心脏围术期多系统器官衰竭的治疗和预后

目的探讨心脏围术期呼吸、循环、肾功能衰竭的多系统器官衰竭的治疗和预后。方法心脏术后3个以上系统器官衰竭患者29例，其中呼吸、循环、肾功能衰竭患者22例。给予解除病因，改善循环，呼吸机辅助，血液透析，预防感染等措施，持续监测患者血流动力学指标，生命体征，实验室检查等。结果29例中22例呼吸、循环、肾功能衰竭患者有11例治愈出院，治愈率50％，剩下18例患者仅1例治愈出院，死亡17例，总死亡率58.6％。结论及早解除病因，有效呼吸机辅助，改善循环及早血液透析和预防感染是降低心脏围术期呼吸、循环、肾功能衰竭患者死亡率的关键。     

387例婴儿心脏手术的配合体会

目的 探索婴儿心脏手术围术期护理特点。方法 对387例婴儿心脏手术围术期的护理进行总结。结果 手术时间1-7h，平均3h。术中死亡8例，术后1月内死亡11例，死亡原因主要为低心排、呼吸循环衰竭、肾功能衰竭。结论 婴儿心脏手术围术期护理有其特点，应保持患儿安静，水及电解质平衡，特殊器材的准备，术中及术后呼吸、循环的监测，防止患儿手术以外的损伤等，对保证手术的顺利完成有重要作用。     

体外循环心脏手术围术期呼吸道管理体会

体外循环下心脏手术可造成不同程度的心肺功能损伤，术后呼吸道分泌物明显增多；由于术后早期呼吸与循环功能尚不稳定，需应用呼吸机辅助通气，其造成的肺部感染也会产生大量呼吸道分泌物。2004年1月～2005年12月，我们对160例体外循环心脏手术患者加强围术期呼吸道管理，效果满意。现报告如下。     

血液透析在心内直视手术围术期的应用

本文报告了对3例心脏外科围术期患者应用血液透析方法,治疗急性肾功能衰竭的并发症。该法扩大了手术适应证,打破了因肾功能衰竭而引起的恶性循环。此法安全有效,使过去难以挽救治疗的患者得以治愈。     

心脏瓣膜病术后呼吸功能衰竭的防治

目的总结心脏瓣膜病术后呼吸功能衰竭的预防和治疗经验。方法2002年1月-2006年12月共行心脏瓣膜手术274例,术后发生呼吸功能衰竭的24例。区分不同原因,采取呼吸机辅助呼吸等综合措施治疗。结果本组21例于术后48-144小时行气管切开,8例2次气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸。4例于术后死亡。结论心脏瓣膜病术后呼吸功能衰竭是严重的并发症,治疗成功的关键是提前预防,及时确诊,呼吸机辅助呼吸治疗。     

心脏术后急性肾功能衰竭21例治疗效果分析

目的探讨心脏术后急性肾功能衰竭的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析广西梧州市红十字会医院心脏手术患者538例中术后发生急性肾功能衰竭21例的临床资料。其中,法洛四联症4例,感染性心内膜炎并主动脉瓣关闭不全7例,风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换10例。出现少尿型肾功能衰竭17例,非少尿型肾功能衰竭4例;非少尿型肾功能衰竭4例患者采取合理输液治疗,少尿型肾功能衰竭17例中4例采用腹膜透析及13例采用血液透析治疗。结果21例中14例治愈,7例死亡患者为少尿型肾功能衰竭合并有多脏器功能衰竭院内死亡,6例主要死亡原因为肾功能衰竭合并心力衰竭和肺部感染呼吸衰竭死亡,1例合并真菌性败血症。7例死亡患者中1例为法洛四联症患者、2例为感染性心内膜炎瓣膜置换术患者、4例为风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术患者。结论心脏术后急性肾功能衰竭要早期发现、及时处理,加强利尿等方法无效时,及时进行腹膜透析或血液透析。     

心脏直视术后多器官功能障碍综合征的护理对策

目的 回顾53例心脏直视术后并发多器管功能障碍综合征临床资料，结果表明，心脏直视术后多器官功能障碍综合征以术后发生早、心功能受损重、呼吸功能不全发生率最高、肾功能不全多及凝血机制紊乱明显为特点，提出监护护理的主要措施为重视预见性护理，完善与注重循环监测，早期加强呼吸道管理，积极纠正凝血功能紊乱，加强重要生命器官支持治疗，合理的代谢支持及有效的预防感染，可提高抢救成功率。     

心脏直视术后多器官功能障碍综合征的护理对策

目的回顾53例心脏直视术后并发多器管功能障碍综合征临床资料，结果表明，心脏直视术后多器官功能障碍综合征以术后发生早、心功能受损重、呼吸功能不全发生率最高、肾功能不全多及凝血机制紊乱明显为特点，提出监护护理的主要措施为重视预见性护理，完善与注重循环监测，早期加强呼吸道管理，积极纠正凝血功能紊乱，加强重要生命器官支持治疗，合理的代谢支持及有效的预防感染，可提高抢救成功率。     

8例同种异体原位心脏移植的应用体会

目的:总结8例同种异体原位心脏移植手术的处理经验,探讨心脏移植的围术期处理及预防感染等问题。方法:2004年5月至2006年2月,先后进行了8例同种异体心脏移植手术,全部采用双腔静脉法行原位心脏移植。术后均采用环孢素A 骁悉 强的松口服联合抗免疫治疗。结果:8例患者均于术后6周左右康复出院。1例患者术后8个月因严重感染死亡,余7例患者心功能状况及生活质量良好,未出现明显免疫排异反应和肺部感染等并发症。结论:重视心脏移植的围术期处理及感染的预防,可使患者顺利康复,提高生存率和生活质量。     

心脏移植围手术期处理(附8例临床分析)

目的总结心脏移植的围手术期处理体会。方法我院自2003年5月至2004年12月共施行了8例原位心脏移植手术。围手术期管理包括术前供受体准备,术后抗排异药物应用、防治感染、循环呼吸维持等。结果1例死于多系统器官衰竭(MSOF),7例存活,其中并发急性排斥反应、右下肺炎、右心功能不全各1例,相应治疗后治愈。心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。随访精神及心理状态良好。结论心脏移植是治疗终末期心脏病最有效的方法。手术成功的关键是选择好合适的受体,使用抗排异药物和注意监测排异反应,有效防治感染和右心衰。     

Outcome from mechanical ventilation after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To report the outcome of patients with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) receiving mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Active hematopoietic stem cell transplantation center and a university hospital medical ICU. PATIENTS: Patients with autologous PBSCT receiving mechanical ventilation. METHOD: A review of the medical records of patients with autologous PBSCT receiving mechanical ventilation. Data collection was restricted to the first episode of mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: A total of 78 autologous PBSCT patients received mechanical ventilation for > 24 h. Twenty patients (26%) were extubated and discharged alive from the hospital. Thirteen hospital survivors (60%) were alive at 6 months. Lung injury (LI), vasopressor use, and hepatic and renal failure (HRF) were used to predict survival after mechanical ventilation. Sixty patients (76%) had no organ failure, or had isolated LI or only required treatment with vasopressors. Their hospital survival and 6-month survival were 32% and 20%, respectively. Hospital and 6-month survival for the patients with HRF or LI and vasopressor use was 6% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged mechanical ventilation and aggressive ICU support is justified for autologous PBSCT patients receiving mechanical ventilation with no organ failure, or who have only isolated LI, or who only require treatment with vasopressors.     

老年COPD呼吸衰竭并发多器官衰竭66例

目的：探讨老年人在慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）基础上发生多脏器功能损害的临床特点和预后。方法：回顾性分析两年来住院的66例老年COPD并发多脏器功能损害的临床资料。结果：66例中有60例并发了多脏器功能损害，发生率90％。病死率与受累器官数成正比，4个以上脏器受损，病死率高达93．3％。结论：老年COPD并发多脏器功能损害的发生率高，病程迁延，应引起临床医生的重视。     

重症急性胆管炎并发多系统器官衰竭29例临床分析

目的:为探讨重症急性胆管炎(ACST)并发多系统器官衰竭(MSOF)病人的病情发展规律和临床特点,为其救治提供理论依据。方法:按Carrico等标准纳入1974—1992年收治的ACST并发MSOF患者29例,进行临床分析,并用卡方检验进行统计学处理。结果:ACST并发MSOF的发生率为42％(29/69)。ACST患者死亡由于MSOF者占88％,为ACST患者致死的最主要原因,其病死率与受累器官的数目呈正比,单器官衰竭者的病死率为14.9％,3器官衰竭者为83.3％,而≥4器官者全部死亡。最易受波及的器官是肝脏(21/29,71.4％),病死率最高的是肾功能衰竭(12/13,92.3％)。伴有休克的ACST患者MSOF的发生率(63.3％)明显高于无休克者(22.2％)。结论:临床上注意保护肝、肾等器官功能,及时纠正休克,有效地控制单器官衰竭向多系统器官衰竭的发展是降低病死率的重要环节。     

Clinical outcome of respiratory failure in patients requiring prolonged (greater than 24 hours) mechanical ventilation

Patients requiring prolonged (greater than 24 hours) mechanical ventilation have various conditions that result in respiratory failure. All patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation were subdivided into the following six groups: uncomplicated acute lung injury; respiratory failure complicated by multisystem failure; previous lung disease; trauma; other medical causes; and routine postoperative ventilation. During a one-year period, 327 patients required prolonged mechanical ventilation; acute lung injury and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the predominant conditions. Sepsis was both the major predisposing factor for and complication of acute lung injury. Mortality for patients with acute lung injury was 40 percent in the uncomplicated group and 81 percent in patients with acute lung injury complicated by multisystem failure. Acute respiratory failure in association with acute renal failure had a mortality of 89 percent. Number of organ systems involved also correlated with mortality. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonitis or retained secretions, mortality was lower (30 percent), but a significant percentage of these patients (43 percent) became ventilator-dependent. Ventilator dependence did not significantly increase mortality during the course of respiratory failure.     

The effects of dopamine on the respiratory system: Friend or foe?

Dopamine (DA) is an immediate precursor of noradrenaline that has stimulatory or inhibitory effects on a variety of adrenergic receptors. DA is primarily used in the management of circulatory shock for its combined vasopressor and inotropic effects, but it may also exert significant effects on the respiratory system Although the respiratory effects of intravenous DA attract less attention than its hemodynamic effects, there is evidence that DA affects ventilation, pulmonary circulation, bronchial diameter, neuromodulation of sensory pulmonary nerves and lung water clearance. Through these complex mechanisms, DA may exert beneficial as well as detrimental effects on respiration. DA may have beneficial effects on the respiratory system by decreasing oedema formation and improving respiratory muscle function, but can also have deleterious effects, by inhibiting ventilation. Hence, DA may be beneficial in lung oedema, but harmful in cases of difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation. DA should be used with caution in patients with heart failure during weaning from mechanical respiration; however, critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) do not show this negative effect of DA on ventilatory drive.     

有创机械通气呼吸机依赖患者的治疗对策探讨

目的探讨有创机械通气患者发生呼吸机依赖的临床特点、原因和治疗对策。方法对已成功撤机的14例呼吸机依赖患者进行回顾性分析。结果本组14例全部撤机存活,无1例在1周内因呼吸因素再次插管上机或死亡。影响撤机困难主要原因有营养不良、心、肺功能不全和心理依赖等因素。结论有创机械通气能否成功撤机,依赖于临床医师撤机时机的掌握,与患者基础疾病、营养状态、呼吸功能和其他脏器的功能密切关联。加强病因治疗及有利撤机等综合有效措施,可提高呼吸衰竭治疗的成功率,安全撤机是可行的。     

COPD急性呼衰期肠内外营养支持的研究

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并急性呼吸衰竭患者行机械通气支持治疗时给予早期肠内营养的优点。方法:32例机械通气患者随机分成早期肠内营养(EN)组和早期完全胃肠外营养(TPN)组，在摄入同等热量、同等氮量的条件下对营养及免疫指标、严重感染发生率、感染持续时间、机械通气时间、住院时间、临床营养及相关费用等指标进行比较，研究期为10天。结果：EN组及TPN组给予营养支持治疗后的营养及免疫指标均高于营养支持治疗前；营养支持治疗后EN组营养及免疫指标均高于TPN组；严重感染发生率、感染持续时间、机械通气时间、住院时间、临床营养及相关费用均低于TPN组。结论：慢性呼吸衰竭急性加重期患者行机械通气支持治疗时早期给予高脂低糖肠内营养疗法(EN)较早期完全胃肠外营养(TPN)能更好地提供营养，提高免疫力，减少并发症，缩短机械通气的时间，降低临床营养及相关费用，值得推广。     

Outcome of lung cancer patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation

To assess the weaning outcome of lung cancer patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) requiring mechanical ventilation, we retrospectively analyzed the database of the respiratory intensive care unit at a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital. Charts were reviewed for cancer status, biochemistries before respiratory failure, causes of respiratory failure, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) III score, ventilatory settings, data recorded during spontaneous breathing, duration of ventilator days, and weaning outcome. Ninety-five consecutive respiratory failure events in 81 patients were recorded from January 1, 1995 through June 30, 1999. Twenty-six episodes ended with successful weaning (27.4%). Age, gender, and cancer status did not affect the weaning outcome. Serum albumin level, APACHE III score, highest fractional inspired O2 (FiO2) and highest positive end-expiratory pressure, organ failure, ability to shift to partial ventilatory support, and duration of mechanical ventilation could significantly influence the weaning outcome statistically. The overall hospital mortality rate was 85.2%. Our results suggested that lung cancer patients with ARF will have a better chance to wean if the initial APACHE III score was less than 70, use of FiO2 never exceeded 0.6, or less than 2 additional organ systems failed during the treatment course.     

有创无创呼吸机在呼吸衰竭气管切开患者的临床观察

目的探讨双水平正压通气在呼吸衰竭气管切开患者序贯治疗中应用的价值。方法选择10例呼吸衰竭气管切开机械通气患者,肺部感染基本控制,均有自主呼吸,病情稳定,呼吸机通气模式为压力支持、但撤机困难。应用双水平正压通气无创呼吸机,连接气管切开导管,呼吸支持治疗,观察患者呼吸次数、心率、血压、血气分析指标的变化及预后。结果双水平正压通气无创呼吸机可应用于呼吸衰竭气管切开患者的呼吸支持治疗,患者呼吸次数、心率、血压稳定,PH、PaO2、PaCO2基本维持正常。观察、随访24周,10例患者中7例停用BiPAP,拔除气管导管,封闭气管切开开口。1例BiPAP通气24周,病情稳定。2例因再次感染死亡。结论双水平正压通气可应用于病情稳定,但撤机困难的气管切开呼吸衰竭患者序贯治疗。     

Successful treatment of patients with respiratory failure due to fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract: The mortality rate associated with respiratory failure due to invasive fungal infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is exceedingly high. We present a retrospective analysis of 4 HSCT recipients who survived long-term artificial respiration subsequent to pulmonary mycosis, and compare our current findings with historic data. Several clinical parameters indicate a remarkable improvement in the clinical courses of those patients in recent years: weaning time, extubation rate, and improvement of additional organ failures were all significantly better in patients treated after the emergence of new antimycotic agents, resulting in prolonged overall survival. We propose that our observations reflect an improved management of these patients, mainly because of the use of new antimycotics with alternative mechanisms of action and decreased toxicity, allowing for earlier, more aggressive, and more effective antifungal treatment approaches. In addition, the optimized use of new technologies designed to augment spontaneous breathing efforts by patients, mechanical ventilation, as well as the advantages of early tracheotomy will contribute to better outcomes in the treatment of respiratory failure due to pulmonary mycoses following allogeneic HSCT.