Towards a scientific rationale for traditional properties of Chinese medicinal plants: a€?naturesa€? and a€?flavorsa€?

Objective According to theory of Chinese medicine property, the ecological environment shapes properties (natures and flavors) of Chinese materia medica (CMM) and there are close relationships between certain natures and flavors. However, to date these observations have not been validated scientifically in the context of the whole flora of a region. The present study aims to address this gap. Methods We collected geographical distributions of 3637 vascular plant species native to the Xinjiang region of northwest China, of which around 812 are medicinal plants. The CMM property characters of these medicinal plants were also collected. All medicinal plants were then analyzed in the occurrence of their natures (cold, cool, neutral, warm, and hot) and flavors (sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and pungent). Possible correlations between these properties and environmental factors, notably climate, as well as correlations with plant species richness of the wider native flora of Xinjiang were then investigated using permutation test and regression. Results Cold species (38.5%) were more numerous than warm (21.0%) and neutral (22.3%), while bitter species (43.3%) were more numerous than pungent (25.6%), sweet (22.4%) and sour (6.7%) ones. Species with bitter flavor were most commonly also cold (48.6%) in nature, sour flavor usually coincided with cold (44.2%) or cool nature (26.0%), whereas pungent or sweet species tended to be warm (34.4%, 28.4%) or neutral (27.8%, 28.4%). The percentages of species of cold/cool nature, bitter flavor were higher in mountainous regions, and the percentages of warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour were higher in basins. The percentages of species of bitter, cold/cool, bitter were positively correlated with actual evapotranspiration (AET), plant species richness andbut had a bell-shaped relationship with potential evapotranspiration (PET), whereas the inverse situation was shown for warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour species. Conclusion Analysis of the data in Xinjiang region of China supports the qualitative observations concerning natures and flavors in traditional theory of Chinese medicine property. Specifically, (i) certain natures and flavors co-occur more frequently than if randomly distributed; (ii) correlations between proportions of natures and flavors and climatic variables suggest a role for the environment in shaping the properties of CMM.     

Flavonoids in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms

Ischemic heart diseases are one of the major causes of death worldwide. Effective restoration of blood flow can significantly improve patients’ quality of life and reduce mortality. However, reperfusion injury cannot be ignored. Flavonoids possess well-established antioxidant properties;They also have other benefits that may be relevant for ameliorating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI). In this review,we focus on flavonoids with cardiovascular-protection function and emphasize their pharmacological effects. The main mechanisms of flavonoid pharmacological activities against MIRI involve the following aspects: a) antioxidant, b) anti-inflammatory, c) anti-platelet aggregation, d) anti-apoptosis, and e)myocardial-function regulation activities. We also summarized the effectiveness of flavonoids for MIRI.     

How to identify ‘Material basis - Quality markers’ more accurately in Chinese herbal medicines from modern chromatography-mass spectrometry data-sets: Opportunities and challenges of chemometric tools

Modern chromatography-mass spectrometer(MS) technology is an essential weapon in the exploration of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) which is based on the "effectiveness-material basis-quality markers(Q-markers)". Nevertheless, the hardware bottleneck and irregular operation will limit the accuracy and comprehensiveness of test results. Chemometrics was thereby used to solve the existing problems: 1) The method of ‘design-modeling-optimization’ can be adopted to solve the multi-factor and multi-level problems in sample preparation/parameter setting;2) The approaches of signal processing can be used to calibrate the deviation from retention time(rt) dimension and mass-to-charge ratio(m/z) dimension in different types of instruments;3) The methods of multivariate calibration and multivariate resolution can be utilized to analyze the co-eluting peaks in complex samples. When the researchers need to capture essential information on raw data sets extracting the higher level of information on essential features, 1) The significant components which affects the drug properties/efficacy can be find by the pattern recognition and variable selection;2) Fingerprint-efficacy modeling is explored to clarify the material basis, or to screen out the Q-markers of biological significance;3) Chemometric tools can apply to integrate chemical(metabolic) fingerprints with network pharmacology, bioinformatics, omics and others from a multi-level perspective. Under these programs, the qualitative/quantitative works will achieve in chemical(metabolic) fingerprint and metabolic trajectories, which leads to an accurate reflection of "material basis and Q-markers" in TCMs. Likewise, an in-depth hidden information can be disclosed, so that the components of drug properties/efficacy will be found. More importantly,multidimensional data can be integrated with fingerprints to acquire more hidden information.     

楠ㄧ瓔鑲夊苟閲嶆不鐤楄啙楠ㄦ€у叧鑺傜値涓村簥鎶ラ亾

鑶濋鎬у叧鑺傜値浣滀负涓村簥甯歌鐥?灏氭棤鐗规晥鐤楁硶.璁剧珛娌荤枟缁勫拰瀵圭収缁勨厾銆佸鐓х粍鈪?鍒嗗埆浜堝弬楹﹂拡鍏宠妭鑵旀敞灏?琛ヨ偩娲昏鑳跺泭鍙ｆ湇 杩愬姩鐤楁硶銆佸弬楹﹂拡鍏宠妭鑵旀敞灏?琛ヨ偩娲昏鑳跺泭鍙ｆ湇銆侀樋灏旀不鍏宠妭鑵旀敞灏?瀵规不鐤楀墠鍚庤啙鍏宠妭鍔熻兘鍙婁腑鍖荤棁鐘惰繘琛屾瘮杈冭瀵?鏄剧ず娌荤枟涓€涓湀鍚?娌荤枟缁勫湪鑶濆叧鑺傜柤鐥涚棁鐘舵敼鍠勫拰鍔熻兘鏀瑰杽鏂归潰浼樹簬瀵圭収缁?琛ㄦ槑楠ㄧ瓔鑲夊苟閲嶆寚瀵肩枟娉曟不鐤楄啙鍏宠妭鐥呮晥鏋滄樉钁?     

璁稿鐚涙暀鎺堟不鐤楄啙楠ㄦ€у叧鑺傜値缁忛獙鎬荤粨

膝关节OA指膝关节关节面软骨发生原发性或继发性蜕变及结构紊乱，伴随软骨下骨质增生、软骨剥脱，从而使关节逐渐破坏、畸形，最终发生膝关节功能障碍的一种退行性疾病。国内的统计资料表明我国患有OA的人数占总人口的3％，其中大部分为膝骨性关节炎，55岁以上人群X线有膝骨性关节炎表现者约60％。膝骨性关节炎使患者生活能力和劳动能力下降，医疗费用增高，会给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担。     

Combined enzymatic hydrolysis and herbal extracts fortification to boost in vitro antioxidant activity of edible bird’s nest solution

Objective Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a popular traditional tonic food in Chinese population for centuries. Malaysia is one of the main EBN suppliers in the world. This study aims to explore the best strategy to boost the antioxidant potential of EBN solution. Methods In this study, the raw EBN (4%, mass to volume ratio) was initially enzymatic hydrolyzed using papain enzyme to produce EBN hydrolysate (EBNH), then spray-dried into powdered form. Next, 4% (mass to volume ratio) of EBNH powder was dissolved in ginger extract (GE), mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and cinnamon twig extract (CTE) to detect the changes of antioxidant activities, respectively. Results Results obtained suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly reduced the viscosity of 4% EBN solution from (68.12 ± 0.69) mPa.s to (7.84 ± 0.31) mPa.s. Besides, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total soluble protein, DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were substantially increased following EBN hydrolysis using papain enzyme. In addition, fortification with GE, MLE and CTE had further improved the TPC, TFC, DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP of the EBNH solution. Among the samples, MLE-EBNH solution showed the most superior antioxidant potential at (86.39 ± 1.66)% of DPPH scavenging activity and (19.79 ± 2.96) mmol/L FeSO4 of FRAP. Conclusion This study proved that combined enzymatic hydrolysis and MLE fortification is the best strategy to produce EBN product with prominent in vitro antioxidant potential. This preliminary study provides new insight into the compatibility of EBN with different herbal extracts for future health food production.     

论著?论文乎?

最近,编辑部电话铃声不绝于耳,大多询问的是作者发表的文章究竟是属于“论著”,还是属于“论文”。这可难为了编辑。说您的文章是“论著”,无凭无据;说您的文章是“论文”,作者又大为失望。学术性期刊所刊登的文章区分为“论著”、“论文”是否科学,划分的标准是否...     

何谓糖尿病?如何防治?

答:糖尿病是人体内葡萄糖代谢紊乱为主的慢性疾病。当胰岛素分泌充足时糖代谢可以正常进行,如果胰岛发生了病变,胰岛分泌绝对或相对减少,就会引起糖代谢过程的紊乱,血糖进入细胞进行氧化利用受到限制。由于血糖既不能被利用,又不能贮存,且     

何谓白癜风?如何治疗?

答:白癜风又称白驳风。是一种后天性局限性皮肤色素脱失。本病主要特点是在皮肤出现边缘清楚,大小不等的白色斑片,可以单发,亦可泛发,周围皮色往往较深,斑内毛发可变白。皮疹表面光滑,不痛     

Rapid Analysis and Identification of Absorbed Components and Their Metabolites of Yuanhu Zhitong Dropping Pill in Rat Plasma and Brain Tissue Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Objective To establish an effective approach for rapid and comprehensive analysis on the absorbed and metabolic components in rats after ig administration of Yuanhu Zhitong Dropping Pill(YHZT). Methods Based on the combination of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and multivariate statistical analysis, the absorbed prototype constituents and their metabolites in rat plasma were rapidly analyzed and identified, and the components absorbed into brain were further identified by comparing the extracted ion chromatograms(EICs) of control and brain tissue samples of dosed rats. Results A total of 38 YHZT-related xenobiotic compounds were detected and identified as the potential bioactive constituents in rat plasma, including 24 absorbed prototype constituents and 14 metabolites. In particular, of all prototype constituents, 14 were also detected in rat brain tissue, indicating that they could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and enter into brain. Conclusion An effective method is established and applied to analyze the potential bioactive constituents in YHZT, which provides a pathway to further investigate the pharmacological pattern and mechanism of YHZT.     

血栓心脉宁片在血瘀大鼠脑组织中的成分分析

目的 基于血清药物化学方法,研究血栓心脉宁片ig给予病理大鼠后的入脑移行成分。方法 通过冰水浴-肾上腺素法复制急性血瘀大鼠模型,并ig给予血栓心脉宁片[1.4 g/（kg·d）] 8 d,末次ig给药后收集脑组织样本,继而采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱联用（UPLC-Q-TOF/MS）技术与多元统计分析相结合的方法快速分析并鉴定吸收入脑的原型成分及其代谢产物。结果 从血瘀大鼠脑组织中鉴定出包括菲醌和蟾酥甾二烯等其他结构类型的11种原型入脑成分及3个代谢产物。结论 UPLC-Q-TOF/MS分析方法的建立全面阐释了血栓心脉宁片的入脑原型成分及其代谢产物,为该中药大品种的药效物质基础研究提供了科学依据。     

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based Metabolic Profiles of Bioactive Components in Rehmannia glutinosa and Cornus officinalis Herb Pair by Rat Intestinal Bacteria

Objective To investigate the metabolic routes and metabolites of Rehmannia glutinosa and Cornus officinalis herb pair produced by gut microbiome from rats.Methods A rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-offlight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) technique combined with Metabolynx?software was established and successfully applied to identify the metabolites of the main bioactive components in the herb pair extract by rat intestinal bacteria.Results Four parent compounds(loganin,morroniside,catalpol,and acteoside) and their eight corresponding metabolites were detected and tentatively identified by the characteristics of their protonated ions.Hydrogenated and demethylated loganetin,dehydroxylated morronisid aglycone,caffeic acid,and its methylated product were the main metabolites.These metabolites suggested that the glycosides were firstly hydrolyzed to their aglycones by hydrolytic enzymes of the enteric microbial flora and subsequently to the other metabolites through hydrogenation,(de)-methylation,and de-hydroxylation.Conclusion The results may be helpful for the further investigation of the pharmacokinetic study of R.glutinosa and C.officinalis herb pair in vivo.     

基于UPLC-Q-TOF/MS分析西洋参果总皂苷的入血成分

目的:研究西洋参果总皂苷(TSPQF)灌胃给予大鼠后的入血成分,为其药效物质基础研究提供参考。方法:选取雄性Wistar大鼠为实验对象,以2.6 g·kg~(-1)灌胃给予TSPQF,收集血清样品,采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱联用(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)技术与多元统计分析相结合的方法快速分析并鉴定吸收入血的原型成分及其代谢产物。结果:大鼠含药血清中共鉴定了9个入血成分,其中5个入血成分为原型成分,分别为拟人参皂苷F11,人参皂苷Rc,Rb3,Rd和原人参三醇;其余4个为代谢产物,分别为原人参二醇,人参皂苷CK,人参皂苷Rh2和拟人参皂苷RT5。结论:9个入血成分可能是TSPQF在体内直接作用物质,为揭示TSPQF的药效物质基础提供了科学依据。     

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??OBJECTIVE To identify the metabolites of Cuscuta chinensis in the serum and feces of rats with estrogenic estrogen, and to provide the basis for elucidating the pharmacological basis of its efficacy. METHODS Using the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique, the molecular weight and molecular formula of the compounds were preliminarily estimated by the first-order mass spectrometry, and the chemical constituents of serum and feces were characterized by the retention time of the standard, the fragment ion information, the fragmentation law of mass spectrometry and the reference data. RESULTS Five prototypic components and 4 metabolites were identified in the serum. A total of 11 chemical constituents were identified in the feces after administration, including 5 prototype components and 6 metabolites. CONCLUSION Through the comparative analysis between serum and feces, the main metabolic pathways of Cuscuta chinensis compound are deduced, which provides reference for the basic research on the estrogenic substance of Cuscuta chinensis.     

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS法鉴定大鼠体内甘草素的代谢产物

[目的]研究甘草素在大鼠体内的代谢产物。[方法]采用静脉注射(iv)、灌胃(ig)两种给药方式,剂量20 mg/kg,收集大鼠血浆、尿液、粪便、胆汁,应用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS法鉴定甘草素的代谢产物。[结果]血浆、尿液、粪便、胆汁样品中共鉴定15种代谢产物,主要有异甘草素、(异)甘草素葡萄糖醛酸结合物和硫酸结合物、二氢异甘草素、二氢异甘草素硫酸结合物、异甘草素甲基化及甘草素脱氢的代谢产物;其主要代谢途径为异构化、葡萄糖醛酸化、硫酸化、甲基化、脱氢反应。[结论]构建的UPLC-Q-TOF/MS法可用于大鼠体内甘草素代谢产物的研究。     

基于UPLC-Q-TOF/MS技术的北青龙衣成分在大鼠胃组织中的分布研究

目的采用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS技术首次对北青龙衣化学成分的胃组织分布进行深入研究。方法大鼠ig给予北青龙衣醇提物后,采集胃组织,经有机溶剂沉淀蛋白,通过Peakview 2.0/Masterview 1.0和Metabolite Pilot 1.5数据处理软件,根据离子碎片精确质量数和同位素丰度比,数据库的二级质谱对比和裂解规律分析,对胃组织中移行成分进行推断和鉴定。结果共鉴定出54个移行成分,其中41个原型成分,包括17个萘醌、9个二芳基庚烷、7个黄酮、5个三萜及3个酚酸类成分;13个代谢产物,包括4个萘醌、3个二芳基庚烷、1个黄酮及5个其他类成分。结论基于UPLC-Q-TOF/MS技术,首次阐明北青龙衣化学成分在大鼠胃组织分布情况,该方法检测快速、准确,为北青龙衣抗胃癌药效学研究与深入开发提供科学的研究数据。     

氧化芍药苷在正常与抑郁大鼠体内代谢产物的比较研究

目的 研究氧化芍药苷在正常和抑郁大鼠血浆、尿液、粪便中代谢产物的差异,并推测其主要的代谢途径。方法 选取Wistar大鼠,复制慢性应激抑郁大鼠,分别连续ig给予正常和抑郁大鼠氧化芍药苷水溶液3 d,收集大鼠血清、尿液和粪便;利用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF/MS）技术结合UNIFI分析平台鉴定氧化芍药苷在正常和抑郁模型大鼠体内的原型成分及代谢产物。结果 在正常和抑郁大鼠血浆中均检测到氧化芍药苷原型成分,且在抑郁大鼠血浆中的相对含量是正常大鼠血浆的10倍;在抑郁大鼠血浆、尿液和粪便中分别鉴定出4、13、2个代谢产物,在正常大鼠血浆、尿液和粪便中分别鉴定出1、12、3个代谢产物,其中11个共有代谢产物,主要发生的代谢途径为氧化、去饱和等I相代谢反应,甲基化、葡萄糖醛酸化、乙酰化等II相代谢反应。结论 氧化芍药苷ig给药后主要以原型成分进入体内,且抑郁大鼠血浆中原型成分的相对含量较正常大鼠高10倍;在抑郁和正常大鼠中的代谢产物有差异,其中葡萄糖醛酸化为正常大鼠体内特有的代谢途径,乙酰化为抑郁大鼠体内特有的代谢途径。推测氧化芍药苷可能是以原型成分为主发挥药效作用,通过尿液和粪便以原型或代谢产物排泄。