鼻咽癌调强放疗安全外放边界的临床研究

目的利用Elekta iview测量鼻咽癌调强放疗(IMRT)中的摆位误差,从而确定计划设计中从临床靶区(CTV)到计划靶区(PTV)的安全外放边界。方法22例鼻咽癌调强放疗患者,采用头颈肩面罩固定,应用电子射野影像系统(EPID)在放射治疗过程中,每周拍摄正侧位射野验证片1次,采用验证片上骨性标志与计划系统所形成的数字重建射线影像(DRR)进行比较,记录其摆位误差,根据所测的误差数据计算CTV到PTV的外扩边界。结果22例的数据计算结果显示,在各个方向上的总体系统误差分别为X轴(0.14±1.29)mm,Y轴(-0.33±1.39)mm,Z轴(0.04±1.13)mm;随机误差分别为X轴(±0.49)mm,Y轴(±0.57)mm,Z轴(±0.93)mm。根据文献CTV-PTV扩边公式MPTV=2∑ 0.7δ得到X、Y、Z三个方向的外扩值分别为2.9、3.2和2.9mm。结论在鼻咽癌调强放疗中,应用我科的固定及摆位技术,CTV到PTV在左右和前后方向上的安全外边界为2.9mm,在头脚方向上的安全外放边界为3.2mm是可行的。     

电子射野影像系统在盆腔肿瘤放疗中的应用

目的:应用电子射野影像系统分析我院行盆腔适形调强放疗病人的摆位误差情况,为临床上计划靶区(PTV)的设定提供参考依据。方法:选取行盆腔适形调强肿瘤病人21例,应用电子射野影像系统对每例患者每周分别拍摄正侧射野图像各1张,共获取210张图像,分别将图像与计划系统所形成的相应数字重建影像(DRR)进行比较,获取上下(X轴)、左右(Y轴)、前后(Z轴)方向的摆位误差。结果:21例患者X轴、Y轴、Z轴各方向的系统误差的标准差分别1.02,2.37,1.94mm,随机误差的标准差分别是1.35,2.24,2.30mm。X轴、Y轴、Z轴的摆位扩边值分别为3.49,7.51,6.46mm。结论:尽管应用真空垫、热塑网膜等体位固定方法,但由于各种原因,盆腔肿瘤放疗仍有一定的摆位误差,在设定盆腔靶区时建议左右、上下、前后分别外扩3.5,8,7mm。     

塑形垫固定技术能提高鼻咽癌患者调强放疗摆位精度

目的:将"塑形垫+头颈肩热塑膜"与"头颈肩热塑膜"固定技术对比,以介绍一种更加方便、安全的鼻咽癌调强适形放疗(IMRT)体位固定技术。方法:选取40例鼻咽癌患者随机分成2组(头颈肩热塑膜固定组,"塑形垫+头颈肩热塑膜"固定组),对比两种固定方式的适形性、舒适性及固定性;利用EPID拍摄正侧位片,统计X、Y、Z轴3个方向上的摆位误差值。结果:塑形垫组舒适性、适形性及固定性均优于头颈肩热塑膜组。塑形垫组摆位后拍摄电子射野影像系统(EPID)验证片配准误差均值为:X方向(0.21±0.53)mm、Y方向(0.18±0.41)mm、Z方向(0.20±0.43)mm;头颈肩热塑膜组为:X方向(0.54±0.61)mm、Y方向(0.47±0.59)mm、Z方向(0.45±0.41)mm,两组各个方向误差数据差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:"塑形垫+头颈肩面罩"固定技术能够提高鼻咽癌放射治疗摆位的可重复性、精确度及患者舒适度。     

头颈肩网应用于鼻咽癌调强放疗产生摆位误差的原因分析

目的:探讨鼻咽癌精确放射治疗摆位误差存在的原因。方法:本组32例鼻咽癌调强放疗患者,采用头颈肩面罩固定,应用电子射野影像系统(EPID)在放射治疗过程中,每周拍摄正侧位射野验证片1次,采用验证片上骨性标志与计划系统所形成的数字重建射线影像(DRR)进行比较,记录其摆位误差,并查找误差原因。结果:32例病人的数据计算结果显示,在各个方向上的总体系统误差分别为X轴正面左右方向(1.36±0.44)mm,Y轴正面头脚方向(1.44±0.72)mm,Z轴侧面前后方向(1.10±0.92)mm;Y轴侧面头脚方向(1.35±0.72)mm。结论:在鼻咽癌调强放疗中,应用头颈肩面罩固定技术存在一定的误差,为了减少误差一方面如果由于机器方面原因造成的,应严格对机器进行质量控制和质量保证以减少系统误差;另一方面患者消瘦明显的要重新做面罩,最好不要重复多次使用面罩;再一方面加强技术员的工作责任心,杜绝人为因素造成的误差。由于靶区边缘剂量的不确定度,应考虑外放边界以保证靶区的剂量,使用EPID验证系统,对于误差>2 mm要进行实时摆位误差纠正,提高摆位精度,确保治疗效果。     

EPID在头颈部肿瘤放疗摆位中的应用

目的：确定电子射野影像系统（EPID）对头颈部放疗患者位置误差的修正效果。方法应用EPID对40例头颈部放疗患者的摆位误差进行测定分析。初次治疗前和以后每两周通过兆伏级EPID对患者治疗位置采集正交位射野验证影像,并与治疗计划中通过定位CT生成的数字重建射野（DRR）影像进行比对,医生认可比对结果后,记录下各方向摆位误差值。结果患者在x轴、y轴、z轴（x轴、y轴、z轴分别表示患者左右、前后和头脚方向）上的误差（系统误差±随机误差）分别为（0.7±1.33）mm,（0.28±1.74）mm,（0.13±1.29）mm;EPID验证结果和kV-CBCT验证结果在y轴、z轴方向无显著差异（P=0.859）,在x轴方向有显著差异（P=0.000）。结论在头颈部放疗时,EPID系统可以修正患者的位置误差。     

头颈部肿瘤调强放疗中摆位偏差的测量与分析

目的:测定头颈部肿瘤在调强放射治疗中的摆位偏差,分析计划设计中从临床靶区(CTV)到计划靶区(PTV)的外扩边界. 方法:随机抽取76名头颈部肿瘤患者,在治疗时用电子射野影像装置(EPID)拍摄射野片,将射野片和计划系统中的数字重建射野(DRR)图像片进行误差比较. 结果:在左右、头脚、腹背方向的摆位误差分别是(-0.62±1.46) mm,(-0.41±1.54) mm,(-0.31±1.67) mm,外扩边界分别是2.27 mm,1.87 mm,1.98 mm. 结论:对于头颈部调强治疗的患者,CTV到PTV的外放边界在左右方向需要2.5 mm,头脚方向和腹背方向需要2 mm.并且随着治疗时间的递进,摆位误差没有规律性的变化.     

应用兆伏级锥形束CT校正胸部肿瘤调强放疗摆位误差的研究

目的 应用兆伏级图像引导系统(MV-CBCT)对胸部肿瘤调强放疗摆位误差进行分析,探讨减少摆位误差的方法。方法 对接受图像引导放疗的胸部肿瘤患者23例,采用锥形束CT技术采集首次摆位后、摆位误差校正后CBCT图像,并与计划系统的模拟定位CT图像进行匹配,获得首次摆位后、摆位误差校正后在X轴(左右)、Y轴(头脚)、Z轴(腹背)方向摆位误差数值。每位患者每周1次,共采集186组图像,分析校正前后摆位误差的变化情况。结果 校正前系统误差±随机误差在X轴、Y轴、Z轴分别为(1.61±1.44)mm、(2.51±2.39)mm、(1.22±1.09)mm,校正后系统误差±随机误差在X轴、Y轴、Z轴分别为(0.89±0.74)mm、(1.07±0.85)mm、(0.76±0.71)mm。依据经典的van-Herk等推理公式MPTV=2.5Σ+0.7δ,计算得出X、Y、Z轴的MPTV值,校正后比校正前分别减少2.1 mm、4.6 mm、1.4 mm。结论 应用兆伏级锥形束CT技术,可准确测量摆位误差,通过实时校正,可大大提高患者摆位精度,从而缩小CTV-PTV的摆位外扩边界值,提高放疗的精确性。     

鼻咽癌IMRT定位误差的控制

目的：通过对鼻咽癌适形调强放射治疗的位置验证,探讨鼻咽癌适形调强放射治疗的定位技术。方法：采用双曝光法对患者拍摄射野验证片和Adobe公司Photoshop图像处理软件进行图像对比、融合,分析其产生误差的原因。结果：通过射野验证图像与参考图像的对比得出,在左右方向（X）、前后方向（Y）、头脚方向（Z）的摆位误差分别为：X（1.41±1.37）mm、Y（1.53±1.25）mm、Z（1.36±1.39）mm,最大误差为6.2mm;并且在身体各个方向上的位置及姿势与CT定位后重建影像存在体位姿势误差,其误差特点为越远离治疗中心表现越明显。结论：放射治疗定位技术有助于减少放射治疗中等中心的摆位误差,也有助于减少身体各个方向上的体位姿势误差。     

不同体位固定技术在体型偏瘦患者放射治疗中的应用

目的对比三种体位固定方法在体型偏瘦患者的胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗中的摆位误差。方法选取放疗科2015年1~12月收治的体型偏瘦胸腹部肿瘤患者60例,随机分为三组各20例,A组为真空垫体位固定组,B组为单纯热塑体膜体位固定组,C组为热塑体膜联合真空垫体位固定组,分别在CT模拟定位机和直线加速器电子射野影像系统(Electronic Portal Imaging Device,EPID)下拍摄模拟定位片和射野验证片,采用电子射野影像系统测量并计算出两射野中心点在左右(X轴)、头脚(Y轴)和前后(Z轴)的重复摆位误差大小,比较三组不同体位固定方式的应用效果。结果 A组在X、Y和Z方向摆位误差为(4.21±1.52)cm、(3.92±1.18)cm、(3.78±1.12)cm,B组在X、Y、Z方向摆位误差为(3.12±1.16)cm、(3.24±0.94)cm、(3.12±0.91)cm,C组在X、Y、Z方向摆位误差为(2.34±0.78)cm、(2.38±0.67)cm、(2.51±0.73)cm,C组摆位误差最小(P<0.05)。结论三种体位固定方式在体型偏瘦患者的胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗中都能起到较好的固定作用,但从摆位误差结果来看,采用热塑体膜联合真空垫的固定效果均优于单纯热塑体膜固定和真空垫体位固定。     

EPID在颈、胸上段食管癌调强放疗中的应用价值

目的 研究电子射野影像系统( EPID)在头颈肩面罩固定下颈、胸上段食管癌调强放疗中的效果.方法 放疗前先采集定位片图像为参照,与治疗过程中实时采集的验证图像对比,测量摆位误差.结果 入组30例患者共进行了120次治疗重复摆位,采集验证片120张比较每次摆位的体位误差.X轴(左右方向)3mm以内误差有29例(96.67％),3～5 mm误差有1例(3.33％);Y轴(头足方向)3 mm以内误差有28例(93.33％),3～5 mm误差有2例(6.67％);Z轴(前后方向)3 mm以内误差有27例(90％),3～5 mm误差有3例(10％);X轴、Y轴、Z轴3个方向误差超过5mm者未发现,我们对误差在3～5 mm患者进行重新摆位验证.结论 利用电子射野影像系统可以有效减少放疗摆位误差,提高摆位的准确性,是质量控制和质量保证的有力工具.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.