), 15 catheter malfunctions (1.8/1000 catheter days), 2 exit site infections (0.2/1000 catheter days), 2 bacteremias (0.2/1000 catheter days), 1 avulsion of the catheter (0.1/1000 catheter days), and 2 catheters were removed because an AV fistula was successfully used. In 21 patients single-needle hemodialysis was performed, mean blood flow 251 +/- 16 mL/min (250-300), mean Kt/V 0.96 +/- 0.16 (0.72-1.27) and in 9 patients double-needle hemodialysis was performed (catheter and peripheral vein) with mean blood flow 252 +/- 14 mL/min (200-300), mean Kt/V 1.63 +/- 0.25 (1.21-1.96). 'Temporary' jugular single lumen non-tunneled hemodialysis catheters, with 4% citrate as locking solution and mupirocin ointment at the exit site provided good long-term vascular access with acceptable functioning time and low infection rate. The main reasons for catheter exchange or removal were malfunction and mechanical damage of the catheter.     

Median sternotomy for an unexpected complication of permanent hemodialysis catheters: "stuck catheter"

Cuffed tunneled venous access catheters are commonly used for temporary and permanent access in patients undergoing hemodialysis. These catheters play an essential role in providing permanent access in patients in whom all other access options have been exhausted. However, they are prone to several complications like catheter thrombosis, catheter fibrin sheating and infection. Herein, we report two uncommon cases of stuck hemodialysis cuffed tunneled catheters causing stenosis and thrombosis in central veins which needed to be removed by median sternotomy.     

老年血液透析患者中心静脉临时置管感染分析

目的 分析老年血液透析患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的发生率、危险因素、病原学,探讨护理干预措施及对策.方法 回顾性分析山东大学齐鲁医院桓台分院128例老年血液透析患者资料,并作统计学分析.结果 20例患者确诊为导管相关性感染,感染率为15.63％,中心静脉导管留置方法、留置时间、合并糖尿病为感染的危险因素,葡萄球菌是老年血透患者导管相关感染的最常见细菌.结论 老年人中心静脉导管存在较高的感染率,严格遵守操作规程,缩短留置时间,及早发现感染迹象并及时给予有效的应对措施,做好导管的维护和居家护理宣教,可有效减少导管相关性感染的发生,延长导管使用寿命.     

Atypical thrombotic and septic complications of totally implantable venous access devices in patients with cystic fibrosis.

The use of vascular access systems in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is well accepted, with lower overall complications and maintenance costs than percutaneous silastic catheters. We report our 6 year experience with 22 infusaports in 15 CF patients. Our patients had indwelling catheters for an average of 539 days per catheter (range, 14-2,224 days). These infusaports were used for home antibiotic therapy, blood sampling, and total parenteral nutrition. The overall complication rate was relatively low, 1 in every 1,483 catheter days. Infectious complications were extremely infrequent at a rate of 1 in 5,929 catheter days. The rate of mechanical complications was 1 in 1,976 catheter days. However, superior vena caval syndrome or deep venous thrombosis was associated with 3 of 22 catheters (13.6%). Due to this high incidence of major thrombotic events with the attendant risk of pulmonary embolism, all patients with CF using infusaports and without evidence of liver disease or bleeding problems receive aspirin prophylaxis.     

Does Heparin Coating Improve Patency or Reduce Infection of Tunneled Dialysis Catheters?

Background and objectives: Tunneled dialysis catheters are prone to frequent malfunction and infection. Catheter thrombosis occurs despite prophylactic anticoagulant locks. Catheter thrombi may also serve as a nidus for catheter infection, thereby increasing the risk of bacteremia. Thus, heparin coating of catheters may reduce thrombosis and infection. This study evaluated whether heparin-coated hemodialysis catheters have fewer infections or greater cumulative survival than noncoated catheters.Design, setting, participants, & measurements: We retrospectively queried a prospective access database to analyze the outcomes of 175 tunneled dialysis catheters placed in the internal jugular vein, including 89 heparin-coated catheters and 86 noncoated catheters. The primary outcome was cumulative catheter survival, and the secondary outcome was infection-free catheter survival.Results: The two patient groups were similar in demographics and clinical and catheter features. Catheter-related bacteremia occurred less frequently with heparin-coated catheters than with noncoated catheters (34 versus 60%, P < 0.001). Cumulative catheter survival was similar in heparin-coated and noncoated catheters (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 1.36; P = 0.53). On multiple variable survival analysis including catheter type, age, sex, diabetes, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, catheter location, and previous catheter, only catheter location predicted cumulative catheter survival (hazard ratio, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.27 to 3.25, with the right internal jugular location being the reference group, P = 0.003). The frequency of thrombolytic instillation was 1.8 per 1000 catheter-days in both groups.Conclusions: Heparin coating decreases the frequency of catheter-related bacteremia but does not reduce the frequency of catheter malfunction.The two major complications of hemodialysis catheters are thrombosis and infection (1). To prevent catheter thrombosis, an anticoagulant (heparin or citrate) is instilled into both catheter lumens at the end of each dialysis session (2). When a catheter clots despite the anticoagulant lock, a thrombolytic agent [tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or urokinase] is instilled into the catheter lumens. If the thrombolytic agent is unable to restore catheter patency, the catheter is exchanged over a guidewire.Because catheter thrombosis occurs despite instillation of an anticoagulant lock solution, an alternative approach is to coat the surface of the catheter with heparin. Preliminary short-term observations suggest that heparin-coated catheters are less thrombogenic than noncoated catheters (3). However, there are no published clinical studies comparing the long-term patency of heparin-coated and noncoated catheters in hemodialysis patients.Bacteremia is the second major complication of dialysis catheters. It arises from the bacterial biofilm that forms on the inner surface of the catheter after its insertion in the central vein (4). Catheter-related bacteremia is treated with systemic antibiotics in conjunction with catheter removal, guidewire catheter exchange, or instillation of an antibiotic lock into the catheter lumen after each dialysis session (1). The intraluminal thrombus acts as a nidus for the catheter biofilm, and in vitro studies have shown decreased adherence of bacteria to heparin-coated catheters compared with noncoated catheters (5). Moreover, two randomized clinical trials in hospitalized patients with short-term, nontunneled central vein catheters found a lower risk of catheter-related bacteremia in patients with heparin-coated catheters (5,6).The goal of this study was to determine whether heparin-coated dialysis catheters reduce the risk of catheter dysfunction and infection compared with noncoated catheters.