降钙素原和C-反应蛋白对儿童全身和局部细菌感染的诊断价值

目的 探讨降钙素原（PCT）和C-反应蛋白（CRP）对诊断全身和局部细菌感染的价值。方法 检索2011年1月至2012年6月在深圳市儿童医院住院病史系统中感染性疾病患儿的资料,分为全身细菌感染组（血培养阳性的严重脓毒症和败血症）,局部细菌感染组（急性化脓性扁桃体炎、泌尿系感染及化脓性骨关节炎）,病毒感染组（传染性单核细胞增多症和手足口病）。比较各组PCT、CRP水平和阳性率的差异。绘制受试者工作曲线（ROC）,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,评估PCT和CRP对全身和局部细菌感染的诊断价值。结果 148例患儿进入分析,全身细菌感染组19例,局部细菌感染组55例,病毒感染组74例。①CRP水平(mg·L-1)、PCT水平(μg·L-1)和PCT阳性率局部细菌感染组低于全身细菌感染组（CRP：21.35 vs 76.0,P＝0.001;PCT:0.10 vs 28.09, 32.7% vs 100%,P均<0.001）;CRP水平和阳性率局部细菌感染组高于病毒感染组（21.35 vs 4.0, 73.1% vs 27.0%, P均<0.001), PCT水平和阳性率局部细菌感染组与病毒感染组差异无统计学意义。3组WBC计数差异无统计学意义;WBC阳性率全身细菌感染组高于病毒感染组（84.5% vs 54.0%,P=0.017）,局部细菌感染组与全身细菌感染组、病毒感染组差异无统计学意义。②PCT水平和阳性率局部细菌感染合并全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）患儿显著高于不合并SIRS者（0.40 vs 0.08,P＝0.002;60.0% vs 17.1%, P＝0.001）,CRP水平和阳性率无显著差异。③PCT和CRP诊断全身细菌感染的ROC AUC分别为0.99和0.84;诊断局部细菌感染的ROC AUC分别为0.54和0.78。结论 PCT是识别全身细菌感染和监测局部细菌感染进展而合并SIRS的敏感指标。鉴别局部细菌感染时,CRP较PCT敏感。     

血清降钙素原、前清蛋白和C-反应蛋白测定在感染性疾病中的临床意义

目的 探讨感染性疾病患儿血清降钙素原(PCT)、前清蛋白(PA)和CRP测定的临床意义.方法 感染儿童78例被分为细菌感染组(35例)与病毒感染组(43例).2组患儿均检测血清PCT、CRP和PA水平,并与35例年龄、性别相匹配的健康儿童各检测值进行比较.结果 1.以血清PCT≥0.5μg/L为阳性标准,细菌感染组PCT阳性率为80%(28/35例),病毒感染组为18.6%(8/43例);以血清CRP≥8 mg/L为阳性标准,细菌感染组CRP阳性率为68.6%(24/35例),病毒感染组为23.2%(10/43例).2.与健康对照组比较,细菌感染组PCT、CRP均明显升高(Pa<0.01),PA明显降低(P<0.01);细菌感染组PCT、CRP均高于病毒感染组(Pa <0.05),PA明显低于病毒感染组(P<0.01).结论 PCT、PA和CRP的检测对于细菌性感染和病毒性感染的鉴别诊断有一定价值.     

血清降钙素原在儿童重症监护病房的临床应用

目的 探讨血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)检测在儿童重症监护病房的应用价值.方法 将119例危重患儿分为3组:细菌感染组45例,病毒感染组38例,非感染组36例,回顾分析患儿血清PCT水平,比较PCT检测阴性的非细菌感染危重患儿不用抗生素治疗与经验性使用抗生素的疗效差异.结果 细菌感染组、病毒感染组和非感染组PCT阳性率分别为73.3％,13.2％和13.9％,细菌感染组与病毒感染组、非感染组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),PCT检测阴性的非细菌感染危重患儿不用抗生素治疗与经验性使用抗生素的疗效差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在儿童重症监护病房血清PCT可用作细菌感染与病毒等感染的鉴别诊断指标,指导临床抗生素的合理使用,降低抗生素使用率,减少耐药菌的产生.     

痰液及血清降钙素原联合检测在婴幼儿社区获得性肺炎中的应用

目的通过对社区获得性肺炎（community acquired pneumonia, CAP）婴幼儿联合检测痰液及血清降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）,探讨其在鉴别婴幼儿CAP病原学性质方面的意义。方法2010年8月至2012年9月我院儿科病房婴幼儿CAP病原学诊断明确的435例恩儿,根据病原性质分为3组：细菌感染组243例（混合细菌感染归人此组）,病毒感染组106例,肺炎支原体感染组86例。比较分析痰液及血清PCT水平,同时检测血常规白细胞、C反应蛋白。结果细菌感染组CAP患儿痰液PCT（8．44±1．08）ng／ml,明显高于病毒感染组（0.32±0.12）ng／ml和支原体感染组（0．24±0.17）ng／ml,差异有统计学意义（F=765．03,P〈0．01）;血清PCT检测水平细菌感染组（6．69±1．36）ng／ml,亦高于病毒感染组（0．37±0．22）ng／ml及支原体感染组（0．42±0．28）ng／ml,差异有统计学意义（F=240．46,P〈0．01）;而病毒感染组与支原体感染组间痰液PCT、血清PCT比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。3组患儿血常规白细胞、C反应蛋白水平比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。以痰液、血清PCT〉0．5ng／ml为临界值,细菌感染组痰液、血清PCT阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（86．83％vs73．66％,x^2=13．92,P〈0．05）。痰液、血清PCT诊断婴幼儿细菌性CAP的敏感性分别为86．83％和73．66％,特异性分别为86．98％和88．54％,联合检测痰夜、血清PCT的敏感性、特异性分别为72．02％和94．27％。结论联合检测痰液及血清PCT,对明确婴幼儿CAP病原体性质更具临床价值。     

新生儿感染时血清SAA、CRP检测的临床意义

为寻找有助于早期诊断新生儿败血症及鉴别细菌与病毒感染的方法，采用ELISA方法检测了28例新生儿败血症及20例病毒感染患儿血清SAA、CRP水平，分别与20例对照组新生儿进行比较。结果表明，败血症患儿血清症粉样蛋白A、C反应蛋白（SAA）与(CRP)联合检测的敏感性为96.43％，其中SAA的敏感性明显高于CRP。病毒感染者SAA检测敏感性为100％，而CRP检测对病毒感染不敏感。提示细菌感染者SAA与CRP均升高，病毒感染者仅SAA升高而CRP不升高，因此同时检测SAA与CRP有助于新生儿败血症的诊断并有助于鉴别细菌与病毒感染。     

CD64联合C-反应蛋白及降钙素原检测在新生儿败血症的临床研究

目的 研究CD64联合C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及降钙素原(procalcitonin, PCT)检测对新生儿败血症临床诊断的意义.方法 选取福建医科大学附属福州市第一医院儿科2015年3月至2016年6月收治的经临床确诊为新生儿败血症的70例患儿为败血症组、35例非感染性疾病患儿为非感染组、40例健康新生儿为健康对照组.通过流式细胞仪检测各组新生儿血液CD64,全自动生化分析仪检测血清CRP和PCT,并进行对比分析.结果 败血症组新生儿全血CD64、血清CRP和PCT均显著高于非感染组和健康对照组新生儿(P<0.05);CD64、CRP和PCT联合诊断败血症的敏感性和特异性分别为97.14%和96.00%,均高于3项指标单独诊断新生儿败血症的敏感性和特异性.结论 联合检测CD64、CRP和PCT可以提高新生儿败血症诊断的特异性,为临床早期诊断提供依据.     

血清降钙素原在新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎诊治中的意义

目的 探讨血清降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）在新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎（ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP）诊治中的价值.方法 按照7d内是否发生VAP,将2012年1月至2013年12月入住我院NICU需有创机械通气的60例患儿分为VAP组（30例）和非VAP组（30例）,VAP组患儿再按照随机数字表法随机分为PCT组（15例）和对照组（15例）.两组患儿于机械通气前及机械通气后测定血清PCT、C反应蛋白（C-reactive protein,CRP）及WBC计数,比较各炎症指标对VAP诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值.结果 VAP组患儿机械通气前后血清PCT水平比较差异有统计学意义（t=1.58,P=O.000）,分别为（0.37±0.25） μg/L和（2.17±1.46） μg/L;非VAP组机械通气前后PCT水平无明显变化（t=3.67,P=0.055）.两组患儿机械通气前后血清CRP与WBC计数差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）.以PCT≥0.40 μg/L、CRP≥28 mg/L、WBC≥10×109/L为阳性阈值,三指标对诊断VAP的敏感性分别为93.3％、73.3％、66.7％,其中PCT的特异性为73.3％,阳性预测值为77.8％,阴性预测值为91.7％.PCT组和对照组抗生素使用时间分别为（12.6±5.6）d和（15.1±9.1）d,两者差异有统计学意义（P=0.018）.结论 血清PCT在VAP诊断中有较高的敏感性和特异性,PCT联合临床肺部感染评分可以提高VAP诊断的准确性,及时监测血清PCT有助于VAP的早期诊断,以血清PCT指导抗生素治疗可缩短抗生素疗程.     

MxA蛋白在病毒、细菌感染鉴别中的应用

目的：探讨血MxA蛋白鉴别病毒与细菌感染诊断指标的应用价值。方法：采用流式细胞仪检测64例患儿血淋巴细胞中MxA蛋白和血清C－反应蛋白（CRP）。结果：病毒感染组血MxA蛋白与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0．01），细胞感染组与对照组相比无显著差异；细菌感染组和腺病毒组血清CRP显著高于对照组（P＜0．01），其它病毒感染组CRP未见升高。结论：作为病毒与细菌感染鉴别诊断指标，MxA蛋白较CRP更具有意义。     

血清前降钙素在新生儿重症感染中的诊断价值

目的 探讨血清前降钙素(PCT)在新生儿重症感染中的诊断价值.方法 应用免疫荧光法对115例重症感染新生儿(细菌感染组75例,病毒感染组40例)和30例无感染征象患儿(对照组)入院时进行血清PCT测定,采用免疫散射比浊法检测CRP和WBC计数,检测结果 分为PCT<0.5 μg/L.0.5～2.0μg/L,2.0～10.0μg/L,≥10.0μg/L 4个等级,PCT0.5μg/L为阳性,2.0 μg/L,为强阳性.对明确细菌感染的新生儿复查PCT及CRP水平.结果 细菌感染组PCT阳性率为96%(72/75例).病毒感染组PCT.阳性率为35%(14/40)例),对照组PCT阳性率为6.67%(2/30例).3组间PCT阳性率两两比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.01).细菌感染组PCT强阳性率为44%(33/75例),与病毒感染组(10%)和对照组(0)比较,差异均有显著意义(Pa<0.01);病毒感染组PCT强阳性率与对照组比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05).细菌感染组CRP阳性率明显高于病毒感染组和对照组(Pa<0.05);病毒感染组与对照组CRP比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05).细菌感染组治疗后5例PCT≥10.0μg/L,2例死亡,3例病情恶化自动出院.结论 血清PCT是鉴别细菌感染和病毒感染、细菌感染预后判断及治疗监测的主要指标之一.     

降钙素原对儿童急性肾盂肾炎的诊断价值

目的：探讨降钙素原（PCT）对儿童急性肾盂肾炎（APN）的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析2011年9月至2012年2月诊断为初发的尿路感染（UTI）且年龄<3岁患儿的病例资料,以核素肾静态扫描（99mTc-DMSA）结果作为诊断APN的金标准,比较上尿路感染（APN）及下尿路感染（非APN）患儿血清PCT、CRP的水平,并绘制二者诊断APN的受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）,判断其诊断性能。结果：共65例UTI患儿纳入研究,其中APN 39例,下尿路感染者26例,前者的血清PCT、CRP水平显著高于后者（分别 3.08 ng/mL vs 0.37 ng/mL;6.25 mg/L vs 3.01 mg/L;均P<0.01）。血清PCT诊断APN的敏感性为84.6%,特异性为88.5%,曲线下面积为0.873（95%可信区间为0.781~0.965）,最佳阈值为1.03 ng/mL;血清CRP诊断APN的敏感性为71.8%,特异性为69.2%,曲线下面积为0.735（95%可信区间为0.612~0.858）,最佳阈值为3.91 mg/L。结论：PCT对儿童APN的诊断具有较高的敏感性及特异性,有助于临床对APN的早期识别。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.