第一穿动脉血管蒂骨瓣在股骨上段骨缺损修复中的临床应用

目的:为应用第一穿动脉血管蒂骨瓣转位修复股骨上段骨缺损提供解剖学依据及手术方法。方法:在40侧成人下肢标本上,解剖观察了第一穿动脉的分支分布及吻合特点。结果:发现股深动脉于小转子尖下方4.5±1.3cm处发出第一穿动脉,外径为2.8±0.7mm。第一穿动脉分为升支和降支,升支走向大转于方向,发出外径1.0mm以上的肌骨膜支,分布于臀大肌下部和大转子等处,并参与十字吻合;降支粗长,参与股骨后部血管链的形成。自1991年始,以第一穿动脉为蒂切取骨瓣转位修复股骨上段骨缺损12例,疗效满意。结论:第一穿动脉为蒂的骨瓣,用于股骨颈、股骨距和股骨上段骨缺损的修复,疗效可靠。     

膝降血管髌下支蒂股骨内侧髁骨膜瓣逆行转位术的应用解剖

目的　为膝降血管髌下支蒂股骨内侧髁骨膜瓣修复膝关节面缺损提供解剖学基础。 方法　在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,以收肌结节、股骨内侧髁为观测点解剖观测膝降动脉关节支的走行、分支与分布。另在1侧新鲜标本上进行摹拟手术。 结果　膝降血管关节支在距股骨内侧髁下缘上(5.9±1.2) cm处发出两大分支：①骨膜支起始外径（1.3±0.2）mm,在股骨内侧髁面上走行距离为(4.8±1.1) cm;②髌下支起始外径为(1.3±0.2) mm,向下走行距离为(6.6±1.5)cm。 结论　可形成膝降血管髌下支-骨膜支蒂股骨内侧髁骨膜瓣逆行转位修复膝关节面缺损。     

转位鼻中隔软骨瓣的应用解剖

目的:探讨鼻中隔软骨瓣转位应用的可能性.方法:在30例成人湿性尸头标本上对鼻中隔软骨瓣进行解剖学测量.结果:鼻中隔软骨膜瓣上边长(44.19±5.82)mm,鼻中隔软骨膜瓣下边长(56.83±6.65)mm,鼻中隔软骨上下径(27.93±3.48)mm,鼻中隔软骨前后径(20.83±2.12)mm.鼻中隔软骨膜瓣转位到鼻颅底可修复范围为(27.22±4.91)mm×(13.03±3.44)mm.鼻中隔软骨膜瓣转位到眶内侧壁可修复范围为(28.19±3.27)mm×(27.93±3.48)mm.结论:鼻中隔软骨瓣转位可用于鼻内镜下修复鼻颅底和眶内侧壁的缺损.     

IGF-1在股骨头再造关节软骨化生中的作用

目的观察分析大转子骨瓣表面骨膜及腱膜等纤维结缔组织向关节软骨转化的规律及胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)在软骨化生过程中的作用。方法制备液氮冷冻双侧股骨头缺血性坏死(Osteonecrosis of femoral head,ONFH)的动物模型。左侧股骨头造模后即缝合关节囊,右侧股骨头根据分组不同采用不同的处理方式:A组(骨瓣治疗组):带血管蒂大转子骨瓣进行股骨头再造;B组(骨瓣加Ad-IGF-1基因治疗治疗组):带血管蒂大转子骨瓣股骨头再造,关节内注入表达IGF-1的腺病毒载体(Ad-IGF-1);两组动物分别于3,6,12,18,24周每批4只处死,对骨瓣进行大体观察,组织病理学观察,免疫组化检测。结果所有动物左侧冷冻区组织坏死,纤维状物覆盖,碎片样组织修复。组织病理切片及免疫组化证实A组右侧骨瓣区自6周出现透明软骨细胞,B组右侧骨瓣区自3周出现透明软骨细胞,B组较A组修复效果好。结果经统计学处理有统计学意义。结论大转子表面的骨膜及腱膜能够向关节软骨化生,IGF-1对大转子表面的骨膜及腱膜向关节软骨化生有促进作用,为ONFH的外科治疗及生长因子的应用提供基础。     

旋股外侧血管横支大转子骨瓣修复股骨中上段的解剖及应用

目的：为股骨干骨缺损、骨折骨不连修复提供新的手术方法，方法：在４０侧标本上对旋股外侧动脉横支进行解剖学观察，设计了以该血管为蒂大转子骨瓣转位修复股骨干中、上段及股骨头颈部骨折、骨缺损。结果：该动脉外径２．５ｍｍ，长度５．１ｃｍ，在股外侧肌深面和外缘发出２～４支外径在０．４～１．１ｍｍ的骨膜支到大转子前外侧，供应范围３．５ｃｍ×２．０ｃｍ×３．５ｃｍ。结论：以旋股外侧动脉横支为蒂大转子骨瓣移位修复股骨中段或上段骨缺损具有可行性，临床应用１５例，疗效满意。     

以第1或第2穿动脉为蒂骨瓣转位重建股骨距的应用解剖

目的：为带血管蒂骨瓣转位重建股骨距提供解剖学依据。方法：３０侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本，对第１、２穿动脉起始、走行、分支分布和骨膜支进行详细的解剖学观察。结果：股深动脉在小转子尖下４．５±１．３ｃｍ、９．３±２．７ｃｍ处分别发出第１、２穿动脉，外径分别为２．８±０．７ｍｍ、２．４±０．６ｍｍ。穿动脉发出１～３支外径在１．０ｍｍ以上的肌骨膜支，分布于股骨后部中上段骨膜。结论：可以第１或第２穿动脉为蒂设计股骨瓣，可转位重建股骨距或修复股骨颈。     

早期体内力学刺激促进藻酸钙复合自体软骨细胞修复羊关节负重区软骨缺损的实验研究

目的观察膝关节持续被动活动仪(CPM)体内力学刺激对组织工程软骨修复大动物关节负重区软骨缺损效果的影响。方法研究、设计和制造能够适用于体内力学刺激羊膝关节软骨缺损修复的膝关节连续被动活动仪(CPM);将实验动物(山羊膝关节双髁负重区制造直径6 mm软骨缺损)分为三组:空白组:单纯缺损未植入修复组织;藻酸钙+骨膜+细胞组:藻酸钙复合自体软骨细胞凝胶植入软骨缺损区,自体骨膜覆盖缺损区;藻酸钙+骨膜+细胞+CPM组:藻酸钙复合自体软骨细胞凝胶植入软骨缺损区,自体骨膜覆盖缺损区,术后早期接受CPM锻炼。分别于术后3个月、6个月、12个月(12个月组仅包括CPM力学刺激组)取材,通过修复组织的大体、组织学观察及其评分比较3组软骨修复效果。结果藻酸钙复合软骨细胞能够较好地修复羊负重区关节面软骨缺损,将缺损修复的大体观察、组织学等结果进行单因素统计学分析,发现接受体内CPM力学刺激组效果最好,其修复组织中透明软骨比例最多,其次为藻酸钙+骨膜+细胞组。结论膝关节持续被动活动仪(CPM)体内力学刺激能够促进组织工程软骨修复大动物关节负重区软骨缺损的效果。     

BMP-2改良纤维蛋白原支架修复软骨缺损的实验研究

目的 :研究骨形态发生蛋白 (bonemorphogenicprotein ,BMP 2 )在构建改良纤维蛋白胶支架软骨膜块修复关节软骨缺损中的作用。方法 :将软骨细胞种植于改良纤维蛋白胶支架上 ,体外培养 ,在培养系统中加入BMP 2 ,观察软骨细胞在支架中的繁殖以及载体降解情况 ;将培养出的软骨膜块植入于动物关节软骨缺损模型中进行定期观测。结果 :改良纤维蛋白原支架可满足组织工程软骨修复需要 ,BMP 2在用于构建膜块修复关节软骨缺损模型中可促进软骨细胞增殖 ,并在植入 12周动物试验中发现与对照组比较在关节软骨缺损修复质量上有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :BMP 2在改良纤维蛋白胶软骨膜块中可明显促进组织工程软骨膜块构建以及关节软骨缺损的修复。     

第一穿动脉降支为蒂骨膜瓣的应用解剖

在４０侧红色乳胶灌注的成人下标本上解剖观察了第一穿动脉降支的起始，走行和分布，结果表明，第一穿动量降支肌间隔动脉穿径股外侧肌间隔，沿途分出骨膜支，呈网状分布于股骨中上段后外侧３．５ｃｍ×８．０ｃｍ的骨膜，因此可设计以第一穿动脉降支为蒂的股骨中上段骨膜瓣移位术，为修复股骨上段骨不连及骨缺损提供了一个新的供区。     

带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣局部转位术的应用解剖

目的:为一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损提供一种足内侧复合组织瓣。方法:利用40侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人足标本,解剖观察足内侧区动脉来源、口径、走行、分支及分布情况;3侧新鲜足标本观测复合瓣的大小及摹拟转位手术。结果:内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉及足底内饲动脉深、浅支在走行中分别发出若干皮支、肌支和骨膜支供血足底内侧区诸结构,且相互问形成广泛、恒定的吻合,连同其相伴的静脉和神经共同形成带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣。结论:带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣可转位一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损,该瓣血管多元化,转位灵活,不牺牲主要血管,手术简便安全,可一期同时修复多种组织缺损。     

A method for quantifying time dependent changes in MR signal intensity of articular cartilage as a function of tissue deformation in intact joints

A method is proposed to determine accurately the signal intensity changes of the articular cartilage from sectional MR images and its related cartilage deformation under compression in an intact joint. Image processing methods are developed to delineate and register the cartilage boundaries in consecutive MR images in order to track corresponding tissue sectors during the loading experiment. Regions of interest can then be defined and traced during the compression, making a spatial and temporal analysis of signal intensity changes possible. In addition, the cartilage deformation is calculated in the respective tissue sectors and is related to the MR signal changes. Using a fat-suppressed FLASH 3D sequence, the preliminary results showed location-dependent slight changes of the signal intensity varying from individual to individual. The quantitative analysis of the signal intensity changes as a function of cartilage deformation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aims to characterize microstructural properties of the articular cartilage that may lead to a better understanding of degenerative joint disease.     

Anatomical observations of the human acromioclavicular joint

The condition of the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) is considered to be one factor in the etiology of shoulder impingement syndrome, but there are few supporting morphological data. Fifty‐two sides of 35 cadavers were investigated macroscopically and histologically using Safranin O, Fast green, and Weigert's iron hematoxylin staining. The ACJs were classified into three major types depending on the presence or absence of the articular disk. In type 1, the articular disk divided the articular cavity completely (n = 2; 3.8%). In type 2, the articular disk was incomplete and divided the joint cavity incompletely (n = 13; 25%). Type 2 was further divided into subtypes 2a and 2b depending on the configurations of the articular facets. In type 3, no articular disk was found in the joint cavity (n = 37; 71.2%). Type 3 was further divided into subtypes 3a, 3b, and 3c depending on the configurations of the articular surfaces. Fewer than half of the ACJ specimens (22/52 or 42.3%) demonstrated an ellipsoid character in which axial rotation was limited. Histological observation revealed that the upper part of the articular disk of the ACJ comprised fibrocartilage while the lower part comprised dense connective tissue. In cases where the ACJ appears to be an ellipsoid joint, its limited axial rotation restricts posterior tilting of the scapula during arm elevation, which could contribute to shoulder impingement syndrome. Clin. Anat. 27:1046–1052, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The surface contour of articular cartilage in an intact, loaded joint

The friction coefficients measured in diarthrodial joints are small. Theories of joint lubrication attribute this efficiency to entrapment or movement of synovial fluid, yet anatomical models of the surface are based on studies of isolated fragments of cartilage, not functional joints. To investigate the functional interrelationship of joint surfaces and synovial fluid, the ultrastructure of loaded joints was examined. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbit knee joints were loaded either statically or moved ex vivo using simulated muscle forces and then plunge-frozen under load. After fixation in the frozen/loaded state by freeze-substitution fixation, the medial joint compartments were embedded in epoxy resin while still articulated. Bone was trimmed away from the articular surfaces, permitting the cartilage to be sectioned for light and electron microscopy. These joint surfaces were then compared with controls which were not loaded, not moved or had been disarticulated prior to embedding. Articular surfaces of loaded joints were smooth at magnifications from ×35 to ×7500, whereas the tibial surfaces of nonloaded joints were irregular. Small pools of joint fluid were observed at the meniscal edge and beneath the anterior horn of the meniscus. At magnifications of ×40000, the joint surfaces were separated by a uniform 100 nm space containing fluid. An amorphous, electron dense articular surface lamina was present but, when loaded, was thicker and flatter than previously reported. No surface pits or bumps were visible in embedded, loaded joints. This is the first ultrastructural study of intact loaded joints. The findings suggest that fluid film lubrication is present in diarthrodial joints, but the fluid sequestration postulated in several models is not apparent.     

The electron microscope appearance of the subchondral bone plate in the human femoral head in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis

The subchondral bone plate supports the articular cartilage in diarthrodial joints. It has a significant mechanical function in transmitting loads from the cartilage into the underlying cancellous bone and has been implicated in the destruction of cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA) and its sparing in osteoporosis (OP), but little is known of its composition, structure or material properties. This study investigated the microscopic appearance and mineral composition of the subchondral bone plate in femoral heads from patients with OA or OP to determine how these correspond to changes in composition and stiffness found in other studies. Freeze-fractured full-depth samples of the subchondral bone plate from the femoral heads of patients with osteoarthritis, osteoporosis or a matched control group were examined using back scattered and secondary emission scanning electron microscopy. Other samples were embedded and polished and examined using back-scattered electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. The appearances of the samples from the normal and osteoporotic patients were very similar, with the subchondral bone plate overlayed by a layer of calcified cartilage. Osteoporotic samples presented a more uniform fracture surface and the relative thicknesses of the layers appeared to be different. In contrast, the OA bone plate appeared to be porous and have a much more textured surface. There were occasional sites of microtrabecular bone formation between the trabeculae of the underlying cancellous bone, which were not seen in the other groups, and more numerous osteoclast resorption pits. The calcified cartilage layer was almost absent and the bone plate was apparently thickened. The appearance of the osteoarthritic subchondral bone plate was, therefore, considerably different from both the normal and the osteoporotic, strongly indicative of abnormal cellular activity.     

Reliability and concurrent validity of a new iPhone® goniometric application for measuring active wrist range of motion: a cross‐sectional study in asymptomatic subjects

Measurement of wrist range of motion (ROM) is often considered to be an essential component of wrist physical examination. The measurement can be carried out through various instruments such as goniometers and inclinometers. Recent smartphones have been equipped with accelerometers and magnetometers, which, through specific software applications (apps) can be used for goniometric functions. This study, for the first time, aimed to evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of a new smartphone goniometric app (Goniometer Pro©) for measuring active wrist ROM. In all, 120 wrists of 70 asymptomatic adults (38 men and 32 women; aged 18–40 years) were assessed in a physiotherapy clinic located at the School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Science and Health Services, Tehran, Iran. Following the recruitment process, active wrist ROM was measured using a universal goniometer and iPhone^® 5 app. Two blinded examiners each utilized the universal goniometer and iPhone^® to measure active wrist ROM using a volar/dorsal alignment technique in the following sequences: flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation. The second (2 h later) and third (48 h later) sessions were carried out in the same manner as the first session. All the measurements were conducted three times and the mean value of three repetitions for each measurement was used for analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) models (3, k) and (2, k) were used to determine the intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients were used to establish concurrent validity of the iPhone^® app. Good to excellent intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability was demonstrated for the goniometer with ICC values of ≥ 0.82 and ≥ 0.73 and the iPhone^® app with ICC values of ≥ 0.83 and ≥ 0.79, respectively. Minimum detectable change at the 95% confidence level (MDC₉₅) was computed as 1.96 × standard error of measurement × √2. The MDC₉₅ ranged from 1.66° to 5.35° for the intra‐rater analysis and from 1.97° to 6.15° for the inter‐rater analysis. The concurrent validity between the two instruments was high, with r values of ≥ 0.80. From the results of this cross‐sectional study, it can be concluded that the iPhone^® app possesses good to excellent intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability and concurrent validity. It seems that this app can be used for the measurement of wrist ROM. However, further research is needed to evaluate symptomatic subjects using this app.     

Wnt signalling in the articular cartilage: A matter of balance

Degradation of the articular cartilage is a hallmark of osteoarthritis, a progressive and chronic musculoskeletal condition, affecting millions of people worldwide. The activation of several signalling cascades is altered during disease development: among them, the Wnt signalling plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Increasing evidence is showing that its activation needs to be maintained within a certain range to avoid the triggering of degenerative mechanisms. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge about how a balanced activation of the Wnt signalling is maintained in the articular cartilage, with a particular focus on receptor-mediated mechanisms.     

Use of primary human fetal chondroblast culture for xenotransplantation into rat articular cartilage defect

The possibility of xenotransplantation of human fetal chondroblasts was studied. Filling of the rat articular cartilage defect with a tissue-engineering construction based on primary culture of human fetal chondroblasts and chitosan gel caused no immune rejection over 60 days and provided the formation of organotypical regenerate due to proliferation and differentiation of donor fetal chondroblasts and their integration in the recipient cartilage tissue. Translated from Kletochnye Tehnologii v Biologii i Medicine, No. 3, pp. 136–140, August, 2008     

Diffuse tibiofemoral cartilage change prior to the development of accelerated knee osteoarthritis: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative

We compared the spatial distribution of tibiofemoral cartilage change between individuals who will develop accelerated knee osteoarthritis (KOA) versus typical onset of KOA prior to the development of radiographic KOA. We conducted a longitudinal case–control analysis of 129 individuals from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. We assessed the percent change in tibiofemoral cartilage on magnetic resonance images at 36 informative locations from 2 to 1 year prior to the development of accelerated (n = 44) versus typical KOA (n = 40). We defined cartilage change in the accelerated and typical KOA groups at 36 informative locations based on thresholds of cartilage percent change in a no KOA group (n = 45). We described the spatial patterns of cartilage change in the accelerated KOA and typical KOA groups and performed a logistic regression to determine if diffuse cartilage change (predictor; at least half of the tibiofemoral regions demonstrating change in multiple informative locations) was associated with KOA group (outcome). There was a non‐significant trend that individuals with diffuse tibiofemoral cartilage change were 2.2 times more likely to develop accelerated knee OA when compared with individuals who develop typical knee OA (OR [95% CI] = 2.2 [0.90–5.14]. Adults with accelerated or typical KOA demonstrate heterogeneity in spatial distribution of cartilage thinning and thickening. These results provide preliminary evidence of a different spatial pattern of cartilage change between individuals who will develop accelerated versus typical KOA. These data suggest there may be different mechanisms driving the early structural disease progression between accelerated versus typical KOA. Clin. Anat. 32:369–378, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

大骨节病关节软骨胶原表型表达和软骨细胞异常分化的研究

目的探讨大骨节病关节软骨胶原表型表达的变化特点和软骨细胞异常分化在发病中的意义。方法用单克隆免疫组化法测定５例大骨节病关节软骨Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ、Ⅹ型胶原表型的表达。结果（１）关节软骨表层的Ⅱ型胶原表型表达减少；（２）Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅵ型胶原表型表达见于关节软骨全层，而Ⅹ型胶原仅限于关节软骨钙化层和深层软骨细胞团周围；（３）软骨细胞团有Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ型胶原表型表达，而软骨细胞坏死区内无任何胶原表型表达。结论大骨节病关节软骨胶原表型表达类似于原发性骨关节病的变化，但在关节软骨表层Ⅰ型胶原表型表达增强以及软骨坏死区内无任何胶原表型表达不同于原发性骨关节病。     

软骨来源成体干细胞的分离及其鉴定

 目的 观察关节软骨中是否存在着软骨干细胞,并对软骨干细胞进行分离、培养和鉴定。方法 将软骨组织消化成单个软骨细胞,接种到预先用纤连蛋白处理过的平皿中,20mins后给予换液,培养2周时用克隆环挑取形成的单个细胞集落,在体外进行扩增。流式细胞仪检测扩增后细胞表面标志物,并对细胞的成脂肪、成骨、成软骨能力进行验证。结果 成功挑选出软骨细胞集落,培养至第3代,细胞呈均一的长梭形。细胞表面表达间充质干细胞相关抗原CD44、CD29、CD73、CD90和CD166,且几乎不表达CD45、CD34和CD133。当给与诱导培养基培养时,软骨干细胞能成功的向脂肪细胞、骨细胞和软骨细胞进行分化。结论 关节软骨中存在着软骨干细胞,并成功的对软骨干细胞进行了分离和鉴定。