冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者持续吸烟的高危因素研究

目的 研究冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）后患者持续吸烟及其高危因素。方法 回顾性分析阜外心血管病医院2015年7月至2015年9月期间随访的CABG术后的患者临床资料。将术前吸烟的391例患者作为研究对象,按照随访时是否吸烟分为持续吸烟组及戒烟组。采用Logistic多因素回归分析CABG术后患者持续吸烟的高危因素。结果 391例患者中,124例(31.7%)患者仍持续吸烟（持续吸烟组）,而267例(68.3%) 患者术后戒烟成功（戒烟组）。和戒烟组相比,持续吸烟组年龄<60岁比例（71.0%比56.2%）、男性比例（99.2%比94.0%）、脑血管病史比例（16.1%比8.6%）、体重指数≥28 kg/m2比例（39.5%比23.2%）、肌酐清除率（100.3比94.2 mL/min/1.73 m2）均显著增高（P均<0.05）。多因素回归分析表明：年龄<60岁的患者持续吸烟风险为1.92倍（95%可信区间 1.13～3.26）,脑血管病史的患者持续吸烟风险为2.05倍(95%可信区间 1.04～4.04),体重指数≥28 kg/m2的患者持续吸烟风险为1.92倍(95%可信区间 1.14～3.26)。结论 近三分之一CABG术后患者仍持续吸烟。针对年龄<60岁、有脑血管病史、肥胖的CABG术后患者,临床医师应加强其吸烟咨询的管理。     

80岁以上高龄患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术危险因素与手术效果的对比研究

目的:对比研究80岁以上高龄患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的术前、术中危险因素及术后主要并发症。方法:回顾性分析2004-01-01至2009-07-31我院心脏外科行CABG或CABG合并手术的≥80岁高龄患者资料50例(≥80岁组),同时随机抽取同期行CABG或CABG合并手术的60~79岁一般老年患者临床资料50例(60~79岁组)。对两组术前、术中潜在危险因素及术后主要并发症进行对比研究。结果:≥80岁组手术时平均年龄(81.52±1.93)岁,女性18%(9/50);60~79岁组手术时平均年龄(66.80±4.41)岁,女性24%(12/50)。统计分析结果:≥80岁组较60~79岁组外周血管疾病、心律失常、主动脉瓣反流的发生、术前最后一次肌酐值、术前最后一次血糖值、术前使用正性肌力药物的发生均较高(P均0.05或0.01),差异均有统计学意义;左心室射血分数(LVEF)、术前最后一次血红蛋白值、吸烟的发生、体重指数、使用乳内动脉的发生均较低(P均0.05或0.01),差异均有统计学意义。≥80岁组较60~79岁组重症监护时间延长(术后重症监护时间≥5 d)、术后呼吸衰竭、二次开胸止血等3个术后主要并发症的发生较高(P均0.05或0.01),差异均有统计学意义。结论:比较一般老年人,80岁以上的高龄CABG患者具有更多的潜在危险因素,术后主要并发症发生率较高,重症监护治疗时间也有所延长。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗冠心病合并血液透析患者的疗效分析

目的:研究非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗冠心病合并血液透析患者的疗效。方法:收集2008年1月—2020年1月本中心收治的冠心病术前合并血液透析接受CABG治疗的病例资料。其中68例接受常规体外循环停跳CABG治疗(on-pump组),56例接受非体外循环CABG治疗(off-pump组)。对两组患者的住院和早期随访临床资料进行分析比较。结果:与off-pump组比较,on-pump组手术时间、术后呼吸机辅助、重症监护和住院时间均延长,用血量和术后引流量增多,肺部感染发生率上升(均P0.05)。低心排、IABP辅助和30 d病死率在两组之间差异无统计学意义。结论:非体外循环CABG是冠心病合并血液透析患者安全有效的治疗方法,可以减少手术创伤和并发症、缩短住院时间。     

吸烟和戒烟对冠状动脉旁路移植术后远期结果的影响

目的 探讨吸烟和戒烟对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后远期结果的影响。方法 随访2004年1月1日至2005年12月30日在阜外心血管病医院行CABG的患者2541例。根据术前有无吸烟史,将患者分为不吸烟组和吸烟组,吸烟组又进一步分为术前戒烟亚组,术后戒烟亚组,持续吸烟亚组。观察患者的死亡、主要不良心脑血管事件以及心绞痛的发生情况。采用Cox回归模型分析各组患者发生不良事件的风险。结果 随访4.27 ～6.41年（平均随访5.09年）。CABG术后持续吸烟患者的比例为22.1％。Cox多因素回归分析显示：与不吸烟组比较,吸烟组肿瘤原因死亡(RR：2.38,95％ CI:1.06 ～5.36)、主要不良心脑血管事件（RR:1.26,95％ CI:1.01 ～ 1.57）和心绞痛（RR：1.29,95％CI:1.04 ～ 1.59)的发生风险较高;与不吸烟组比较,持续吸烟亚组全因死亡(RR:2.60,95％ CI:1.53～4.46)、心因死亡（RR:2.51,95％ CI:1.32～4.78）、肿瘤原因死亡（RR:5.12,95％ CI:2.08 ～12.59）、主要不良心脑血管事件（RR:1.83,95％ CI:1.42 ～2.34）和心绞痛(RR:1.69,95％ CI:1.33 ～2.16)的发生风险较高;术前戒烟亚组和术后戒烟亚组的死亡、主要不良心脑血管事件和心绞痛的发生风险与不吸烟组相似（均P＞ 0.05）。结论 CABG术后患者持续吸烟比例较高。CABG术后持续吸烟会增加死亡率,主要不良心脑血管事件和心绞痛发生率,戒烟可减少不良事件的发生。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者吸烟及戒烟依从性影响因素调查

目的 探讨影响冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者吸烟及戒烟依从性的相关因素.方法 以问卷调查的方式,对在北京大学人民医院心脏中心接受冠状动脉旁路移植术,并于2008年10月至2009年1月期间在门诊复查的160例冠心病患者进行吸烟及戒烟依从性影响因素调查.将其中问卷填写完整的153例患者分为不吸烟组(72例)和吸烟组(81例),并进行统计分析.结果 不吸烟组对于吸烟危害他人健康认知的比例高于吸烟组(100%比91.4%,P=0.011),不吸烟组对于吸烟与慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关认知的比例也高于吸烟组(80.6%比60.5%,P=0.007),而吸烟组对于吸烟与缺血性心脏病相关认知的比例高于不吸烟组(61.7%比40.3%,P=0.008).吸烟组从朋友同事中获得吸烟及戒烟相关知识和从医护人员中获得吸烟及戒烟相关知识的比例均高于不吸烟组[分别为22.2%比8.3%(P=0.018)和55.6%比26.4%(P=0.000)].吸烟组中,已戒烟患者68例(84.0%),未戒烟患者13例(16.0%).戒烟患者的戒烟依从性比例及家庭成员对患者的戒烟支持比例均高于未戒烟患者[分别为82.4%比38.5%(P=0.001)和94.1%比61.5%(P=0.003)].未戒烟患者术后尼古丁依赖评分较术前显著减低(3.77±2.31比2.46±2.30,P=0.008).结论 冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者对吸烟与冠心病和其他疾病的关联性存在不同程度的认知缺乏.医护人员对患者的戒烟宣教和家庭成员的支持是促使患者成功戒烟的重要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the underlying factors related to smoking and cessation compliance in patients following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Methods From October,2008 to January, 2009, a total of 160 CABG patients received questionnaires concerning smoking and smoking cessation compliance in Peking university people's hospital, 153 patients completed the questionnaires and were divided into non-smoking (72 patients) and smoking group (81 patients). Results Cognition was better in non-smokers than smokers on smoking-related health hazards ( 100% vs. 91.4%,P =0. 011 ) and on the relationship between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (80. 6%vs. 60. 5%, P =0. 007) while cognition was better in smokers than non-smokers on the relationship between smoking and ischemic heart disease (61.7% vs. 40. 3% ,P=0. 008). Compared with non-smoker,smokers acquired significantly more knowledge on smoking and smoking cessation from friends and colleagues (22.2% vs. 8.3%,P=0.018) and from medical professionals (55.6% vs. 26.4% ,P=0.000). In the smoking group, 68 patients quit smoking (84.0%), while the remaining 13 patients failed to quit smoking (16.0%) post CABG. The smoking cessation patients were superior to the smoker patients on smoking cessation compliance (82.4% vs. 38. 5%, P =0.001 ) and support from family members (94. 1% vs.61.5%, P =0. 003). The nicotine dependence scores of current smokers significantly declined after CABG (preoperative3.77±2.31 vs. postoperative 2.46 ±2.30, P=0. 008 ). Conclusions Cognition on the relationship between smoking and coronary heart disease as well as other diseases should be improved in patients underwent CABG. Medical staff and family members play an equal important role on improving the smoking cessation rate for patients post CABG.     

冠状动脉搭桥术术后肺部并发症相关风险因子分析

目的:总结、分析冠状动脉搭桥(CABG)术术后肺部并发症相关风险因子,探讨肺部并发症的预防措施.方法:通过整理114份CABG病历,搜集围手术期相关风险因子和肺部并发症方面的资料,将病例按有无肺部并发症分为两组,进行回顾性病例对照研究.结果:CABG术后并发症中,发生肺部并发症者18例(15.79%),为第二位,仅次于心律失常.肺部并发症的风险预测因子有体重、吸烟、COPD、EF、NYHA分级＞Ⅱ级、CPB、转机时间、阻断时间、同期换瓣;其中COPD、EF、CPB、同期换瓣的影响最为明显.术后肺部并发症中,肺部感染最多见,有11例,发病率为9.65%.肺部感染相关风险因子有体重、吸烟、COPD、EF、NYHA分级＞Ⅱ级、CPB、转机时间、阻断时间;其中吸烟、COPD、CPB、转机时间有较强的预测性.肺间质水肿发病率为4.39%,其相关风险因子有COPD、肾功能不全、EF、NYHA分级＞Ⅱ级、麻醉时间、手术时间、CPB、转机时间、阻断时间、同期换瓣、室壁瘤切除.CPB下CABG组肺部并发症发病率高于不停跳CABG组.肺部并发症组NYHA分级程度高于对照组.结论:戒烟,改善心、肺功能,避免体外循环能减少CABG术后肺部并发症的发生.     

术前呼吸肌训练对吸气肌无力者冠状动脉旁路移植术预后的影响

目的:探讨术前呼吸肌训练对伴有吸气肌无力的(inspiratory muscle weakness,IMW)患者冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后恢复的影响。方法:研究对象为2016-01-2017-01于北京大学第三医院心外科行CABG的99例患者,所有患者术前均接受最大吸气压(maximal inspiratory pressure,MIP)测定,根据MIP占预计值(predicted normal value,PNV)的百分比将患者分为IMW组(MIP/PNV70%)和对照组(吸气肌肌力正常,MIP/PNV≥70%),术前指导IMW患者应用呼吸训练器进行呼吸肌训练,比较2组患者术后机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、术后住院时间、住院病死率、术后6min步行测试及术后并发症等方面的差异。结果:99例患者中共纳入IMW组21例,对照组78例;IMW组患者全部存活出院,对照组中2例患者死亡,差异有统计学意义;IMW组ICU停留时间显著缩短(P0.05),且呼吸机辅助通气时间和术后住院时间并无明显延长(P0.05);术后6min步行测试及术后并发症方面2组间无明显差异。结论:针对存在IMW的患者术前进行呼吸肌训练可明显改善CABG患者的预后。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后肺部感染发生的危险因素分析

目的:分析冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后肺部感染发生的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析1 414例择期行CABG患者的临床资料,根据典型的临床表现、胸片检查以及呼吸道分泌物培养阳性结果,确诊术后肺部细菌性感染。对患者肺部感染可能相关因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:42例(2.97%)患者确诊为术后肺部感染。相较于无肺部感染组,肺部感染患者年龄较大,吸烟、心脑血管病史比例高,左心室舒张末直径较大,左心室射血分数(LVEF)40%比例高,术中应用体外循环比例高,悬浮红细胞输注量较大,体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间较长,术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)、二次气管插管、二次开胸探查的比例高,且呼吸机应用时间和重症监护病房(ICU)住院时间长(P均0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,AKI(OR=16.239,95%CI:7.551～34.924)、呼吸机应用时间48 h(OR=7.457,95%CI:3.44～16.161)、术前长期吸烟(OR=2.20,95%CI:1.018～4.825)、LVEF40%(OR=3.524,95%CI:1.203～10.325)为CABG术后发生肺部感染的独立危险因素。结论:CABG后肺部感染与围手术期多种因素有关,其中术后AKI发生、呼吸机应用时间48 h、术前长期吸烟及LVEF低下是CABG后肺部感染发生的独立危险因素,临床上应积极采取必要措施加以预防,以期进一步改善预后。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉介入治疗后吸烟对临床预后的影响

目的 研究冠心病患者在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后吸烟状态对临床预后的影响.方法 调查592例冠心病患者PCI术前及术后的吸烟状态,根据PCI后吸烟状态将患者分为3组:不吸烟组(n=272)、戒烟组(n=215)及目前吸烟组(n=105),详细记录随访时主要不良心脏事件的发生情况.结果 平均随访19.0个月.术前吸烟率为54.1%,随访时为17.7%.与不吸烟组比较,目前吸烟组患者较年轻(P<0.01),男性较多(P<0.01),高血压病(P<0.05)、糖尿病(P<0.05)较少.病变冠状动脉数(P<0.05)、置人的支架数(P<0.01)也较少,参考冠状动脉的直径较大(P<0.01).与不吸烟组比较,目前吸烟组(0.37%比4.76%,P<0.01)及戒烟组(0.37%比1.40%,P<0.05)的非致死性心肌梗死发生率较高.在校正组间不匹配因素后,logistic多元逐步回归显示随访期间吸烟是PCI术后发生非致死性心肌梗死的危险因素(回归系数为1.28,P<0.01).结论 PCI术后吸烟是术后发生非致死性心肌梗死的危险因素之一.     

左心耳闭塞术是否增加冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期心房颤动发生的风险？——544例患者倾向评分匹配结果分析

目的:探究同期左心耳闭塞术(LAAO)对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者术后早期结局影响,以及是否增加围术期心房颤动发生的风险。方法:回顾性分析中国医学科学院阜外医院2009～2019年接受CABG患者的临床资料,根据患者术前基本特征,将同期接受LAAO的患者与未接受LAAO的患者以1:1的比例进行倾向性评分匹配(PSM),通过对比两者(闭塞左心耳者和未闭塞左心耳者)之间术后死亡、脑卒中等并发症发生情况的差异,评价同期LAAO的安全性及早期结局。结果:共有43 405例接受CABG患者纳入分析,其中有272例患者(0.63%)接受了同期LAAO。272例患者均成功匹配术前基本特征无差异的未接受LAAO的患者。结果显示,配对患者中接受同期LAAO者与未接受LAAO者相比,死亡、脑卒中、术后心房颤动发生率差异均无统计学意义。进一步针对180例(66.2%)术前无心房颤动的患者进行亚组倾向评分匹配,结果显示,术前无心房颤动患者中接受同期LAAO不增加术后新发心房颤动的发生率。结论:CABG同期进行LAAO并不增加围术期并发症的发生及CABG后早期心房颤动的发生率。     

Comparison of conservative and aggressive smoking cessation treatment strategies following coronary artery bypass graft surgery

PURPOSE: Patients who continue to smoke following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) have substantially poorer outcomes than patients able to stop smoking after CABG. This study evaluated the effectiveness of two smoking cessation treatment strategies in patients undergoing CABG. METHODS: Two smoking cessation treatment strategies were compared in smokers who underwent CABG. In the conservative treatment strategy, smokers undergoing CABG were followed up prospectively at monthly intervals. Patients who started smoking again at any time in the year following CABG were asked to enroll in an 8-week smoking cessation program. In the aggressive treatment strategy, smokers undergoing CABG were asked to enroll in an 8-week smoking cessation program starting immediately after hospital discharge. The structure and makeup of the smoking cessation program used in the conservative and aggressive treatment strategies were identical. The primary study outcome was smoking status assessed by self-report and confirmed by expired carbon monoxide at 1.5 months, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were enrolled in the conservative treatment strategy, with 2 patients unavailable for follow-up prior to the first follow-up visit. Of the remaining 17 patients, 14 patients (82%) resumed smoking at an average of 10.3 weeks after CABG. Eleven of these 14 patients (79%) agreed to participate in the smoking cessation program. Based on evaluable patients, 10 of the 17 patients (59%) in the conservative strategy group were not smoking at the 12-month follow-up. Twenty patients were enrolled in the aggressive treatment strategy. All patients agreed to participate in the smoking cessation program. All patients were available for follow-up. At the 12-month follow-up, 17 of 29 patients (85%) in this treatment strategy were not smoking. Point prevalence and continuous abstinence cessation rates were significantly greater in the aggressive treatment strategy compared to the conservative treatment strategy at all follow-up intervals after CABG. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings in a small number of patients, an aggressive smoking cessation intervention is associated with a superior smoking cessation rate compared to a conservative treatment strategy in smokers undergoing CABG. A larger study will be needed to confirm that an early aggressive smoking cessation intervention should be provided to all smokers undergoing CABG.     

Effect of smoking status on mortality and morbidity following coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine the effect of smoking on outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 6 367 consecutive patients who underwent CABG between April 1997 and March 2003. Logistic regression was used to risk adjust in-hospital outcomes, while Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to risk adjust Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Outcomes were adjusted for variables suggested by the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. RESULTS: 947 (14.9 %) patients were current smokers (smoking within 1 month of surgery), while 3857 (60.6 %) were ex-smokers and 1 563 (24.5 %) were non-smokers. After adjusting for differences in case-mix, current smokers were more likely to develop chest infections ( p < 0.001), atelectasis ( p < 0.001), and require ventilation longer than 48 hours ( p = 0.003). Current smokers were also more likely to stay in intensive care for more than 3 days ( p < 0.001). Ex-smokers were not associated with excess mortality ( p = 0.11), while current smokers had significantly increased mortality during follow-up ( p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Patients should be encouraged to stop smoking to maximise the long-term benefits of CABG.     

Pulmonary function in patients with reduced left ventricular function: influence of smoking and cardiac surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The impact of stable, chronic heart failure on baseline pulmonary function remains controversial. Confounding influences include previous coronary artery bypass or valve surgery (CABG), history of obesity, stability of disease, and smoking history. DESIGN: To control for some of the variables affecting pulmonary function in patients with chronic heart failure, we analyzed data in four patient groups, all with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] < or =35%): (1) chronic heart failure, nonsmokers, no CABG (n = 78); (2) chronic heart failure, nonsmokers, CABG (n = 46); (3) chronic heart failure, smokers, no CABG (n = 40); and (4) chronic heart failure, smokers, CABG (n = 48). Comparisons were made with age- and gender-matched patients with a history of coronary disease but no LV dysfunction or smoking history (control subjects, n = 112) and to age-predicted norms. RESULTS: Relative to control subjects and percent-predicted values, all groups with chronic heart failure had reduced lung volumes (total lung capacity [TLC] and vital capacity [VC]) and expiratory flows (p < 0.05). CABG had no influence on lung volumes and expiratory flows in smokers, but resulted in a tendency toward a reduced TLC and VC in nonsmokers. Smokers with chronic heart failure had reduced expiratory flows compared to nonsmokers (p < 0.05), indicating an additive effect of smoking. Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was reduced in smokers and in subjects who underwent CABG, but not in patients with chronic heart failure alone. There was no relationship between LV size and pulmonary function in this population, although LV function (cardiac index and stroke volume) was weakly associated with lung volumes and DLCO. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that patients with chronic heart failure have primarily restrictive lung changes with smoking causing a further reduction in expiratory flows.     

Einfluss des Rauchens auf die Ergebnisse der koronaren Bypasschirurgie

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The proportion of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) with a history of smoking is increasing. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of smoking on outcomes following CABG. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 6,367 consecutive patients who underwent CABG between April 1997 and March 2003 were analyzed retrospectively. Logistic regression was used to risk-adjust inhospital outcomes, while Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to risk-adjust Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Outcomes were adjusted for variables suggested by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. RESULTS: 947 patients (14.9%) were current smokers (smoking within 1 month of surgery), while 3,857 (60.6%) were ex-smokers and 1,563 (24.5%) nonsmokers. After adjusting for differences in case-mix, current smokers were more likely to develop chest infections (p < 0.001), atelectasis (p < 0.001), and require ventilation > 48 h (p = 0.003). Current smokers were also more likely to stay in intensive care for > 3 days (p < 0.001). There was no association between smoking status and in-hospital mortality. Ex-smokers were not associated with excess mortality (p = 0.11), while current smokers had significantly increased mortality during follow-up (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Current smokers are associated with increased respiratory complications, and prolonged stay on intensive care. Although not associated with in-hospital mortality, there appears to be a significant increase in mortality in smokers during a 4-year follow-up period. Patients should be encouraged to stop smoking to maximize the long-term benefits of CABG.     

Smoking cessation reduces mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery: a 20-year follow-up study

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to determine the influence of smoking cessation on mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), which has still not been established clearly. BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is one of the known major risk factors of coronary artery disease. METHODS: One thousand and forty-one patients underwent CABG between 1971 and 1980. The preoperative and postoperative smoking habits of 985 patients (95%) could be retrieved and were analyzed in a multivariate Cox analysis. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 20 years (range 13 to 26 years). Smoking status before surgery did not entail an increased risk of mortality: patients who had smoked before surgery and those who had not smoked in the year before surgery had a similar probability of survival. However, smoking cessation after surgery was an important independent predictor of a lower risk of death and coronary reintervention during the 20-year follow-up when compared with patients who continued smoking. In analyses adjusted for baseline characteristics, the persistent smokers had a greater relative risk (RR) of death from all causes (RR 1.68 [95% confidence interval 1.33 to 2.13]) and cardiac death (RR 1.75 [1.30 to 2.37]) as compared with patients who stopped smoking for at least one year after surgery. The estimated benefit of survival for the quitters increased from 3% at five years to 14% at 15 years. The quitters were less likely to undergo repeat CABG or a percutaneous coronary angioplasty procedure (RR 1.41 [1.02 to 1.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who continued to smoke after CABG had a greater risk of death than patients who stopped smoking. They also underwent repeat revascularization procedures more frequently. Cessation of smoking is therefore strongly recommended after CABG. Clinicians are encouraged to start or to continue smoking-cessation programs in order to help smokers to quit smoking, especially after CABG.     

Early short-term intensive cardiac rehabilitation induces positive results as long as one year after the acute coronary event: a prospective one-year controlled study

AIMS: The one-year effects of early and short-term intensive cardiac rehabilitation programmes in patients after acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) are not well established. METHODS AND RESULTS: One to four weeks after hospital discharge for acute myocardial infarction (n=55) or CABG (n=54), 109 patients were included in a multidisciplinary ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation programme, lasting 2 to 3 months and including a mean of 33 daily sessions. A complete cardiological assessment of the classical coronary risk factors was performed at entry into the study and again 12 months later, that is 9 to 10 months after the end of the rehabilitation programme. Major effects at one-year follow-up were a high rate of aspirin intake, a low rate of smoking (14% of the patients), a 15% increase in physical capacity, a 7 beats/min decrease in resting heart and a 4 mg/dl increase in the HDL-cholesterol. Body weight increased by 4.9 kg in the patients who stopped smoking; the modest increase in body weight in the other patients reflected a partial weight recovery in the CABG patients. Blood pressure levels also increased at the end of the study but our data in CABG patients and their extrapolation to the post MI patients strongly suggest a progressive return of blood pressure to the pre-acute event levels. In a control group matched for age, sex and type of coronary event, no significant modifications were observed after one year, except for an increase in body weight of 1.7 kg (P < 0.000).CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac rehabilitation which started early after an acute coronary event and regularly followed during 2 to 3 months induced beneficial effects which were still present 9 to 10 months later. Weight gain after smoking cessation was prevalent. The lack of changes in the control group reinforced the benefit of cardiac rehabilitation.     

Prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors remain high after coronary bypass graft surgery: a multicentre study among Turkish patients

BACKGROUND: The measures of secondary prevention in patients undergoing coronary bypass graft surgery (CABG) remains largely undetermined in Turkey. DESIGN: We designed a multicentre cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients after CABG and to evaluate the association of demographic-socio-economic factors with secondary prevention in these patients. METHODS: A total of 622 patients who underwent CABG between 1 January 1999 and 15 January 2000 at four centres in Adana, Turkey; 273 (ages 35-77, 208 men) were interviewed and examined 1.0-2.2 years after the procedure. RESULTS: Of 273 patients interviewed, 81.5% were overweight, 65.5% had unhealthy food choices for a lipid-lowering diet, 56.0% were physically inactive, 28.8% were obese and 17.6% were current smokers. Hypercholesterolaemia, elevated blood pressure and fasting blood glucose were found in 65.6, 34.1 and 19.8%, respectively. Of diabetic patients, 63.8% had elevated fasting blood glucose. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers and statins was low. Women had a higher rate of obesity and physical inactivity; smoking was less prevalent in females. More women were taking antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs than men. Logistic regression analysis revealed an association between hypercholesterolaemia and low educational level. CONCLUSION: Turkish patients have a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors related to unhealthy lifestyle and ineffective prophylactic drug use 1 year or more after CABG. Low educational level has a significant influence in this situation.     

Risk Factors for Carotid Artery Stenosis in Chinese Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Interventions

Current guidelines established in the USA and Europe for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) suggest that patients ≥65 and ≥70 years of age, or with certain atherosclerotic-risk factors, should be screened preoperatively for extracranial carotid artery stenosis (CAS) to assess their risk of perioperative stoke. We sought factors that should be taken into consideration when treating Chinese CABG patients using CABG guidelines based on an analysis of CAS in a large cohort of Chinese CABG patients.We analyzed data for 1558 Chinese CABG patients who were screened preoperatively for CAS using duplex ultrasonography at a single institution. We defined significant and severe CAS as ≥50% and ≥70% stenosis, respectively, in one or more common or internal carotid arteries. We investigated the prevalence of CAS, the incidence of perioperative stroke, and the risk factors for CAS in the CABG cohort.The prevalence of CAS in the CABG cohort was 21.2%. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that an age ≥50 years and a history of smoking (odds ratios = 8.36 and 1.83, respectively) were independent risk factors for CAS (P < 0.05 for both). The incidence of perioperative stroke among CABG patients with significant or severe CAS was significantly higher (2.4% and 2.9%, respectively) than in CABG patients with <50% stenosis (0.5%; P = 0.004 and 0.029, respectively).Chinese CABG patients with a history of smoking or ≥50 years of age should undergo preoperative screening for CAS to assess their risk of perioperative stroke.