云南大理白族老年糖尿病患者药物治疗与血糖控制状况及影响因素调查

目的探讨云南大理白族老年糖尿病患者药物治疗与血糖控制状况及影响因素。方法横断面调查5627例包括城镇、农村、城乡结合部居住5年的大理老年白族人群,收集患者人口学信息、治疗方案、血糖控制情况,所有数据采用描述性统计分析。结果调查白族老年人5627例中,已确诊糖尿病患者898例,其中49.89%为单纯口服药物治疗,19.38%为单纯胰岛素治疗,30.73%为口服药物联合胰岛素治疗,总体达标率为26.06%。单纯口服药物治疗患者中,糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)达标率为18.30%;单纯胰岛素治疗患者中,HbA1c达标率为40.23%;口服药物联合胰岛素治疗患者中,HbA1c达标率为29.71%。糖尿病病程1年、2~5年、6~10年、11~15年、15年的患者HbA1c达标率分别为33.33%、16.50%、18.38%、34.26%、40.74%。logistic回归分析显示,无体育锻炼、不遵医嘱服药、存在共病状态为血糖控制的危险因素(P0.01)。结论大理白族老年糖尿病的血糖达标率较低,加强糖尿病教育、安全及时的血糖达标治疗方案对血糖控制达标至关重要。     

双时相门冬胰岛素30血糖控制疗效的预测因素分析A1 chieve研究亚组数据

目的 分析口服降糖药物控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者的基线情况对预混胰岛素疗效的影响.方法 A1chieve是一项为期24周的国际多中心、前瞻性、开放标签、非干预性的关于胰岛素类似物的研究.入选患者为经医师判断需要使用双时相门冬胰岛素30(门冬胰岛素30)的2型糖尿病患者,医师根据临床经验决定治疗方案并进行剂量调整,随访24周.主要安全性指标为:包括严重低血糖在内的严重药物不良反应(SADR).主要疗效指标包括糖化血红蛋白(HbA1 c),空腹血糖(FPG)和餐后2h血糖(2hPG)的变化.采用多因素回归分析基线因素中影响HbA1c达标的因素.结果 共有4 100例2型糖尿病患者起始双时相门冬胰岛素30治疗.4 100例中54.2％为男性,年龄(56.2±13.6)岁.研究期间未发生SADR.治疗后HbA1c由(9.3±2.1)％下降至(7.0±1.0)％;FPG由(10.2±3.3) mmol/L下降至(6.8±1.3) mmol/L;早、午、晚餐后2hPG的变化值分别为(-5.6±4.7)、(-4.9±4.3)、(-4.2±4.1)mmol/L(P值均＜0.001);HbA1c达标率(＜7.0％)由9.7％上升至54.2％.多因素logistic回归结果显示,基线HbA1c、FPG、2hPG与达标率呈负相关.结论 较低的基线HbA1c、FPG、2hPG是口服降糖药物血糖控制不佳的中国2型糖尿病患者接受门冬胰岛素30治疗24周后HbA1c达标(＜7.0％)的预测因素.提示口服降糖药治疗失败的患者,尽早起始双时相门冬胰岛素30治疗,更有助于血糖达标.     

1型糖尿病血糖监测现状及其对血糖控制的影响：一项单中心调查研究

目的探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者血糖监测现状及其对血糖控制的影响。方法为横断面研究, 选取2021年10至12月于南京医科大学第一附属医院内分泌科就诊的T1DM患者作为研究对象。通过问卷形式调查患者年龄、糖尿病病程、目前治疗方案、教育程度以及持续葡萄糖监测(CGM)和自我血糖监测(SMBG)情况, 检测患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)。依据《中国1型糖尿病诊治指南(2021版)》, 将HbA1c<7.0%定义为HbA1c达标。根据血糖监测方式将患者分为CGM组和SMBG组。采用Mann‐WhitneyU检验、χ2检验进行组间比较, 采用多因素logistic回归分析法分析HbA1c达标以及不同血糖监测方式的影响因素。结果共纳入197例患者, 年龄27.0(18.2, 41.0)岁, 病程5.0(2.0, 9.8)年。CGM和SMBG使用率分为61.4%(121/197)和38.6%(76/197)。CGM组的HbA1c低于SMBG组[分别为6.6%(6.1%, 7.5%)和7.5%(6.4%, 9.5%), Z=3.19, P<0.001], 2组的HbA1c达标率分别为6...     

南京市社区2型糖尿病患者代谢指标达标和微血管并发症患病现况及影响因素分析

目的调查南京市社区T2DM患者血糖、血压、血脂达标及微血管并发症患病现况并分析其影响因素。方法选取2016年11月至2017年6月南京市10家社区卫生服务中心1956例T2DM患者,评估血糖、血压、血脂达标及DKD、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)现况。结果纳入患者的血糖、血压、血脂达标率分别为42.2%、31.4%、39.4%,三者均达标的为5.7%,合并DKD、DPN的为44.1%、50.4%。糖尿病病程≥5年、BMI≥24 kg/m^2和腹型肥胖患者血糖达标率低。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,腹型肥胖(OR 1.340,95%CI 1.050~1.710,P=0.018)、糖尿病病程5~10年(OR1.970,95%CI 1.540~2.510,P<0.01)、糖尿病病程≥10年(OR 3.110,95%CI 2.430~3.990,P<0.01)是血糖不达标的危险因素;女性、年龄≥65岁、BMI≥28 kg/m^2、糖尿病病程≥10年、血压、血糖不达标是DKD的危险因素;年龄≥65岁是DPN的危险因素。结论南京市社区T2DM患者血糖、血压、血脂综合控制达标率有待提高,糖尿病微血管并发症需加强管理。     

上海市中老年人群中糖尿病发病与糖化血红蛋白基线值相关性的回顾性研究

目的研究中老年人群中糖尿病发病与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)基线值的相关性,并分析影响其检测结果的个体因素。方法在2009年通过多阶段分层随机抽样在上海地区调查了3219名≥50岁的上海常住居民。对空腹血糖受损(6.1mmol/L≤空腹血糖<7.0mmol/L)但调查前未被各级医疗机构诊断为糖尿病的调查对象,于2011年通过电话开展糖尿病发病率调查,并检测随访应答对象2009年所留血液样本HbA1c。结果基线人群自报糖尿病发病率为8.6%(278/3219)。2938名非糖尿病人中,空腹血糖受损病例为11%(313/2938)。对其中240名留有电话信息的调查对象于2011年开展电话随访,随访应答率为45%(108/240)。15%(16/108)在2年中新诊断为糖尿病。HbA1c≥6.5%的对象中有50%(6/12)发展为糖尿病,而HbA1c<6.5%的对象中仅有14%(10/72)(OR=6.4,95%CI:1.45～29.06)。多元线性逐步回归分析表明,HbA1c水平和三酰甘油水平呈显著正相关(r=0.176,P=0.026)。结论空腹血糖受损人群糖尿病发病率高于正常人群。基线HbA1c≥6.5%和新发糖尿病显著相关。空腹血糖受损人群应要求检测HbA1c以利于糖尿病的早期诊断和早期治疗。     

北京市社区40岁以上2型糖尿病患者血糖达标率的调查研究

目的 了解北京市部分社区40岁以上2型糖尿病患者血糖达标率的现状.方法 2011年12月至2012年8月在北京的三个社区（古城社区、金鼎社区、老山社区）的卫生服务中心通过普查的形式对40岁以上人群19 470名进行2型糖尿病相关的调查.符合标准的2 534名居民接受问卷调查、体格检查、实验室检查[肝肾功能、血糖、血脂、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）]等项目.选择人群中问卷调查结果为2型糖尿病（T2DM）的居民,以HbA1c＜7％为达标标准对其进行血糖达标率的分析,组间比较采用t检验及方差分析,logistic回归模型分析与血糖达标率可能相关的因素.结果 共入选2 523例2型糖尿病患者,平均HbA1c为（7.4±1.8）％,其中血糖达标率为45.7％.调查中发现仅用口服降糖药组、仅用胰岛素组、胰岛素＋口服降糖药组的平均HbA1c分别为（7.4＋1.6）％、（7.9±2.2）％、（7.9±2.0）％,达标率分别是47.2％（568/1 203）、32.5％（87/268）、26.4％（73/276）;单药降糖、双药降糖以及3种以上降糖药物控制的患者的HbA1c分别为（7.3±1.5）％、（7.5±1.9）％、（7.5±1.2）％,血糖达标率分别为45.0％（472/1049）、39.6％ （149/376）、37.0％（20/54）.病程＜1年、1～5年、5～ 10年、≥10年的患者HbA1c分别为（7.0±1.5）％、（7.1±1.6）％、（7.4±1.8）％、（7.8±1.9）％,达标率分别为56.4％（195/346）、55.5％（422/760）、44.7％（266/595）、32.8％（270/822）.logistic回归分析结果显示女性、体质指数、腰臀比、收缩压、并发症/伴发症、糖尿病病程、治疗方案与HbA1c达标率呈现相关性（OR=1.320、0.762、0.027、0.992、1.264、0.431、0.432,均P＜0.05）.结论 社区40岁以上人群中T2DM患者血糖达标率不足一半.随着糖尿病病程的延长,糖尿病的达标率不断下降.     

胰岛素注射技术误区解析及国际规范推荐

我国最新的糖尿病流行病学调查显示,在20岁以上的中国人群中,糖尿病患病率高达9．7％。使人担忧的是,我国糖尿病患病率虽高,但血糖达标率却较低,两者形成极大的反差。2006年中国地区的糖尿病现状调查显示,仅26．8％的患者血糖控制理想[糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）≤6．5％];而73．2％的患者血糖控制未能达标（HbA1c〉6．5％）,HbA1c〉8％的患者更高达28．3％;尽管有众多因素影响血糖达标,但即使在已经使用胰岛素的患者中,     

高龄糖尿病患者缺血性脑白质病变严重程度及其危险因素分析

目的探讨高龄(≥80岁)糖尿病患者缺血性脑白质病变(WML)严重程度及其相关危险因素分析。方法选择安徽医科大学第三附属医院神经内科及干部病房住院的行头颅MRI检查的缺血性WML患者202例,分为糖尿病组105例和非糖尿病组97例,糖尿病组根据年龄相关性脑白质改变(ARWMC)评分为WML轻度患者(1~4分)35例、中度患者(5~8分)46例和重度患者(≥9分)24例。收集患者临床基线资料,采用Kendall等级相关分析,采用多因素logistic回归分析WML相关危险因素。结果糖尿病组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、ARWMC评分明显高于非糖尿病组,HDL-C水平明显低于非糖尿病组(P<0.05)。糖尿病组不同程度WML患者年龄、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。轻度、重度及重度患者随症状加重其空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖及HbA1c水平明显升高(P<0.05)。与轻度患者比较,中度和重度患者年龄更高,重度患者糖尿病病程更长(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄、HbA1c水平升高是缺血性WML严重程度的独立危险因素(95%CI=0.128~0.454,P=0.000;95%CI=1.941~5.623,P=0.000)。所有缺血性WML患者,年龄与WML严重程度呈正相关(P=0.000)。糖尿病患者年龄、HbA1c水平、糖尿病病程与缺血性WML严重程度呈正相关(P<0.05,P<0.01)。在校正高血压、血脂、尿酸水平等危险因素后,糖尿病病程与缺血性WML严重程度的无关(P=0.210)。结论年龄是缺血性WML的独立危险因素,在糖尿病患者中,HbA1c水平可能与缺血性WML严重程度相关。     

2型糖尿病患者不同降糖方案转换前后临床指标的变化

目的比较2型糖尿病患者在不同降糖方案转换前后各项临床指标的变化。方法在基线随访采用胰岛素治疗,后改用口服降糖药(OAD)治疗的为胰岛素改为OAD组(n=40);在基线随访采用口服降糖药治疗,后加用胰岛素治疗的称为OAD加用胰岛素组(n=100)。所有患者至少有3次随访(基线随访,转换随访和末次随访),每次随访均检测体质量、空腹血糖(FPG)和餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂及空腹C肽。结果 (1)胰岛素改为OAD组患者发病年龄较轻,糖尿病病程较短,HbA1c水平较高,与OAD加用胰岛素组患者相比差异均有统计学意义。(2)OAD加用胰岛素组中,患者转换随访与基线随访相比,FPG、2hPG、HbA1c差异无统计学意义;三酰甘油(TG)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平降低(P均<0.05);患者末次随访与转换随访相比,FPG、HbA1c、总胆固醇(TC)下降(P均<0.05)。2hPG较前下降,但差异无统计意义。(3)胰岛素改为OAD组中,患者转换随访与基线随访相比,FPG、2hPG差异无统计学意义;HbA1c、TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)降低(P均<0.05);患者末次随访与转换随访相比,体质量下降(P<0.05),FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、空腹C肽水平、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C差异无统计学意义。结论发病年龄较轻且病程较短的2型糖尿病患者,使用胰岛素后改OAD治疗仍可有效控制血糖水平;发病年龄较大且病程较长的2型糖尿病患者,OAD治疗控制不佳时加用胰岛素治疗可有效控制血糖水平。     

江苏省各级医院2型糖尿病患者口服降糖药物使用情况分析

目的 了解江苏省单用口服降糖药物（OAD）的T2DM患者的用药情况和血糖控制状况。 方法 选取江苏省13个城市各级医院门诊T2DM患者2966例进行横断面研究,以问卷形式收集患者个人信息、病程资料、治疗及合并症情况,检测HbA1c。 结果 单用OAD患者1524例,平均HbA1c（7.0±1.5）%。高脂血症患病率56.2%,高血压患病率41.4%。63.6%患者HbA1c达标（HbA1c〈7.0%）。20-40岁组HbA1c达标率高于41-60、61-80岁组（P〈0.05）。病程≤5年组HbA1c达标率高于5-10、〉10年组（P〈0.05）。双胍类药物在OAD中所占比例最高,且在各级医院所占比例亦最高。 结论 2009年单用OAD患者的HbA1c达标率高于2010年全国达标率,年轻及短病程患者改善尤为明显。双胍类药物在OAD中使用仍占首位。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.