Coronary stenting during rescue angioplasty after failed thrombolysis

Compared with primary angioplasty [percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)], rescue PTCA is associated with lower angiographic success and higher reocclusion rates, especially after thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Although stent placement during primary PTCA has been demonstrated to be safe and even to improve the angiographic results achieved by balloon-alone PTCA, there are few data on stent placement during rescue PTCA after failed thrombolysis. This study sought to assess the feasibility and safety of stent implantation during rescue angioplasty in myocardial infarction after failed thrombolysis. The study population consisted of 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction referred for rescue PTCA after failed thrombolysis consecutively treated with coronary stenting. The thrombolytic agent was tPA in 15 patients (75%), streptokinase in 1 (5%), and anisoylated streptokinase plasminogen activator complex (APSAC) in 1 (5%); 3 patients (15%) were included in the INTIME II study (tPA vs. lanoteplase). After stenting, aspirin 200 mg daily plus ticlopidine 250 mg b.i.d. were administered. Thirty stents (1.5 ± 1.0 per patient) were implanted. Angiographic success was achieved in 19 patients (95%). Two patients (10%) died, both because of severe bleeding complications. One patient (5%) suffered a reinfarction, but no patients suffered postinfarction angina or needed new target vessel revascularization. Eighteen patients (90%) were discharged alive and free of events. All these patients remained asymptomatic and free of target vessel revascularization at 6-month follow-up. Stent placement during rescue PTCA after failed thrombolysis is feasible and safe and is associated with a good angiographic result and clinical outcome. Bleeding complications seem to be, however, the main limitation of this reperfusion strategy. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 47:1–5, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A randomized trial of coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty as a rescue intervention after failed thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess whether coronary stenting produces better results compared with balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after failed thrombolysis. BACKGROUND: Little evidence exists on the value of rescue mechanical reperfusion after failed thrombolysis. METHODS: This open-label, randomized study enrolled 181 patients with AMI referred for failed thrombolysis performed within the previous 24 h. The patients had to have a Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade of 相似文献   

Long-term outcome after primary stenting versus balloon angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

The objective of the present prospective multicenter case-control study was to investigate the long-term clinical outcome (5 years) of primary stenting compared to primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) without stenting (POBA) in patients with acute myocardial infarction at 7 cardiovascular centers in Hokkaido, Japan. Forty-one patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with successful primary stenting (stent group: case) and paired with 41 matched control subjects with acute myocardial infarction treated by successful primary PTCA without stenting (POBA group: control) were analyzed. After 1 year, the stent group had a lower incidence of the combined clinical endpoint (death, rehospitalization due to congestive heart failure, nonfatal myocardial infarction, repeat angioplasty, CABG, or cerebrovascular events) compared to the POBA group (17.1% versus 39.0%, P = 0.049). After 5 years, the incidences of congestive heart failure and cardiac death were the same in both groups. However, compared to the POBA group, the stent group had a lower combined clinical endpoint (34.1% versus 61.0%, P = 0.027). The Kaplan-Meier event-free survival curves of the stent group showed a significantly lower occurrence of clinical events compared to the POBA group (P = 0.0116). Multiple logistic regression analysis of clinical events identified age > or = 69 years (P = 0.0092, odds ratio = 4.179) and stenting (P = 0.0158, odds ratio = 0.279) as explanatory factors. Compared with POBA, primary stenting for acute myocardial infarction results in a better long-term clinical outcome.     

Improving results of bailout coronary stenting after failed balloon angioplasty

Stent implantation can be a valuable alternative to emergent bypass surgery to treat established or threatening abrupt closure following coronary balloon angioplasty. To evaluate several sequentially introduced changes in our practice of bail-out stenting, we compared the first (group I) and second half (group II) of our single center experience (n = 88). Use of bailout stenting increased over time (2% of all angioplasty procedures in group I vs. 6% in group II, P < 0.001), more often to prevent rather than to reverse abrupt closure. Technical success of stent implantation was unchanged (95% vs. 93%), and there was a decreasing trend for stent thrombosis (14% vs. 5%), in-hospital death (5% vs. 2%), Q-wave myocardial infarction (9% vs. 7%), and requirement for surgery (9% vs. 7%). The incidence of non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (29% vs. 7% P < 0.01), bleeding complications (27% vs. 7% P < 0.01), and hospital stay duration (11 ± 11 vs. 8 ± 5 days P < 0.05) decreased. Our data suggest that coronary stent implantation is currently an effective stand-alone bailout procedure for a large majority of failed angioplasty procedures. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..     

Multicenter clinical experience with rescue atherectomy for failed angioplasty

Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) has been proposed as a “rescue” technique for failed or suboptimal percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PICA) in an attempt to avoid myocardial infarction or emergency coronary artery bypass grafting. In this report we review the utilization and outcome of rescue atherectomy from the clinical experience of The Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Medical College of Virginia from November 1988 through January 1993, and from the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial (CAVEAT) database. This analysis includes 100 patients with 103 treated lesions from 44 patients at the Cleveland Clinic, 36 patients from the Medical College of Virginia, and 20 patients from the CAVEAT database. The etiology of failed PICA was primarily from dissection in 52 lesions (50.5%), “recoil” in 43 lesions (41.8%), and recurrent thrombosis in 8 lesions (7.8%). Complete vessel closure was present in 23 lesions (22.3%). The vessels treated included 51.5% left anterior descending, 24.3% right coronary, and 16.5% circumflex coronary arteries. The average reference vessel diameter in the group was 3.10 ± 0.06 mm (SEM), with an average stenosis of 78.9 ± 1.2 % before PTCA, 55.8 ± 2.4 after PTCA, and 24.1 ± 2.2% after rescue DCA. DCA was successful (Thrombosis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] grade 3 flow with >20% stenosis reduction without death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, or coronary artery bypass grafting) in 94 of 103 lesions (91.3%). Complications included 1 patient with perforation (1%), 2 deaths within 24 hours (2.0%), and 6 patients requiring coronary artery bypass grafting (6%). In 33 patients with TIMI grade 0–2 flow or acute closure after PTCA, TIMI grade 3 flow was restored in 30 (90.9%). Rescue atherectomy thus may play a beneficial role in the treatment of acute angioplasty complica tions and/or suboptimal results, although vessel perforation is an uncommon complication.     

急性心肌梗塞溶栓失败患者行补救性经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术临床研究

为评价溶栓失败急性心肌梗塞（AMI）行补救性经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（PTCA）的疗效及安全性，对35例AMI患者溶栓后90min行冠状动脉造影。根据梗塞相关动脉开通情况，16例成功者（甲组）中12例7～21d后行延迟PTCA治疗；19例失败者（乙组）中13例（乙1组）即刻行补救性PTCA，其余6例（乙2组）溶栓失败而未行PTCA者给一般药物治疗。结果表明，甲级中12例行延迟PTCA，成功11例（91．6％），正例于PTCA中出现冠状动脉急性闭塞并致小灶下壁心肌梗塞；乙1组13例行补救PTCA，全部成功（100％）。甲组住院期总心脏事件发生率（19％）与乙1组（23％）相似，且出院前心功能无显著差异。而乙2组6例中住院期死亡率（33％）及总心脏事件发生率（50％）增高。提示AMI溶栓失败患者补救PTCA成功率高、并发症少，能减少住院期心脏事件并促进左心室功能改善。     

Abciximab improves 6-month clinical outcome after rescue coronary angioplasty

Background Few data are available concerning the effects on clinical outcome and left ventricular function of abciximab administration in patients undergoing rescue percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) after failed thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. The aim of the study was to investigate such effects. Methods Eighty-nine consecutive patients referred to our laboratory from other hospitals for rescue PTCA within 24 hours from the onset of chest pain were prospectively randomized before the procedure to abciximab treatment (44 patients) or placebo (45 patients). No significant differences in baseline characteristics were observed between the 2 groups. Study end points were the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) such as death, reinfarction, congestive heart failure, target lesion revascularization, or recurrent ischemia at 30-day and 6-month follow-up and the occurrence of periprocedural bleeding. Results Mean time from symptom onset to reperfusion was 8.5 ± 5.4 hours; rescue PTCA was successful in 96% of patients. The incidence of major, moderate, and minor bleeding was similar in the 2 groups. At 30-day follow-up, the echocardiographic left ventricular wall motion score index showed a significantly higher improvement in the abciximab group versus the placebo group (P < .001). At 6-month follow-up, the incidence of MACE was 11% in the abciximab group versus 38% in the placebo group (P = .004). Abciximab administration (P = .003) and cardiogenic shock (P = .005) were the only independent predictors of the occurrence of MACE at multivariable analysis. Conclusion Treatment with abciximab during rescue PTCA positively affects clinical outcome at 6-month follow-up without increasing periprocedural bleeding. (Am Heart J 2002;143:334-41.)     

Uncomplicated moderate coronary artery dissections after balloon angioplasty: good outcome without stenting

OBJECTIVE—To study the relation between moderate coronary dissections, coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR), and long term outcome.
METHODS—523 patients undergoing balloon angioplasty and sequential intracoronary Doppler measurements were examined as part of the DEBATE II trial (Doppler endpoints balloon angioplasty trial Europe). After successful balloon angioplasty, patients were randomised to stenting or no further treatment. Dissections were graded at the core laboratory by two observers and divided into four categories: none, mild (type A-B), moderate (type C), severe (types D to F). Patients with severe dissections (n = 128) or without available reference vessel CFVR (n = 139) were excluded. The remaining 256 patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (group A, n = 45) or absence (group B, n = 211) of moderate dissection.
RESULTS—Following balloon angioplasty, there was no difference in CFVR between the two groups. At 12 months follow up, a higher rate of major adverse cardiac events was observed overall in group A than in group B (10 (22%) v 23 (11%), p = 0.041). However, the risk of major adverse events was similar in the subgroups receiving balloon angioplasty (group A, 6 (19%) v group B, 16 (16%), NS). Among group A patients, the adverse events risk was greater in those randomised to stenting (odds ratios 6.603 v 1.197, p = 0.046), whereas there was no difference in risk if the group was analysed according to whether the CFVR was < 2.5 or  2.5 after balloon angioplasty.
CONCLUSIONS—Moderate dissections left untreated result in no increased risk of major adverse cardiac events. Additional stenting does not improve the long term outcome.


Keywords: coronary dissection; intracoronary Doppler; angioplasty     

Long-term clinical outcomes after rescue angioplasty are not different from those of successful thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction.

AIMS: The long-term value of rescue percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who received thrombolytic therapy but failed to achieve early recanalization of the artery is still debated. This study aimed to compare long-term outcomes after successful thrombolysis vs. systematic attempted rescue PTCA. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 362 consecutive patients with STEMI hospitalized within 6 h of symptom onset and treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy were studied. Of these, 345 underwent coronary angiography within 90 min. Sixty per cent of patients achieved TIMI 3 flow and were treated medically; the in-hospital death rate in this group was 4%. Nine per cent of patients had TIMI 2 flow and 31% TIMI 0-1 flow. In this latter group, rescue PTCA was attempted in 85.8% with a hospital death rate of 5.5% (20% with failed vs. 4% with successful rescue PTCA, P=0.03). Eight year actuarial survival without recurrent myocardial infarction was no different in patients who had successful thrombolytic therapy and in patients with attempted rescue PTCA [78 and 95% CI (71-85) vs. 78 and 95% CI (68-87), respectively, hazard ratio: 0.93 (0.52-1.65), P=0.80]. Total mortality, cardiac mortality, and other composite endpoints also did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: Routine attempted rescue PTCA 90 min after thrombolytic therapy in patients with persistent occlusion of the infarct-related vessels achieves long-term clinical outcomes which do not differ from those obtained by successful thrombolysis.     

A quantitative estimate of bare-metal stenting compared with balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction: angiographic measures in relation to clinical outcome

We performed a systematic review of all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from the pre-drug-eluting-stent era comparing bare-metal stenting (BMS) with balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) to examine coronary angiographic parameters of infarct-related vessel patency and to relate the angiographic measures to clinical outcome. The search was restricted to published RCTs in humans. 10 RCTs, (6192 patients) were analysed. Compared with balloon angioplasty, BMS was associated with reduced rates of reocclusion (6.7% vs 10.1%, OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.96, p = 0.03) and restenosis (23.9% vs 39.3%, OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.59, p<0.001), but not with reduced rates of subacute thrombosis (1.7% in both groups). BMS showed a reduction in target vessel revascularisation (TVR; 12.2% vs 19.2%, OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.69, p<0.001), but not in mortality (5.3% vs 5.1%) or reinfarction (3.9% vs 4%). The findings of this study support BMS placement in acute MI. The discrepancy between angiographic and clinical parameters has important implications for future studies investigating further technical improvements in mechanical reperfusion therapy.     

椎动脉支架置入术的临床长期随访

目的本研究对椎动脉支架置入术患者进行1年的随访,探讨支架内再狭窄(in-stent restenosis,ISR)和临床事件发生情况及危险因素。方法选择2010年1月~2016年10月在绍兴第二医院神经内科接受数字减影血管造影术检查的椎动脉支架置入术患者46例(48枚支架)。根据支架内是否再狭窄分为ISR组8例和无ISR组38例;又根据临床事件发生情况分为临床事件组8例和无临床事件组38例,分析支架置入术患者长期预后的影响因素。结果 46例患者中,术前血管狭窄程度(80.7±14.2)%,残余血管狭窄程度(3.0±8.4)%,术前血管狭窄长度(7.7±4.6)mm,术后血管造影平均随访时间(31.6±20.8)个月,ISR 8例(17.4%),而临床平均随访时间(53.8±27.0)个月,有8例(17.4%)患者出现临床事件。生存分析显示,ISR主要出现在最初20个月;同时在87个月时有50.0%患者未发生临床事件。ISR组再狭窄长度明显高于无ISR组,差异有统计学意义[(6.00±2.00)mmvs(2.76±4.14)mm,P=0.003]。临床事件组支架直径明显小于无临床事件组,差异有统计学意义[(3.53±0.93)mmvs(4.18±0.67)mm,P=0.024]。结论椎动脉支架置入术患者长期预后可能受到再狭窄长度和支架直径的影响。     

Long-term endothelial dysfunction is more pronounced after stenting than after balloon angioplasty in porcine coronary arteries

Objectives. To compare percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and stent implantation with respect to the long-term changes they induce in the newly formed endothelium in porcine coronary arteries by studying both morphological and functional parameters of the endothelium at 2 weeks and 3 months after intervention.Background. Problems affecting PTCA or stent implantation have been overcome to a large extent by means of better techniques and the availability of new drugs. Late problems, however, still exist in that restenosis affects a large number of patients. With an increasing number of patients being treated with stents, the problem of in-stent restenosis is of even greater concern, as this seems difficult to treat. A functional endothelial lining is thought to be important in controlling the growth of the underlying vascular tissue. We hypothesized that the enhanced neointimal hyperplasia observed after stenting is associated with a more pronounced and prolonged endothelial dysfunction.Methods. Arteries were analyzed using a dye-exclusion test and planimetry of permeable areas. Thereafter, the arteries were processed for light and scanning electron microscopy for assessment of morphology and proliferative response.Results. Leakage of the endothelium for molecules such as Evans blue-albumin as well as prolonged endothelial proliferation is observed as late as 3 months after the intervention, and is more pronounced after stenting. Permeability is associated with distinct morphologic characteristics: endothelial retraction, the expression of surface folds, and the adhesion of leukocytes.Conclusions. Stenting especially decreases long-term vascular integrity with respect to permeability and endothelial proliferation, and is associated with distinct morphologic characteristics.     

Long-term outcome of coronary balloon angioplasty in diabetic patients

Diabetes is recognised to increase morbidity and mortality after coronary revascularization. We compared clinical outcomes in mean 5-year-long follow-up of coronary balloon angioplasty in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. We studied 621 patients undergoing elective angioplasty from 1987 to 1996. There were 60 (9.7%) patients with diabetes who were compared with 561 non-diabetic patients. Diabetics were older, more often obese, less frequently were current smokers, and less frequently had hypercholesterolaemia. Diabetic patients in comparison with non-diabetics had lower ejection fraction and more frequently had angioplasty of complex (B2 or C) lesions, but there were no differences between both groups in the other clinical and angiographic risk factors. Clinical success of angioplasty, as well as complications rate were similar in both groups. In follow-up restenosis occurred more frequently in diabetics (46.3 vs. 32.2%, P=0.03), resulting in significantly higher re-intervention rate (50.0 vs. 35.4%, P=0.03). Especially diabetic patients were more frequently referred to CABG (20.4 vs. 9. 9%, P=0.02). There were no significant differences in deaths (1.9 vs. 2.8%) and myocardial infarction (3.7 vs. 4.4%). Diabetics presented worse CCS status at the end of observation (Class 0 and I - 61.1 vs. 74.4%, P=0.037). Angioplasty proved to be a safe procedure in diabetic patients. Despite higher restenosis and re-intervention rate in diabetics, mortality as well as myocardial infarction rate was the same in both groups during mean 5-year follow-up.     

Initial clinical experiences with rescue unipolar radiofrequency thermal balloon angioplasty after abrupt or threatened vessel closure complicating elective conventional balloon coronary angioplasty

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of radiofrequency thermal balloon angioplasty and rescue procedure after abrupt or threatened vessel closure complicating elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.Background. Coronary angioplasty is an established therapy for ischemic heart disease. However, abrupt closure after successful angioplasty remains a serious problem.Method. We utilized a unipolar radiofrequency balloon in which a radiofrequency potential of 13.56 MHz was transmitted between the coil within the balloon and a plate electrode attached to the patient's body. The temperature within the balloon could be monitored through a thermistor within the balloon. From October 1991 through December 1993, 31 patients who had abrupt or threatened vessel closure during 1,005 consecutive elective coronary angioplasty procedures were randomly assigned to radiofrequency balloon angioplasty or to other procedures as rescue treatment.Results. Fifteen patients were assigned to radiofrequency balloon angioplasty (5 with abrupt vessel closure and 10 with threatened closure). The average balloon temperature and inflation time were 62 ± 9 °C and 129 ± 62 s, respectively. Percent diameter stenosis decreased from 87 ± 14% to 36 ± 25% (p < 0.01). The procedure was successful in 14 patients. The rate of restenosis was 67%, but the success rate of repeat conventional coronary angioplasty for restenosed lesions was 86%.Conclusions. Radiofrequency balloon angioplasty is effective in the treatment of abrupt or threatened vessel closure complicating elective coronary angioplasty even though the procedure is associated with a relatively high rate of restenosis.     

Total absence of ST-segment resolution after failed thrombolysis is correlated with unfavorable short- and long-term outcomes despite successful rescue angioplasty

Introduction

ST-segment resolution (STR) is a well-established and simple tool for assessing the efficacy of reperfusion therapy in myocardial infarction. An incomplete (<50%) STR is a recognized marker of failed thrombolysis and a suitable recruitment criterion for rescue angioplasty.

Objective

We sought to determine the predictive value of the total absence of STR after thrombolysis in rescue angioplasty (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]).

Methods

Eighty-one consecutive patients who underwent a rescue angioplasty for failed thrombolysis in our institution from 2001 to 2007 were included. Two groups of patients were defined according to their STR extent, 90 minutes after lysis: partial resolution group 1 (10%-50% STR) vs absence of resolution group 2 (<10% STR) and compared in terms of in-hospital and long-term outcomes.

Results

Patients of group 2 were more likely to experience hemodynamic deterioration (50% vs 24%; odds ratio [OR] = 3.17; P = .017), to have a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 0 flow on the culprit artery (62.3% vs 42%; OR = 2.24; P = .045), to have a multivessel disease (66.7% vs 40%; OR = 3; P = .018), and to die during index hospitalization (26.7% vs 6%; OR = 5.69; P = .013) despite statistically similar rates of PCI failure in both groups (10% vs 7%; P = .402) and similar post-PCI STR (72% ± 18.25% vs 75% ± 11.62%; P = .36). In multivariate analysis, total absence of STR proved to be an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (HR = 7.02; P = .032; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-41.58). Long-term major adverse cardiac events occurred more frequently in group 2 (log rank, P = .004) and were (on the Cox regression model) independently predicted by total absence of STR (HR = 6.21; P = .023; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-29.1).

Conclusions

The STR assessment before rescue PCI proved to be a good and simple means to predict the short- and long-term prognosis in these patients.     

Failure of thrombolysis: experience with a policy of early angiography and rescue angioplasty for electrocardiographic evidence of failed thrombolysis

OBJECTIVE—To assess the outcome of a policy of emergency coronary angiography with or without rescue angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction and ECG evidence of failed reperfusion after thrombolysis.
DESIGN—A cohort study.
SETTING—Regional cardiothoracic unit.
PATIENTS—197 patients with acute myocardial infarction fulfilling a simple ECG criterion of failed reperfusion.
INTERVENTIONS—Emergency coronary angiography proceeding to rescue angioplasty for inadequate antegrade flow.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Hospital mortality for all 197 patients; incidence of successful and failed rescue angioplasty; need for additional revascularisation in those receiving rescue angioplasty compared with those not treated in this way.
RESULTS—197 patients had emergency angiography for ECG evidence of failed reperfusion; 156 patients received immediate rescue angioplasty. Overall hospital mortality for those undergoing rescue angioplasty was 11.5%. Rescue angioplasty achieved TIMI 2 (11) or TIMI 3 (124) in 135 patients, who had a hospital mortality of 5.9%. Failure to achieve at least TIMI 2 flow following rescue angioplasty occurred in 21 patients, with a hospital mortality of 48%. In the 41 patients in whom immediate rescue angioplasty was not performed, reinfarction or requirement for revascularisation occurred in 37%. Reinfarction occurred in three patients (1.9%) who had immediate rescue angioplasty. Hospital mortality for the whole cohort was 10.7%.
CONCLUSIONS—A policy of emergency coronary angiography proceeding to rescue angioplasty where appropriate reduces mortality in a high risk group to a level less than expected for patients with acute myocardial infarction and ECG evidence of failed reperfusion. Unsuccessful rescue angioplasty is associated with a high mortality.


Keywords: acute myocardial infarction; rescue angioplasty; failed reperfusion