具有一键优化功能的CRT治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的观察具有一键优化功能的心脏起搏与不具一键优化功能的心脏再同步化治疗(cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT)慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)的临床疗效。方法 19例慢性心力衰竭患者接受CRT治疗,并根据起搏器是否具有"一键优化"功能分为"一键优化"组(n=10)和"超声优化"组(n=9),于术前收集患者的相关资料,术后1周、3个月分别行一键优化及超声优化评价CRT治疗的临床疗效。结果一键优化与超声优化的最佳优化房室(AV)间期(131.00±7.40ms VS 134.00±15.80ms)及最佳优化心室(VV)间期(18.50±9.50ms VS17.00±13.60ms)比较差异无统计学意义。通过定期随访,发现两组起搏器植入术后3个月,6个月经优化后心胸比、左心室舒张末压、左心室射血分数及6分钟步行试验两组间并无统计学差异(除BNP术前及术后3月两组间有统计学差异外)。结论有一键优化功能的CRT治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效不亚于常规超声心动图优化的CRT,且一键优化功能方便、快捷给临床工作带来更多方便性。     

动态优化AV/VV间期心脏再同步治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的: 观察动态优化AV/VV间期心脏再同步治疗（cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT）治疗慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的短中期疗效。方法: 12例CHF晚期患者接受CRT治疗,分别于植入前、植入术后3、6个月在超声心动图指导下优化房室（AV）间期和室室（VV）间期,同时观察心腔结构、二尖瓣返流及心电图、脑钠尿肽（BNP）检查等,评价CRT临床疗效。结果: 最佳优化AV间期120～180（158±19）ms和VV间期4～28（16±7）ms,临床症状改善,六分钟步行距离由(257±23)m增加至(344±21)m,QRS时限由（136±17）ms降至(109±12)ms(P<0.01,P<0.05)。植入后左室舒张末内径（LVEDD）较植入前明显缩小［(71±10) mm vs. (54±4),P<0.05］; 左室射血分数（LVEF）提高［(0.308±0.022) vs. (0.531±0.085),P<0.01］;血浆BNP值由植入前（876±415）ng/L降至(70±28)ng/L(P<0.05)。结论: 动态程控AV/VV间期可以提高CRT对CHF患者短、中期疗效。     

心脏再同步治疗起搏参数优化对血流动力学的影响及随访

目的应用超声心动图观察心脏再同步治疗（CRT）后不同时期AV、VV间期优化对心力衰竭血流动力学的影响,探讨AV、VV间期优化在增强CRT临床疗效中的作用。方法扩张性心肌病心力衰竭患者32例接受CRT治疗,并于植入术后7d,3、6个月在超声心动图指导下进行AV、VV间期优化,观察优化后不同时间起搏参数、血流动力学指标。结果32例入选患者均一次成功植入三腔起搏器,术后1、3、6个月随访起搏阈值、感知、阻抗的改变差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。CRT植入术后7d,87％（28／32）、90％（29／32）患者分别需要AV、VV间期优化,植入术后6个月仍有18％（6／32）、16％（5／32）患者分别再次需要AV、VV间期优化。植入术后7d、3个月优化起搏与术后未优化相比,舒张期充盈时间（DFT）延长、Tei指数下降（P〈0．05）。植入术后6个月优化起搏与植入术后即刻相比DFT延长、主动脉瓣前向血流速度时间积分（V11）增加、Tei指数下降、E／Em比值下降、左心室射血分数（LVEF）明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论CRT植入术后AV、VV间期优化改善心力衰竭患者的血流动力学,可以带来良好的临床疗效。     

一键优化心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的:观察一键优化心脏再同步化治疗(cardiac resynchronization therapy, CRT)慢性心力衰竭的中远期疗效.方法:14例心力衰竭患者接受CRT治疗,分别于置入前、置入术后3、6、12个月行一键优化治疗,同时行超声心动图(观察心腔结构、二尖瓣反流、主动脉射血速度时间积分)、心电图、脑钠素(BNP)检查等,评价CRT临床疗效.结果:一键优化最佳优化AV间期120～180(158.33±19.46)ms之间和VV间期4～28(15.83±7.12)ms之间,临床症状改善,6 min步行距离由(254.03±26.98)增加至(346.82±31.59)m,QRS时限由(134.64±16.48)ms降至(110.00±11.68)ms,P=0.001,P＜0.05.置入后左室舒张末内径较置入前明显缩小[(73.86±9.85)mm对(60.93±9.07)mm,P<0.05];左室射血分数提高[(0.29±0.04)对(0.52±0.09),P＜0.01];VTI(主动脉前向血流速度时间积分)由(16.41±3.71)增加至(21.83±4.80),P＜0.05;血浆BNP值由置入前(925.89±404.54)ng/L降至(77.57±16.52)ng/L,P＜0.05.结论:一键优化可以提高CRT对慢性心力衰竭患者中远期疗效.     

心脏再同步治疗AV、VV间期优化对缺血性与扩张性心肌病的疗效比较

目的比较AV、VV间期优化的心脏再同步治疗(CRT)对缺血性与扩张性心肌病患者的疗效。方法 2例缺血性心肌病与24例扩张性心肌病患者因心力衰竭植入CRT的患者分别于术后1 w及6个月行超声心动图以及组织多普勒,测定左心室舒张末期直径(LVED)、射血分数(LVEF)、舒张期二尖瓣反流速度时间积分(VTImr)、主动脉瓣射血时间速度积分(VTIa)、右心室侧壁与左心室壁收缩达峰时间差及间隔对左心室后壁的运动延迟时间差(SPWMD)。植入术后1 w在超声指导下行AV、VV间期优化。结果 AV、VV间期优化后随访6个月,缺血性心肌病组与扩张性心肌病组比较:LVED(P=0.48)及LVEF(P=0.88)均无差异;VTIa(P=0.55)及VTImr(P=0.98)均无差别;右心室侧壁与左心室壁收缩达峰时间差(P=0.49)及SPWMD(P=0.15)均无差异。结论缺血性心肌病组与扩张性心肌病对AV、VV间期优化的CRT均反应良好,两者无明显差异。     

动态优化AV/VV间期心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭的中远期疗效

目的 观察动态优化AV/VV间期心脏再同步化治疗（CRT）慢性心力衰竭的中远期疗效。方法 19例心衰晚期患者接受CRT治疗,分别于植入前、植入术后1周、3、6及12个月在心脏彩超指导下优化AV/VV间期治疗,同时观察心腔结构、二尖瓣返流、主动脉瓣射血速度时间积分（AVTI）、心电图以及测定血浆脑钠肽（BNP）水平等,评价其血流动力学改变。结果 动态优化下最佳优化AV间期120～180 ms （158.33±19.46 ms）之间和VV间期4～28 ms （15.83±7.12 ms）之间临床症状改善,6分钟步行距离由255.71±21.58 m增加至397.37±11.35 m（P0.001）,QRS时限由138.79±16.06 ms降至105.53±8.80 ms（P<0.05）。植入后左心室舒张期末内径（LVEDD）较植入前明显缩小（73.53±9.41 mm比54.11±3.41;P<0.05）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）较植入前明显提高（31%±3%比58%±6%;P<0.01）;AVTI由14.69±1.48优化后增加至20.52±1.18（P<0.05）,血浆BNP水平由植入前的1069.02±501.85 ng/L降至81.26±31.51 ng/L（P<0.05）。结论 动态优化AV/VV间期可以改善患者的血流动力学,提高CRT对慢性心力衰竭患者中远期疗效。     

心脏再同步化治疗充血性心力衰竭的临床分析

目的:观察心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)脉冲起搏器对充血性心力衰竭患者的临床疗效。方法:选择10例心功能NYHAⅢ～Ⅳ级、起搏前心电图QRS平均时限≥140ms患者,植入CRT起搏器。应用超声心动图测定CRT起搏器植入前和术后1年后左心功能变化。结果:植入CRT起搏器后,NYHA分级、6min步行距离明显改善,左心室射血分数和舒张充盈增加,心电图QRS时限缩短。结论:心脏再同步化治疗充血性心力衰竭疗效明显。     

CRT治疗慢性心衰的临床观察

目的观察心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者的临床疗效。方法选择2006年5月～2009年4月植入CRT起搏器的患者8例,其中7例为窦性心律;1例为房颤。优化AV间期及/或VV间期等参数,随访10.1±8.9个月,观察患者心功能改善情况、QRS波时限改变和左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、二尖瓣返流及左/右心室不同步等心脏超声参数的变化。结果所有8例患者植入CRT起搏器后,心功能分级与LVEF提高,临床症状明显减轻,6分钟步行距离增加,QRS波时限、LVEDD及MR减少,左/右心室不同步明显改善,心衰平均住院时间减少约33%(p0.05);1例患者CRT植入后13个月发生VT/VF猝死。结论CRT可明显改善CHF患者的心功能,缓解临床症状并提高生活质量;对可能发生VT/VF的高危CHF患者,置入CRT(D)可预防心源性猝死。     

心脏再同步化治疗起搏参数优化对心脏同步性及心功能的影响

目的 应用组织多普勒研究心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)术后A-V、V-V间期优化对心脏同步性能及心功能的影响,探索A-V、V-V间期优化在增强CRT临床疗效中的作用.方法 32例慢性心力衰竭患者接受CRT治疗,于术后7天、3个月、6个月进行A-V、V-V间期优化,观察心脏同步性和心功能变化.采用彩色超声诊断仪进行图像采集及下线分析.结果 经观察,术后7天、3个月、6个月的A-V间期需行优化的例数分别为28例、10例、6例,V-V间期需行优化的例数分别为29例、6例、5例.与CRT术前相比:CRT治疗术后未优化时的左室12节段组织速度达峰时间标准差明显改善[(68.8±26.4)ms与(41.6±23.1)ms,P＜0.01],左室射血分数增加[(28±4)%与(31±3)%,P＜0.05],主动脉瓣前向血流速度时间积分增加[(13.6±3.1)cm与(15.5±4.3)cm,P＜0.05],舒张早期跨二尖瓣血流峰速和舒张早期心肌组织运动峰速的比值下降(13.1±5.3与9.3±4.3,P＜0.05),左室舒张充盈时间延长[(313.2±93.6)ms与(368.6±97.1)ms,P＜0.05].与术后未优化时相比:术后7天优化心脏同步性指标进一步改善(P＜0.05),心功能指标无明显改变;术后3个月、6个月优化与术后7天优化相比,心脏同步性指标无明显改变,P＞0.05;术后6个月优化的左室射血分数增加,左室舒张充盈时间延长,P＜0.01.结论 CRT术后7天,A-V、V-V间期优化治疗改善心脏同步指标;术后6个月优化进一步改善心功能.     

心脏再同步治疗难治性心力衰竭的临床应用

目的评价心脏再同步治疗（CRT）难治性心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法21例难治性心力衰竭患者接受CRT治疗;左心室导线采用经心脏静脉血管径路植入或开胸直接缝合左心室心外膜导线。植入术后定期随访,分析患者心功能、活动耐量、生活质量评分、QRS时限、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）等指标的变化,评价CRT的临床疗效,测试起搏参数并在超声心动图指导下优化AV间期和VV间期。结果21例患者成功植入CRT,其中3例患者因心脏静脉血管畸形而采用开胸植入左心室心外膜导线。平均随访（9．8±9．5）个月,死亡3例;2例患者因心力衰竭症状复发再住院;其余患者心功能分级、生活质量评分、活动耐量较植入术前有显著改善;植入术后1个月LVEF明显提高（0．31±0．06对0．37±0．05,P〈0．01）;二尖瓣反流程度[（2．24±0．89）级对（1．43±0．75）级,P〈0．01];LVEDD植入术后6个月明显减小（（71．91±8．38）mm对（68．82±10．80）mm,P〈0．05];QRS时限分析显示CRT治疗有效组术后明显变窄（（162．50±24．08）ms对（142．50±19．15）ms,P〈0．05],无效组变化不明显[（148．00±10．95）ms对（138．00±4．47）ms,P〉0．05]。1例患者左心室导线脱位。右心房和右心室起搏导线的阈值、感知灵敏度及阻抗均在正常范围,左心室导线各参数,除1例患者阈值升高外余均正常。3例开胸植入心外膜导线患者除1例于植入术后第5个月心脏性猝死,余2例分别随访18个月和26个月,左心室导线阈值分别为0．5V／0．4ms和1．0V／0．4ms。CRT治疗的总临床有效率为76．2％。结论CRT治疗难治性心力衰竭有效,能恢复患者心脏电活动和机械活动的同步性,显著改善心功能。QRS时限变窄是CRT疗效的重要预测指标。     

Cardiac resynchronization therapy increases plasma levels of the endogenous inotrope apelin

BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been introduced to treat drug refractory chronic heart failure (CHF). Apelin, the endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, is under evaluation for its potential role in human CHF pathophysiology. This study aims to assess whether biventricular pacing affects plasma apelin levels in patients with severe CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fourteen patients (9 men, 5 women, mean age 68+/-13 years) undergoing biventricular pace-maker/ICD implantation were studied. Patients underwent baseline clinical and echocardiographic evaluation, and assessment of plasma apelin and NT-proBNP levels. The evaluation was repeated 48 h and 9+/-2 months after device implantation to assess the acute and chronic effects of CRT on apelin and NT-proBNP levels. Eight healthy age- and sex-matched subjects served as controls. In CHF patients, baseline apelin levels were reduced and NT-proBNP increased compared to control subjects (apelin: 0.47+/-0.2 vs. 0.97+/-0.3 ng/mL, p<0.001; NT-proBNP: 2007+/-114 vs. 229+/-72 pmol/L, p<0.001). Short-term evaluation did not reveal any effect of CRT on apelin or NT-proBNP levels. By contrast, at 9+/-2 months follow-up, CRT responders showed left ventricular reverse remodelling and an increase in ejection fraction, together with a significant increase in plasma apelin levels (0.99+/-0.1 vs. 0.47+/-0.2 ng/mL, p<0.001) and decrease in NT-proBNP (938+/-591 vs. 2007+/-114 pmol/L, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term CRT increases plasma levels of the endogenous inotrope apelin in patients with CHF.     

Decrease in plasma B-type natriuretic peptide early after initiation of cardiac resynchronization therapy predicts clinical improvement at 12 months

BACKGROUND: Decrease in neurohormonal activation during pharmacotherapy for chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with haemodynamic and clinical improvement. We tested the hypothesis that changes in neurohormonal activation after initiation of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) predict its long-term clinical effect. METHODS: The study group included 43 patients with CHF (37 males, mean age 62+/-9 years, NYHA class 3.2+/-0.4, QRS duration 195+/-24 ms) who underwent successful implantation of a CRT system. Pharmacotherapy remained stable during the first 3 months of follow-up. Plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and big endothelin-1 (big ET-1) were evaluated before and 3 months after implantation. Clinical, echocardiographic and exercise parameters were monitored for a mean period of 25.8+/-6.7 months. RESULTS: At 12 months of follow-up 13 non-responders were identified (no improvement in NYHA class (n=10), urgent heart transplantation (n=2) and death due to progressive heart failure (n=1)). CRT resulted in a significant reduction in neurohormone levels (BNP 345.4+/-346 vs. 267.7+/-320.8 pg/ml, p<0.01, big ET-1 3.11+/-1.50 vs. 2.50+/-1.56 fmol/ml p<0.05), especially in responders. Percentage change in BNP level was a stronger predictor of long-term clinical improvement than clinical, echocardiographic and exercise parameters at 3 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Percentage change in plasma BNP levels from baseline to 3 months was the strongest predictor of long-term response to CRT and may have potential to predict outcome.     

Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator implantation on health status in patients with mild versus moderate symptoms of heart failure

Indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) have expanded to include patients with mild congestive heart failure (CHF) symptoms (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class II) because of a demonstrated morbidity reduction in this subset of patients. However, little is known about postimplantation changes in their self-reported health status compared to patients with more severe CHF. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of baseline NYHA functional class on health status changes in the first 12 months after implantation of a CRT with defibrillator (CRT-D). Patients with first-time CRT-D (n = 169, 75% men, mean age 62.1 ± 10.7 years) were recruited from 3 Dutch hospitals. All patients completed the SF-36 Health Survey at the time of implantation and at 12 months after implantation. Mildly (NYHA functional class II; n = 54) and moderately (NYHA functional class III; n = 115) symptomatic CHF patients showed improved health status in several SF-36 domains at 12 months after CRT-D. When adjusting for baseline health status, the groups did not differ with respect to their health status improvement over time, but after adjustment for demographic and clinical factors, the mildly symptomatic patients reported relatively more improvement in general health (B = 10.15, SE = 3.31, p = 0.003) and social functioning (B = 10.64, SE = 3.74, p = 0.005). In conclusion, NYHA functional class II patients reported equal, and in some domains even more, improvement in health status compared to NYHA functional class III patients at 12 months after CRT-D. Hence, CRT not only prevents clinical adverse events in patients with mild CHF symptoms but also improves health status.     

Atrial fibrillation burden during the post-implant period after crt using device-based diagnostics

AF Burden After CRT Implantation. AIMS: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is increasingly used in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients (with cardiac dyssynchrony). In addition to delivering therapy, CRT devices offer a variety of diagnostic tools for continuous long-term monitoring of clinically relevant information (i.e., occurrence and duration of arrhythmia episodes). METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty-four patients with drug-refractory CHF in NYHA-class II-IV received a CRT device. The response to CRT was assessed by determining NYHA class at baseline and at 3 months follow-up. Atrial fibrillation (AF) burden (defined as time of AF per day) was continuously measured by the device. A significant gradual reduction of AF burden (from 9.88 +/- 12.61 to 4.20 +/- 9.24 [hours/day]) and number of patients experiencing AF episodes (from 26 to 13) were observed during CRT. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Diagnostic features for long-term monitoring of physiological variables provide useful information on the state and course of AF and may improve disease management. (2) AF burden reduces over time during the first 3 months after CRT implantation.     

Long-term clinical effect of hemodynamically optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and ventricular conduction delay

OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the short- and long-term clinical effects of atrial synchronous pre-excitation of one (univentricular) or both ventricles (biventricular), that provide cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). BACKGROUND: In patients with heart failure (HF) who have a ventricular conduction delay, CRT improves systolic hemodynamic function. The clinical benefit of CRT is still being investigated. METHODS: Forty-one patients were randomized to four weeks of first treatment with biventricular or univentricular stimulation, followed by four weeks without treatment, and then four weeks of a second treatment with the opposite stimulation. The best CRT stimulation was continued for nine months. Cardiac resynchronization therapy was optimized by hemodynamic testing at implantation. The primary end points were exercise capacity measures. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: The left ventricle was selected for univentricular pacing in 36 patients. The clinical effects of univentricular and biventricular CRT were not significantly different. The results of each method were pooled to assess sequential treatment effects. Oxygen uptake during bicycle exercise increased from 9.48 to 10.4 ml/kg/min at the anaerobic threshold (p = 0.03) and from 12.5 to 14.3 ml/kg/min at peak exercise (p < 0.001) with the first treatment, and from 10.0 to 10.7 ml/kg/min at the anaerobic threshold (p = 0.2) and from 13.4 to 15.2 ml/kg/min at peak exercise (p = 0.002) with the second treatment. The 6-min walk distance increased from 342 m at baseline to 386 m after the first treatment (p < 0.001) and to 416 m after the second treatment (p = 0.03). All improvements persisted after 12 months of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac resynchronization therapy produces a long-term improvement in the clinical symptoms of patients with HF who have a ventricular conduction delay. The differences between optimized biventricular and univentricular therapy appear to be small for short-term treatment.     

CRT疗效及临床评价方法的研究

目的观察心脏再同步化起搏器（cardiac resynchronization therapy CRT）治疗慢性心力衰竭（chronic heartfailure,CHF）的临床评价方法及疗效。方法选择2010年12月至2013年12月于我院成功植入CRT的慢性心力衰竭患者36例。在治疗前及治疗后6个月,对患者进行NYHA分级评价,应用心脏超声评价患者LVEF（左室射血分数）、LVMI（左室质量指数）、LVEDVI（左室舒张末期容量指数）、LVESVI（左室收缩末期容量指数）等左室功能指数,同时采用酶联免疫法（Enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay,ELISA）检测两组患者治疗前后NT-proBNP及TnT的浓度变化,并进行统计学分析其差异性。结果治疗6个月时,患者LVEF、LVMI、LVEDVI、LVESVI及NYHA心脏功能分级均较治疗前有明显改善,且有统计学差异（p均〈0.05）;患者NT-proBNP及TnT的浓度较治疗前显著降低,且有统计学差异（p〈0.05）。结论 CRT-D明显改善慢性心衰的心功能,提高患者生活质量及运动耐量,通过检测患者NT-proBNP、TnT水平变化可以对心脏再同步化治疗临床疗效做出评价。