超声诊断胸腹联体双胎并多发畸形1例

正女,23岁,孕13+2周,孕1产0,彩色多普勒超声检查疑为联体双胎。超声所见:宫内可见2个胎头回声,位于同一水平面(图1),双顶径分别为21及22 mm,颅骨光环完整,颅内结构未见明显异常。多切面扫查显示2个胎儿自胸部至腹部相连,相连胸腔内可见共用1个心脏(图2),右侧胎儿心脏四腔心及“十”字交叉可见,为完全型大动脉转位,左侧胎儿心脏为单心室,两胎儿的心房及心室相通,心室相通处宽约     

产前超声对胎儿先天性心脏病的诊断价值

目的:探讨胎儿先天性心脏病(简称先心病)的超声诊断价值。方法:采用彩色多普勒超声对41875例孕20周以上的胎儿常规进行心脏普查,并与尸解及生后心脏手术结果及随访结果对照。结果:发现20例胎儿有先天性心脏缺陷,其中完全性心内膜垫缺损2例,原发孔性房间隔缺损3例,单心房、单心室、右室双出口、三尖瓣下移畸形各2例,室间隔缺损5例,法乐四联症2例。产前超声确诊16例,漏诊4例。结论:21孕周以上常规采用顺序显示法(四腔切面-五腔切面-左室长轴切面-大动脉短轴切面)进行胎儿心脏超声检测对先心病的诊断具有重要价值。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断11～14孕周胎儿心脏结构异常的价值

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声(TVCDS)诊断11～14孕周胎儿心脏结构异常的方法和价值。资料和方法对125例11～14孕周、有高危妊娠病史或经腹检查不满意的孕妇进行经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查,并与胎儿引产结果及产后超声心动图进行对照。结果 125例中发现胎儿心脏异常5例。除外1例室间隔小缺损,随访均与阴道彩色多普勒超声心动图检查结果相符。结论经阴道彩色多普勒超声心动图对早期诊断胎儿心脏结构异常有重要的临床应用价值。     

胎儿复杂先天性心脏病超声分段诊断价值

目的：探讨胎儿复杂先天性心脏病（先心病）超声分段诊断价值。方法：2003年3月-2008年10月22160例接受胎儿心脏超声筛查的孕妇,取胎儿心脏超声筛查的5个标准切面,发现异常时根据心脏节段进行扫查,并叠加彩色多酱勒血流显像,观察各房室及大动脉血流分布和血流方向,综合分析先心病类型。结果：22160例胎儿中检出复杂先天性心脏病62例,其中21例合并心外畸形。43例在本院引产,23例尸检,其中22例尸检与产前超声诊断相符,1例右室双出口误诊为法洛四联症。结论：复合性先心病的畸形复杂,变化较多,以超声分段诊断方法结合彩色多普勒超声可提高复杂先心病的检出率及诊断准确性。     

超声对胎儿心脏粘液瘤的诊断价值

为提高对胎儿期心脏粘液瘤的认识,评价超声心动图在胎儿期心脏粘液瘤诊断中的应用价值,本文收集2000年1月~2005年8月胎儿超声心动图怀疑为心脏粘液瘤,并经引产后病理证实的3例患者资料分析总结如下。1材料与方法本组共3例其中男性胎儿2例,女性胎儿1例。初次诊断胎龄分别为30,32及38周,平均孕33周。采用西门子G60型、东芝6000型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率3·5~8MHz。二维超声心动图以四腔心为主要切面,同时取五腔心切面,大动脉短轴切面,左心长轴切面,心室短轴切面,流出道长轴切面等反复探查肿块形态,位置及与周边关系,并结合彩色多普勒…     

超声心动图在诊断胎儿先天性心脏病中的临床价值

目的：探讨应用超声心动图诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的临床意义.材料与方法：对67例先天性心脏病胎儿行胎儿超声心动图检查,着重观察胎儿腹部切面、四腔心切面、左右心室流出道长轴或大动脉短轴切面、胎儿主动脉弓长轴切面.结果：67例先天性心脏病胎儿,其中复杂先天性心脏病部分合并心外畸形39例,单纯室间隔缺损20例、房间隔缺损8例.产后超声心动图随访或引产尸检结果与产前诊断相符.结论：胎儿超声心动图是早期诊断胎儿先天性心脏病比较准确和安全的影像学方法.     

胎儿膈疝的产前超声诊断

目的探讨产前超声诊断胎儿膈疝的临床价值。资料与方法对97490名孕妇进行常规产前超声筛查,对可疑胎儿膈疝病例进行胸腹部多切面扫查,结合彩色多普勒血流显像协助诊断,仔细排查有无其他合并畸形或染色体异常,分析各种类型胎儿膈疝的超声声像图特征。结果产前超声筛查97490名孕妇,检出胎儿膈疝31名,胎儿膈疝发病率0.03%。其中单纯膈疝8例,膈疝合并其他结构异常23例;左侧膈疝26例,右侧膈疝4例,双侧膈疝1例。胎儿膈疝主要超声声像图特征包括:胸腔异常回声;胸腔内囊性结构有蠕动或实性占位,血供来自肝;心脏纵隔移位;胎儿腹围小于相应孕周;常伴羊水过多和其他结构异常。结论产前超声诊断胎儿膈疝有很大的临床价值。     

胸骨上窝特殊切面连续扫描探查小儿双主动脉弓的临床应用价值（附2例报告）

目的：探讨胸骨上窝特殊切面连续扫描探查在小儿双主动脉弓超声诊断中的应用价值,旨在提高超声对双主动脉弓诊断的准确率。方法针对在我科常规进行超声心动图检查的患儿,从剑下、心尖四腔、五腔,左室长轴、短轴、胸骨旁、胸骨上窝等部位顺序连续扫描进行检查,详细检查心房、心室、大动脉的位置,房室连接、心室大动脉连接关系。结果4000余例经过胸骨上窝长短轴及过渡切面连续扫描排除主动脉弓异常,2例经上述特殊切面扫描心脏彩超诊断为双主动脉弓所致血管环,1例行心脏CT进一步证实该诊断并在全麻下行“双主动脉弓矫治术”。另1例患儿无明显临床症状在随访中。结论超声心动图能较准确地诊断小儿双主动脉弓,关键在于胸骨上窝特殊切面的连续扫描及细致探查。     

彩色多普勒超声三血管气管切面诊断胎儿心脏大血管异常的临床价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声三血管气管切面在诊断胎儿心脏大血管异常的应用价值。方法选取我院诊断为心脏大血管异常的畸形胎儿73例患者作为观察对象,采用GE Voluson E8彩色多普勒超声诊断仪做血管气管切面(the three vessels and trachea view,3VT)扫描,探查胎儿心脏大血管情况。结果胎儿心脏大血管切面超声检查结果中,胎儿超声三血管异常检出率为97.26%(71例),其中管径异常检出35例(47.95%),血管位置发育异常19例(26.03%),血管数量异常17例(23.29%),与病理检测结果无明显差异,不存在统计学意义(P>0.05);超声诊断35例血管管径异常中,主动脉异常17例,肺动脉异常18例,漏诊1例轻度肺动脉瓣狭窄异常;19例血管位置异常中有18例血管位置顺序异常,漏诊1例与右位主动脉弓位置异常;17例患者血管数量异常中,14例血管数量增加,3例永存动脉干数量减少。结论彩色多普勒超声三血管气管切面诊断胎儿心脏大血管异常,可以得到更清晰准确的三血管气管结构,以更便捷有效。     

超声五切面在筛查胎儿先天性心脏病中的临床价值

目的探讨超声五切面(UAT、4C、LVOT、RVOT和3VT)在产前筛查胎儿先天性心脏病中的临床价值。方法采用超声五切面对9237例孕16～41周胎儿进行心脏超声筛查,发现心血管异常或可疑异常,即进行详细的胎儿超声心动图检查。将产前超声检查结果与引产后尸解结果和产后超声心动图检查结果进行对照分析。结果 9237例胎儿产前超声诊断胎儿先天性心脏病38例,其中4例(10.53%,4/38)合并其它心内畸形,11例(28.95%,11/38)合并心外畸形。胎儿心脏畸形在五切面上的产前超声图像特征包括腹部大血管位置异常、心尖指向异常、非四腔心结构、四腔心不对称、室间隔缺损、冠状静脉窦扩张、室壁增厚、心腔占位、胸部大血管连接、数目、位置、瓣膜和内径比例异常、房室瓣反流、穿隔血流、主、肺动脉弓血流反向。38例胎儿心脏畸形均经病理解剖或产后随访验证,其中36例与产前诊断结果符合,1例法洛四联症误诊为永存动脉干,1例主动脉弓缩窄胎儿经产后超声心动图复查正常。漏诊3例,包括2例室间隔缺损和1例房间隔缺损。超声五切面筛查胎儿先心病的敏感度为90.24%,特异度为100%。结论超声五切面在产前筛查胎儿先天性心脏病中具有重要的临床价值,能够筛查出大多数的先心病,但对部分室间隔缺损和房间隔缺损易漏诊。     

Thallium myocardial scintigraphy in congenitally-corrected transposition of the great arteries

A case of congenitally-corrected transposition of the great arteries is presented with the correlation of thallium scintigraphic results with catheterization data. The essential features of the thallium scintigrams were marked counterclockwise rotation of the heart with perfusion abnormalities of the inferior wall and apex. Since patients with congenitally-corrected transposition of the great arteries may present with the symptom of chest pain, the diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries should be considered in patients with marked counterclockwise rotation of the heart and segmental perfusion abnormalities on thallium scintigraphy.     

MSCTA对肺周围病变侵犯段以下肺动脉的诊断价值

目的：探讨MSCTA对肺周围病变侵犯段以下肺动脉的诊断价值。方法：对362例肺周围病变行16层螺旋CT肺动脉造影,对其中段以下肺动脉受侵犯且经病理证实的35例进行分析。结果：段以下肺动脉可疑侵犯5例（良性2例,恶性3例）;轻度侵犯18例（良性1例,恶性17例）;重度侵犯12例（良性0例,恶性12例）。肺动脉轻重度侵犯对恶性病变的诊断准确率达96.7%,但肺动脉侵犯程度与良恶性结果间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：16层螺旋CT肺动脉造影能很好地显示周围病变侵犯段或亚段肺动脉的部位和程度,对诊断恶性病变具有重要参考价值。     

单发右位心的心血管造影与外科术后诊断对比研究

目的比较单发右位心的心血管造影与外科术后诊断,评价心血管造影诊断结果的准确性,探讨最佳的造影方法及投照体位.方法27例先天性单发右位心病例接受外科姑息性或根治手术治疗,回顾性分析其心血管造影资料（常规左、右室造影,其中8例行选择性心房造影,18例加行双斜位）,根据先天性心脏病节段分析法原则,将其与外科术后诊断进行对比研究.结果心血管造影诊断与外科术后诊断结果对比显示22例诊断基本一致,5例不一致,包括1例解剖校正型大动脉错位误诊为功能校正型大动脉错位,1例完全性大动脉错位误诊为功能校正型大动脉错位,1例单心室误诊为右室双出口（合并心房不定位误诊为心房正位）,2例解剖左室双出口误诊为功能校正型大动脉错位.结论单发右位心并复杂的心血管病畸形,因解剖复杂,在常规行双侧心室造影和正侧位造影基础上加行选择心房造影和双斜位造影,有利于达到准确诊断的目的.     

Detection of Segmental Branch Renal Artery Stenosis by Doppler US: A Case Report

In stenosis of a segmental branch or among multiple renal arteries, Doppler sampling of intrarenal arteries in the upper, mid and lower poles demonstrates strikingly different waveform patterns that might otherwise be overlooked. We report a case of segmental branch renal artery stenosis in which a pulsus parvus et tardus waveform was observed in a segmental branch of a renal artery. In this case, systematic analysis of Doppler waveforms of intrarenal arteries at more than three different locations facilitated a rapid and confident diagnosis of segmental branch renal artery stenosis.     

Segmental bronchovascular anatomy of the lower lobes: CT analysis

A systematic evaluation of the anatomic relationships of the segmental bronchi, arteries, and veins of 107 right and 113 left lower lobes was made from CT scans of patients with normal chest radiographs. The classic taxonomies of Boyden and Jackson and Huber were used for nomenclature. Identification of individual structures was based primarily on careful analysis of contiguous CT slices. The frequency of identification of each of the major segmental bronchi and their corresponding arteries was established, and variations in the number and position of arteries were recorded at four transverse levels on the right side and three levels on the left side. The segmental venous tributaries of the inferior pulmonary vein were also identified. Although there is considerable constancy in the anatomy of the lower lobe segments, variation from the dominant pattern occurred in as many as 20% of cases. Sometimes major segmental bronchi were not identified and presumably varied in their origin. The segmental arteries may be single, duplicate, or even triplicate. Within the segments, the arteries generally lie toward the lung periphery relative to their corresponding bronchi, thus being anterior, lateral, or posterior. The segmental veins generally lie central to their bronchi, thus being posterior, medial, or anterior. Knowledge of prevailing patterns and variant appearances of the lower-lobe vascular structures can be helpful in interpreting CT scans. Such knowledge is a prerequisite for the identification of pulmonary nodules in the vicinity of vascular structures and the recognition of intersegmental lymph nodes and aberrant vessels.     

Origins of the segmental arteries in the aorta: an anatomic study for selective catheterization with spinal arteriography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The segmental arteries, which include the posterior intercostal, subcostal, and lumbar arteries, are gateways for performance of selective spinal arteriography of the thoracolumbar level. We performed a cadaveric study to clarify the anatomic relationship between the origins of the segmental arteries in the aorta and the vertebral column. METHODS: Five adult cadaveric aortas with intact thoracolumbar spines were dissected under magnification. In each specimen, nine pairs of posterior intercostal arteries, one pair of subcostal arteries, and four pairs of lumbar arteries were examined in detail. RESULTS: The origin of the posterior intercostal arteries in the upper thoracic level was situated at most about two levels caudal to the feeding level, whereas the origins in the lower levels were just caudal to the corresponding levels. The position of the bilateral orifices of the segmental arteries in the axial plane of the aorta was on the medial side at the thoracic levels, whereas it was on the dorsal side at the lumbar level. The horizontal distance between the orifices in the lumen of aorta was found to be wider at the thoracic level than the lumbar level, and the longitudinal distance was higher at the lower level, corresponding to the height of the vertebra. CONCLUSION: Understanding the 3D relationship of the initial segment of the segmental arteries with reference to the aorta and vertebral column is necessary for performance of the selective spinal arteriographic examination rationally by using a two-dimensional fluorescent display.     

Pulmonary embolism: optimization of small pulmonary artery visualization at multi-detector row CT

PURPOSE: To compare the frequency of well-visualized pulmonary arteries according to anatomic level by using different collimation with single- and multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) in patients suspected of having acute pulmonary embolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were examined with one of three techniques (20 patients each). Group 1 was examined with single-detector row CT with 3-mm collimation and 1.3-1.6 pitch; groups 2 and 3, with multi-detector row CT with 2.5- and 1.25-mm collimation, respectively. Three thoracic radiologists independently reviewed examination findings to determine if each main, lobar, segmental, and subsegmental artery was well visualized for presence of pulmonary embolism. chi2 tests were performed. For well-visualized vessels, the presence and/or absence of pulmonary embolism was recorded and kappa statistic was determined. RESULTS: Reader 1 scored 95% (114 of 120), 96% (115 of 120), and 99% (119 of 120) of lobar arteries (P >.05); 76% (304 of 400), 86% (346 of 400), and 91% (363 of 400) of segmental arteries (P <.001); and 37% (300 of 800), 56% (448 of 800), and 76% (608 of 800) of subsegmental arteries as well visualized (P <.001) using techniques 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Reader 2 scored 97% (116 of 120), 95% (114 of 120), and 99% (119 of 120) of lobar arteries (P >.05); 77% (308 of 400), 87% (349 of 400), and 93% (371 of 400) of segmental arteries (P <.001); and 39% (310 of 800), 53% (422 of 800), and 78% (621 of 800) of subsegmental arteries (P <.001) as well visualized using techniques 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Reader 3 scored 86% (103 of 120), 82% (98 of 120), and 91% (109 of 120) of lobar arteries (P >.05); 63% (252 of 400), 70% (280 of 400), and 85% (339 of 400) of segmental arteries (P <.001); and 39% (310 of 800), 56% (451 of 800), and 71% (572 of 800) of subsegmental arteries (P <.001) as well visualized using techniques 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Sixteen patients had pulmonary embolism. Interobserver agreement for detection of pulmonary embolism was significantly better for segmental and subsegmental arteries for all readers with technique 3 (segmental, kappa = 0.79-0.80; subsegmental, kappa = 0.71-0.76) than that with technique 1 (segmental, kappa = 0.47-0.75; subsegmental, kappa = 0.28-0.54). CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row CT at 1.25-mm collimation significantly improves visualization of segmental and subsegmental arteries and interobserver agreement in detection of pulmonary embolism.     

Segmental and subsegmental pulmonary arteries: evaluation with electron-beam versus spiral CT

PURPOSE: To compare contrast agent-enhanced spiral and electron-beam computed tomography (CT) for the analysis of segmental and subsegmental pulmonary arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries was performed in 56 patients to rule out pulmonary embolism. Electron-beam CT was performed in 28 patients. The other 28 patients underwent spiral CT with comparable scanning protocols. The depiction of segmental and subsegmental arteries was analyzed by three independent readers. The contrast enhancement in the main pulmonary artery was measured in each patient. RESULTS: Analysis was performed in 1,120 segmental and 2, 240 subsegmental arteries. One segmental (RA7, P =.010) and two subsegmental (LA7b, P =.029; RA6a+b, P =.038) arteries in paracardiac and basal segments of the lung were depicted significantly better with electron-beam CT. There was no statistically significant difference between electron-beam and spiral CT in the total number of analyzable peripheral arteries depicted. The mean contrast enhancement in the main pulmonary artery was 362 HU in electron-beam CT studies versus 248 HU in spiral CT studies. CONCLUSION: Detailed visualization of peripheral pulmonary arteries is well within the scope of advanced CT techniques. Electron-beam CT has minor advantages in analyzing paracardiac arteries, probably because of reduction of motion artifacts and higher contrast enhancement. Further studies are needed to establish whether electron-beam CT allows a more confident diagnosis of emboli in these vessels.     

多层螺旋CT对周围肺动脉显示能力的研究

目的比较多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影不同层厚重建对周围肺动脉的显示能力. 资料与方法 21例无肺部疾患和血栓病史的患者行CT肺动脉造影检查,均用0.75 mm准直扫描,分别用0.75 mm/0.5 mm（层厚/层间距）（A组）、1.0 mm/0.6 mm（B组）、1.5 mm/1.0 mm（C组）重建,记录每例患者3种不同重建层厚对段肺动脉、亚段肺动脉、5级和6级肺动脉的显示情况及血管不能显示的原因. 结果 3组人均肺段动脉的显示率均为96.45%（19.29/20）;人均亚段动脉显示率分别为94.42%、93.44%、91.13%,3组间均无显著性差异;A、B、C组对第5级肺动脉的人均显示率分别为80.44%、73.47%、59.02%,A组与C组有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,B组与C组间有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;6级肺动脉3组人均显示率分别为33.75%、31.69%、23.56%,A组与C组有显著性差异（P＜0.01）.段肺动脉不能分析的主要原因是解剖变异（53.33%）和心脏搏动伪影（40%）;A、B组亚段肺动脉不能分析的主要原因是解剖变异和心脏搏动伪影,C组的主要原因是部分容积效应（43.84%）与A组比较有显著性差异（10.87%）（P=0.015）;3组对5级和6级肺动脉不能分析的主要原因均为部分容积效应. 结论多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影0.75 mm、1.0 mm、1.5 mm重建层厚对段肺动脉和亚段肺动脉均有很好的显示率,A、B组对5级肺动脉的显示率也较好.影响亚段肺动脉显示的主要原因是解剖变异和心脏搏动伪影.1.0 mm重建层厚可满足肺动脉的观察和图像处理的需要.