肠出血性大肠埃希菌1类整合子与耐药性关系

目的研究48株(国内28株，美国20株)肠出血性大肠埃希菌(EHEC)的耐药特点以及1类整合子的分布，探讨整合子中耐药基因盒的种类及与细菌耐药性的相互关系。方法琼脂稀释法对18种抗生素进行耐药性监测和分析；PCR法鉴定1类整合子阳性株；PCR产物测序及分析。结果48株肠出血性大肠埃希菌中23株为O157：H7；2个地域的肠出血性大肠埃希菌对抗生素的耐药情况大多无差别，只存在对氨苄西林和红霉素耐药率的差异，前者为国内分离株(60．7％)高于美国分离株(30％)，后者为美国分离株(95％)高于国内分离株(60.7％)。耐3种以上抗生素的肠出血性大肠埃希菌18株(美国3，中国15)。48株分离株中有11株(22．9％)鉴定出1类整合子，PCR产物测序分析可见，9株携带aadA1基因盒，2株携带aadA2基因盒，传递对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性。结论1类整合子及其相关的基因盒广泛存在于肠出血性大肠埃希菌中，而且决定着对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性。     

污水中大肠埃希菌携带第1类整合子的鉴定和特征分析

目的：探讨污水中大肠埃希菌携带第1类耐药整合子的分布、特征及所含基因盒的种类。方法：常规方法分离大肠埃希菌；纸片扩散法对9种抗生素进行耐药性监测和分析；PIER鉴定1类整合子阳性株；PCR产物测序并对结果进行分析。结果：42份标本中分离出24株大肠埃希菌，为多重耐药菌株，耐药谱为氨苄西林-复方磺胺-红霉素-四环素-链霉素-庆大霉素。有3株（12．5％）鉴定出1．6kb 1类整合子，PCR产物测序得知携带pse-1-aadA1、pse-1-aadA2、pse-1-aacA1基因盒，传递对β-内酰胺类-氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性。结论：1类整合子存在于污水来源的大肠埃希菌中，并携带相应的耐药基因盒，决定着对β-内酰胺类-氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性。     

鸡来源产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌携带整合子基因的研究

目的 分析鸡肠道内共生的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌整合子携带状况以及其与多重耐药性的关系.方法 从甘肃、湖北、北京、四川地区养殖场鸡粪便标本中分离的大肠埃希菌,肉汤稀释法检测菌株的耐药性,WHONET软件进行耐药性分析;筛选出的ESBLs菌株进行整合子的PCR检测和基因测序. 结果 通过药敏试验从鸡粪中分离的224株大肠埃希菌中共检出产ESBLs的菌株54株,分离率为24.1%.产ESBLs的菌株中I类整合子的携带率为63.0%,I类整合子可变区发现的耐药基因有addA1、aadA2、aadA5、aadA22,dfrA12、dfrA17、dfrI,aar-3,分别介导氨基糖苷类、磺胺类抗生素以及利福平的耐药性.aadA22是在国内菌株中首次报道.Ⅱ类整合子携带率为5.6%,携带的耐药基因包括sat、ereA、aadA1.Ⅲ类整合子酶阳性的有3株菌,但其可变区未检出任何耐药基因. 结论 I类整合子主要介导氨基精苷类抗生素和甲氧嘧啶的耐药性,在大肠埃希菌ESBLs菌株的多重耐药性中具有重要的作用,加强养殖动物大肠埃希菌耐药性以及整合子携带状况的监测,对防止耐药菌株的广泛传播,改善临床抗生素的疗效具有重要意义.     

老年患者大肠埃希菌分离株耐药性及氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因分析

目的了解老年患者分离的大肠埃希菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的存在状况。方法采用微量稀释法检测21种抗菌药物的敏感性,运用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因。结果 20株大肠埃希菌呈现多药耐药,对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药率在60.0%～90.0%,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ基因阳性率分别为30.0%、35.0%、25.0%、5.0%;携带≥1种基因的菌株有14株(70.0%)。结论临床分离的大肠埃希菌多药耐药严重,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因携带率较高。     

大肠埃希菌的耐药性及耐消毒剂基因研究

目的 了解大肠埃希菌的耐药性,同时了解产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1的流行情况,揭示大肠埃希菌的耐药机制.方法 2007年1月-2011年11月医院分离的3688株大肠埃希菌用VITEK-32GNI+鉴定,GNS-448检测对氨基糖苷类、(p-)内酰胺类、喹诺酮类等15种抗菌药物的耐药性,并对其中36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌用PCR法检测耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1的流行状况.结果 3688株大肠埃希菌中共检出1660株产ESBLs菌株,检出率为45.0％;大肠埃希菌除对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率较低外,对其他抗菌药物均产生了一定的耐药性,36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、庆大霉素全耐药,未检出亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药株;36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1检测结果22株阳性,检出率为61.1％.结论 大肠埃希菌耐药性严重,但近几年基本稳定,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌存在多药耐药性;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1检出率较高,且与多药耐药关系密切.     

临床分离大肠埃希菌耐药性分析及I型整合子研究

目的了解临床分离大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药状况;研究整合子在大肠埃希菌中的分布情况,探讨其与大肠埃希菌耐药性之间的相关性。方法收集广东省3所医院2010-2012年分离的大肠埃希菌,采用K B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验;聚合酶链反应（PCR）法扩增3类整合子整合酶基因和整合子可变区,测序分析整合子所携带的耐药基因盒类型。结果共收集156株大肠埃希菌,其对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类等的大多数抗菌药物的耐药率＞50%;耐药率＜10%的抗菌药物有头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（0）、亚胺培南（3.85%）、头孢替坦（4.35%）、厄他培南（7.69%）和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦（8.97%）;I类整合子的检出率为57.69%（90/156）,多重耐药菌与非多重耐药菌的整合子检出率分别为66.00%（66/100）和64.71%（22/34）,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但分别与敏感菌组（9.09%,2/22）相比,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。所检出的整合子可变区分为9种类型,大部分都含有aadA和dfrA耐药基因盒。结论大肠埃希菌整体耐药情况严重;I类整合子在临床分离大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,并与大肠埃希菌的耐药性关系密切,主要介导对氨基糖苷类、磺胺类、β 内酰胺类等多种抗菌药物的耐药性。     

2277株大肠埃希菌的耐药性及TEM与SHV型β-内酰胺酶基因的研究

目的 了解大肠埃希菌的耐药性,尤其要了解TEM与SHVβ-内酰胺酶基因在产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的流行情况.方法 2006年1月-2008年11月医院分离的2277株大肠埃希菌用VITEK-32 GNI+鉴定,GNS-145和GNS-448检测对氨基糖苷类、β-内酰氨类、喹诺酮类等21种抗菌药物的耐药性,并对其中36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌用聚合酶连反应(PCR)检测TEM和SHV基因型别的流行状况.结果 共检出1025株ESBLs阳性菌株,ESBLs检出率为45.0%;21种抗菌药物氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、氨曲南、头孢匹肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、复方新诺明,呋喃妥因、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和头孢西丁耐药率分别为83.0%、74.0%、52.0%、52.0%、29.1%、27.8%、16.5%、47.0%、31.0%、54.5%、53.0%、56.8%,10.0%、53.9%、38.5%、5.0%、4.0%、5.0%和5.0%,未检出哑胺培南、美罗培南耐药株;36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌PCR检测结果TEM阳性25株,SHV阳性14株,检出率分别为69.4%和38.9%.结论 大肠埃希菌耐药性严霞,尤其足产ESBLs大肠埃希菌存在着严重的多药耐药性,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌菌株TEM和SHV基因检出率高,且与多药耐药关系密切.     

临床分离大肠埃希菌整合子介导的耐药机制分析

目的了解临床分离大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药特征及整合子在大肠埃希菌中的分布情况,探讨其与大肠埃希菌耐药性之间的相关性。方法收集温州地区2002年-2010年分离的大肠埃希菌,采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验;PCR扩增3类整合子整合酶基因和整合子可变区,并测序分析整合子携带的耐药基因盒类型及att C位点。结果共收集524株大肠埃希菌,均为耐药菌,对3类或3类以上抗菌药物不敏感的多重耐药菌(MDR)占60.8%;Ⅰ类整合子的检出率为53.8%(28/524),所检出的整合子可变区分为6种类型,att C位点有16种类型,dfr A17-aad A5基因盒检出率最高(70.2%);Ⅱ类整合子阳性仅有3株;Ⅲ类整合子未检测到。结论大肠埃希菌整体耐药情况严重;Ⅰ类整合子在临床分离大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,并与大肠埃希菌的耐药性关系密切,主要介导对氨基糖苷类、磺胺类等多种抗菌药物的耐药性。     

携带blaCTX-M-55基因的大肠埃希菌氨基糖苷类耐药相关元件分析

目的调查携带blaCTX-M-55基因的大肠埃希菌中氨基糖苷类耐药相关元件的携带状况,以及了解本组菌株间的亲缘关系。方法收集2015年1-12月宁波大学医学院附属医院住院患者痰液标本中分离30株携带blaCTX-M-55基因的大肠埃希菌,用K-B法测定9种抗菌药物的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析7种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,2种16SrRNA甲基化酶基因,7种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,阳性耐药基因测序后直接作BLAST比对,耐药基因检测结果作样本聚类分析(UPGMA法)。结果 30株携带blaCTXM-55基因的大肠埃希菌对头孢类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类抗菌药物均耐药,但对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物均为敏感;30株菌均检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因和可移动遗传元件遗传标记,另有5株检出16SrRNA甲基化酶基因,30株菌共检出5种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、1种16SrRNA甲基化酶基因、7种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,且阳性率较高;样本聚类分析显示,该组菌株有明显的聚集性,有6个克隆传播。结论本组30株携带blaCTX-M-55基因的大肠埃希菌同时携带了氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、16SrRNA甲基化酶基因和可移动遗传元件遗传标记,是对头孢类和氨基糖苷类产生耐药的重要原因;本组菌检出的6个克隆高度疑似医院感染,同一克隆菌株携带相同基因。     

尿液分离大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子分子特征及其与耐药性的关系

目的 了解尿液分离大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子及相关基因盒的分布,分析整合子与细菌耐药性的关系.方法 选取108株临床非重复分离自尿液标本中的大肠埃希菌,经全自动细菌分析系统鉴定并检测其对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测Ⅰ类整合酶基因,对Ⅰ类整合酶阳性菌株用PCR扩增并测序分析可变区基因盒种类及可变区启动子类型.结果 108株临床非重复分离自尿液大肠埃希菌中有60株占56.0％检测到Ⅰ类整合酶基因;共检测出5种不同长度的可变区片段:8株750 bp片段不含基因盒,2株1500 bp片段为aadA2,34株2200 bp片段为dfrA 17-aadA5,4株2500 bp片段为dfrA 12-orfF-aa dA2,2株2800 bp片段为aacA4-cmlA1,其中1株大肠埃希菌同时扩增出2200、2500 bp的可变区片段,有11株Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性大肠埃希菌未扩增出可变区;可变区启动子大多为相对较弱的启动子PcH1、PcW;Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率高于Ⅰ类整合子阴性菌株.结论 Ⅰ类整合子及相关基因盒在尿液分离大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,与细菌耐药性关系密切,所携带的整合子具有较强的捕获外源性耐药基因盒的能力.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.