慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞TRAIL受体表达及其临床意义

目的探索慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)肿瘤细胞坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)受体在PBMC凋亡中的作用,及其与机体肝脏损伤的相关性。方法用RT-PCR和流式细胞术检测55例慢性乙肝患者(包括轻度、中度、重度)外周血单个核细胞TRAIL各受体(DR4、DR5、DcR1和DcR2)表达水平,同时检测肝功能相关指标,并进行相关性分析。以30例正常人作为对照。结果诱骗受体DcR1在慢性乙肝患者中的表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。DcR1的表达随慢性乙肝病情的加重而逐渐降低。慢性乙肝患者的DcR1表达与转氨酶(ALT)呈显著负相关,与血清白蛋白成显著正相关。结论慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞DcR1表达下调可能是其细胞凋亡增加的机制之一,且DcR1表达情况可从一定程度上反映肝脏的损伤程度。     

TNF-相关诱导凋亡因子及其受体在人胎盘组织中的免疫组织化学定位

目的 探讨TNF相关诱导凋亡因子(TRAIL)及其DR4、DR5受体在人胎盘组织的表达及其意义。方法 免疫组织化学结合图像分析定量方法观察TRAIL及其DR4、DR5受体在人胎盘组织的表达及其含量的周龄变化。结果 人胎盘滋养层细胞、绒毛基质细胞及毛细血管的内皮细胞均呈TRAIL及DR4、DR5受体免疫反应阳性，阳性反应物分布于胞膜及胞质，胞核阴性。在人胎盘绒毛的不同发育阶段中，TRAIL的含量相对稳定，而其受体DR4、DR5的含量随着周龄的增加而升高。结论 结果显示胎盘不仅能产生TRAIL，而且也是TRAIL的靶器官，TRAIL及其DR4、DR5受体系统可能参与胎盘的特免调节。     

重组人可溶性TRAIL分子诱导白血病细胞株凋亡的研究

比较重组人可溶性TRAIL(rhsTRAIL)诱导Jurkat细胞株、K562细胞株以及HL-60细胞株凋亡之间的差异,探讨这些差异与细胞表面TRAIL受体(DR4、DR5、DcR1和DcR2)表达量的关系。不同浓度的rhsTRAIL分别处理Jurkat细胞、K562细胞和HL-60细胞12 h、24 h和48 h后,用流式细胞仪检测经碘化丙啶(PI)染色后的细胞凋亡情况;用RT-PCR方法检测细胞表面受体DR4、DR5、DcR1、DcR2的表达。培养12 h、24 h、48 h后,不同浓度rhsTRAIL诱导Jurkat细胞株的凋亡率均明显高于对照组,且具有剂量依赖性和时间依赖性;但K562细胞株和HL-60细胞株未见明显的凋亡发生。RT-PCR结果显示,培养12 h、24 h、48 h后,Jurkat细胞株表面DR4的表达随时间的延长和rhsTRAIL浓度的升高而升高,而DR5、DcR1和DcR2的表达未检出;K562和HL-60细胞株表面DR4的表达没有明显变化,而且DR5、DcR1和DcR2的表达也未检出。rhsTRAIL诱导Jurkat细胞株的凋亡具有剂量依赖性和时间依赖性,且与其细胞表面DR4的表达呈正相关;在一定的浓度条件下,rhsTRAIL未能诱导K 562和HL-60细胞株发生明显凋亡,且其细胞表面DR4的表达也未见明显变化。这些结果提示,应用TRAIL治疗不同种类白血病时,应注意它的使用剂量和适应范围。     

TRAIL受体在肿瘤细胞系上的表达及意义

目的 检测TNF相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）的受体，在来源于血液系统、肝脏、肺脏和大肠的8个肿瘤细胞系中的表达，并探讨其意义。方法 采用半定量RT－PCR，对TRAIL受体的表达进行半定量检测。结果 TRAIL凋亡通路中，能够诱导凋亡反应的死亡受体DR4和DR5，在所检测的肿瘤细胞系中都有表达，其中DR5在所有肿瘤细胞系中的表达水平均显著高于DR4（P＜0．05）。而能够竞争性与TRAIL诱导的凋亡反应的诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2，在所有的肿瘤细胞中都呈低水平表达或不表达。结论 DR5可能在TRAIL诱导凋亡的通路中发挥最重要的作用。TRAIL死亡受体和诱骗受体在肿瘤细胞系中的表达具有差异性，这种差异性可在一定程度上解释不同细胞对TRAIL诱导凋亡的敏感度。     

β-catenin及DDK1在URSA患者的绒毛滋养层细胞和蜕膜组织中表达

目的分析β-链蛋白(β-catenin)及重组人Dickkopf相关蛋白1(DDK1)在不明复发性流产(unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion,URSA)患者的绒毛滋养层细胞和蜕膜组织中表达,为URSA的诊断与治疗提供理论依据。方法以2014年2月~2016年2月,医院收治的URSA患者40例,作为研究对象,入选病例组,另选择同期收治的正常妊娠早期女性40例,纳入对照组。人工流产术后,取蜕膜以及绒毛组织,一部分迅速放入无RNA酶的EP管中,液氮下保存,进行实时定量PCR,免疫组化染色镜下检查,另一部分直接采用4%福尔马林溶液固定,进行蛋白提取与Western blot分析。结果病例组的绒毛组织、蜕膜组织β-catenin蛋白光密度与细胞中β-catenin蛋白表达低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);病例组绒毛组织、蜕膜组织β-catenin蛋白高表达率低于对照组,病例组细胞滋养细胞膜浅黄色着色率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病例组绒毛组织、蜕膜组织中的DKK1 m RNA水平分别是对照组的1.84、2.34倍。结论 URSA患者的绒毛滋养层细胞和蜕膜组织中β-catenin蛋白表达显著下降,DDK1 m RNA水平上升。     

胰腺导管腺癌中DR5蛋白及mRNA的表达及临床意义

目的检测死亡受体5(death receptor 5,DR5)蛋白及mRNA在胰腺导管腺癌癌组织及癌旁正常组织中的表达及临床意义。方法采用免疫组化法检测DR5在117例胰腺导管腺癌石蜡包埋组织和癌旁正常组织中的表达,并对DR5蛋白表达与胰腺导管腺癌临床病理特征的关系进行系统性分析。同时利用qRT-PCR及Western blot法各检测20例配对的新鲜冻存的胰腺导管腺癌癌组织和癌旁正常组织中DR5蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果免疫组化结果显示,DR5主要表达于癌旁组织细胞的细胞膜中,DR5在胰腺导管腺癌组织中的阳性率为41. 02%(48/117),癌旁正常组织中的阳性率为74. 36%(87/117),两组表达差异有统计学意义(P 0. 001); DR5表达与分化程度(P 0. 05)、TNM分期(P 0. 05)、神经浸润(P 0. 001)以及淋巴结转移情况(P 0. 05)均有明显相关性。qRT-PCR及Western blot结果显示,癌旁正常组织中DR5蛋白及mRNA的表达量均远高于胰腺导管腺癌组织,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P 0. 001)。结论 DR5蛋白表达与胰腺导管腺癌分化程度、TNM分期、神经浸润及淋巴结转移均相关,对其进行检测可用于评估胰腺导管腺癌患者的病情严重程度及预后。     

TRAIL及其受体DR5与动脉粥样硬化关系的初步研究

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子(INF)相关的凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)及其受体DR5与动脉粥样硬化(AS)之间的关系。方法冠心病(CAD)组61例,正常对照组22例。应用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆可溶性TRAIL(sTRAIL)和可溶性DR5(sDR5)水平。免疫组织化学测定冠状动脉TRAIL和DR5蛋白表达情况。结果CAD组血浆sTRAIL和sDR5水平均显著性升高(P<0.001,P<0.05)。3支血管病变组和双支血管病变组血浆sTRAIL和sDR5水平均分别显著高于单支血管病变组和正常对照组(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05)。TRAIL和DR5主要表达于平滑肌细胞的胞质,TRAIL还可表达于AS中的巨噬细胞。AS组冠状动脉的TRAIL和DR5表达明显高于非AS组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论TRAIL及其受体DR5可能参与了AS的进展,其浓度越高,冠状动脉病变越重。     

杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体及其配体HLA-C基因多态性与不明原因早期复发性流产的相关性

目的:探讨杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体及其配体HLA-C基因多态性与不明原因早期复发性流产易感性的关系。方法:留取不明原因早期复发性流产患者(38例,URSA组)及正常早孕妇女(35例,对照组)的蜕膜、绒毛组织,抽提基因组DNA,序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应检测蜕膜组织14种KIR基因的表达;DNA测序法分析绒毛滋养细胞HLA-C1、HLA-C2基因多态性。结果:14种KIR基因均以不同频率表达;KIR2DS1基因的频率在URSA组与对照组中分别为60.27%vs41.18%,两组相比,差异有显著性(P=0.03)。两组基因HLA-C1、HLA-C2在绒毛组织中呈不平衡表达,以HLA-C1基因占明显优势。URSA组与对照组HLA-C1基因频率分别为66.67%、81.03%,两组相比差异无显著性,P=0.657;URSA组HLA-C2的基因频率为33.33%,对照组HLA-C2的基因频率为19.07%,两组相比差异有显著性,P=0.007。结论:蜕膜NK细胞活化性KIR基因频率升高,与绒毛滋养细胞的HLA-C2基因结合,传递活化性信号活化NK细胞,可能是引起URSA发病的免疫遗传学因素之一。     

杭白菊增强TRAIL基因诱导大肠癌细胞凋亡及机制的实验研究

目的：探讨杭白菊提取液对肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体基因（TRAIL）抑制人大肠癌细胞株DLD-1作用的影响及其可能机制。 方法： 杭白菊提取液联合重组腺病毒载体（Ad）介导的TRAIL基因作用于人大肠癌细胞株DLD-1，通过倒置显微镜、MTT比色法和流式细胞仪，研究分析其对DLD-1细胞抑制作用的效果。采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和流式细胞术检测杭白菊提取液作用前后DLD-1细胞TRAIL、TRAIL受体（TRAIL-Rs）mRNA以及细胞表面TRAIL蛋白表达的变化。 结果： Ad/hTERT-gTRAIL对DLD-1细胞的生长抑制率和凋亡率分别为31.4%和13.5%；联合杭白菊提取液后，生长抑制率和凋亡率均显著提高，达93.1%和45.4%（P<0.05）。杭白菊提取液作用后DLD-1细胞TRAIL mRNA的表达量从作用前的0.46上调至1.01, 细胞表面TRAIL蛋白表达的百分率从作用前的2.2%升高到5.0%（P<0.05）。TRAIL死亡受体（DR4、DR5）mRNA的表达量分别从0.70和0.22上调至1.10和0.83（P<0.05），而TRAIL诱骗受体（DcR1、DcR2）mRNA的表达量从0.60和1.15下调至0.19和0.78（P<0.05）。 结论： 杭白菊提取液联合重组腺病毒载体（Ad）介导的TRAIL基因(Ad/hTERT-gTRAIL)能有效诱导DLD-1细胞的凋亡。杭白菊提取液上调TRAIL死亡受体表达以及下调TRAIL诱骗受体的表达可能在增强TRAIL诱导的凋亡作用中起着重要作用。     

HeLa及子宫颈癌组织中的DR5和bcl-2表达及其相关性

目的探讨死亡受体DR5、bcl-2蛋白在HeLa细胞株和宫颈癌组织中表达及其相关性。方法采用流式细胞术检测HeLa细胞株细胞表面DR5表达,免疫组化法检测DR5和bcl-2蛋白在HeLa细胞株的表达情况及在76例宫颈癌(包括鳞癌50份,腺癌26份),30例宫颈上皮肉瘤变(CIN)和20例正常宫颈组织中表达,并分析两者的相关性。结果 HeLa细胞株细胞表面DR5表达率30%;DR5和bcl-2蛋白主要在CIN和宫颈癌细胞质表达,DR5蛋白在宫颈鳞癌、腺癌、CIN和正常宫颈组织中阳性表达率分别是66%、62%、40%和35%。鳞癌组织DR5表达高于腺癌,但无统计学意义(P>0.05);宫颈癌组织中DR5的表达量显著强于CIN和正常宫颈组织,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),CIN与正常宫颈组织比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。bcl-2蛋白在宫颈鳞癌、腺癌、CIN和正常宫颈组织的阳性表达率分别为70%、65%、50%和20%。DR5和bcl-2蛋白在宫颈癌组织中的表达呈正相关(χ2=10.75,P=0.000)。结论 DR5和bcl-2蛋白在宫颈癌组织中的表达呈正相关,DR5蛋白表达可能与宫颈癌的发生、发展有一定的关系。     

甲状腺癌中肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体及其受体的表达

目的　研究肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体 (TRAIL)和肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体受体(TRAILR)在甲状腺癌中的表达及意义。　方法　采用免疫组织化学方法 ,检测 5例正常甲状腺、13例乳头状甲状腺癌、3例滤泡状甲状腺癌和 12例甲状腺癌旁组织中TRAIL和TRAILR的表达和分布。　结果　乳头状、滤泡状甲状腺癌组织和正常甲状腺组织中的甲状腺滤泡细胞均表达TRAIL和全部的TRAILR ,其中诱捕受体TRAILR4在正常甲状腺组织和甲状腺癌旁组织表达较弱。　结论　甲状腺癌组织中的甲状腺滤泡细胞表达TRAIL和全部的TRAILR ,提示癌变的甲状腺滤泡细胞通过自身表达TRAIL ,以自分泌或旁分泌的形式和其死亡受体TRAILR1、TRAILR2结合 ,诱导癌变的甲状腺滤泡细胞发生凋亡 ,诱捕受体TRAILR3、TRAILR4的存在也不能影响其对TRAIL诱导的细胞凋亡的敏感性     

TNF相关的凋亡诱导配体与肿瘤

TNF相关的凋亡诱导配体（TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, TRAIL），属于TNF 超家族成员，又称为Apo-2L，TRAIL能诱导多种肿瘤细胞的凋亡，而正常的细胞却对其不敏感，TRAIL主要通过与其受体结合激活caspase-8，启动非线粒体和线粒体依赖途径导致细胞凋亡。部分肿瘤细胞对TRAIL的敏感性较差，其原因与TRAIL的受体、信号转导途径激酶以及相关蛋白存在密切联系。     

TNF相关凋亡诱导配体对肝癌细胞系生物学活性的影响

 目的：探讨新型凋亡分子TNF相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)对人肝癌细胞系的作用及生物学活性的影响。 方法： 免疫细胞化学法检测HepG2细胞表面膜结合型TRAIL的表达，ELISA法检测HepG2细胞分泌型TRAIL的表达。MTT和TUNEL法分别进行细胞毒实验和凋亡的检测。HepG2细胞内端粒酶的活性由TRAP-PCR法检测，端粒酶催化亚单位hTERT的表达由流式细胞术进行检测。 结果： HepG2肝癌细胞系表面组成性表达TRAIL分子，并有适量的sTRAIL呈分泌表达。细胞毒实验显示TRAIL能够显著抑制肝癌细胞的生长，TUNEL检测结果显示TRAIL具有诱导肝癌细胞凋亡的效应。端粒酶的活性检测显示，TRAIL能够有效抑制肝癌细胞系内端粒酶的活性以及端粒酶催化亚单位的表达。 结论： TRAIL是一个有效的抑癌分子，能够通过诱导细胞凋亡、抑制端粒酶活性等途径控制肿瘤细胞的生长和进一步杀伤肿瘤细胞。     

In chronic pancreatitis,widespread emergence of TRAIL receptors in epithelia coincides with neoexpression of TRAIL by pancreatic stellate cells of early fibrotic areas

TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) induces apoptosis by cross-linking of the two TRAIL receptors that contain a death domain, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2. TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4 are receptors that do not transmit an apoptotic signal. Our aim was to determine the expression of TRAIL and its receptors in normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. We applied real-time PCR, immunohisto(cyto)chemistry, and nick-end labeling of apoptosis. In normal pancreas, a minor subset of acinar cells coexpressed TRAIL-R2 and TRAIL-R4, whereas ductular epithelium and interstitial fibroblast-like cells (FLC) expressed TRAIL-R4. TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R3 were not detected in normal pancreas. In chronic pancreatitis, the exocrine epithelium strongly expressed TRAIL-R1, -R2, -R4, and, to a lesser extent, TRAIL-R3. Islets focally neoexpressed TRAIL-R1 and -R2 and intensely expressed TRAIL-R4. Changes in TRAIL receptor expression were most pronounced in areas of inflammatory infiltration and active fibrosis. In normal pancreas, expression of TRAIL was low on the mRNA level and undetectable on the protein level. In chronic pancreatitis, FLC in areas of active fibrosis expressed TRAIL. In addition, apoptosis were most numerous in these areas. We show that these FLC are pancreatic stellate cells. Pancreatic stellate cells express TRAIL in vivo and in vitro, and TRAIL expression is enhanced by IFN-gamma. Our findings indicate that the TRAIL/TRAIL receptor system is likely to be involved in chronic pancreatitis and suggest that pancreatic stellate cells may directly contribute to acinar regression by inducing apoptosis of parenchymal cells in a TRAIL-dependent manner.     

An antibody-based construct carrying DNA-mimotope and targeting CR1(CD35) selectively suppresses human autoreactive B-lymphocytes

Among tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) along with TNF- and FasL is known as death ligand due to its selective cytotoxicity against transformed tumor cells. TRAIL can also induce alternative angiogenic and/or proinflammatory signals other than apoptosis, however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the alternative signals have not been detailed yet. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is thought to be involved in the processes of metastasis and angiogenesis in various tumors. We investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for ICAM-1 expression by death ligands in human astroglial cells to delineate the alternative signals of these ligands. Here, we demonstrate that (1) death ligands induced expression of ICAM-1 at the mRNA and protein levels in human astroglial cells; (2) pre-treatment of z-VAD-fmk and/or SB202190 suppressed death ligand-induced ICAM-1 expression and subsequent adhesion of activated monocytic cells; and (3) inhibition of caspase suppressed death ligand-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and IKK. These findings suggest biological function of death receptors other than apoptosis in human astroglial cells, and the involvement of caspase and/or p38 MAPK in alternative signaling through death receptors.     

Redox regulation of apoptosis by members of the TNF superfamily

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), fibroblast-associated cell surface (Fas) ligand, and TNF-related apoptosisinducing ligand (TRAIL), all members of the TNF superfamily, are arguably the most potent inducers of cell death. These cytokines induce cell death through sequential recruitment by the death receptors TNFR1- associated death domain protein (TRADD), Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), FADD-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (FLICE), and downstream caspases. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondria play a critical role in cytokine receptor-mediated apoptosis. There is also now ample evidence that apoptosis induced by TNF and its family members is mediated through the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (also known as reactive oxygen species). Here we review the evidence linking reactive oxygen intermediates to cytokine-induced cell death mediated by TNF-alpha/beta, Fas, TRAIL, TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor (VEGI).     

Human brain astrocytes mediate TRAIL-mediated apoptosis after treatment with IFN-gamma

TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) expressions were studied in primary human brain astrocytes in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. When astrocytes were treated with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma, TRAIL was induced in cultured fetal astrocytes. In particular, IFN-gamma induced the highest levels of TRAIL in cultured astrocytes. When astrocytes were pre-treated with IFN-gamma, they induced apoptosis in TRAIL-sensitive Peer cells. Our results suggest that IFN-gamma modulates the expression of TRAIL in astrocytes, which may enhance cytotoxic sensitivity of infiltrating immune cells or brain cells other than astrocytes during inflammation of brain.     

Following TRAIL's path in the immune system

The members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines play important roles in the regulation of various immune-cell functions. Likewise, induction of cell death by apoptosis is indispensable for the normal functioning of the immune system. There are two major pathways of apoptosis induction. The intrinsic, or mitochondrial, pathway is regulated by the activation and interaction of members of the Bcl-2 family. The extrinsic, or death receptor, pathway is triggered by certain TNF family members when they engage their respective cognate receptors on the surface of the target cell. Hence, cell-to-cell-mediated death signals are induced by activation of these death receptor–ligand systems. Besides TNF itself and the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) ligand (FasL/Apo1L), the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) belongs to the subfamily of ligands that is responsible for extrinsic induction of cell death. Depending on their status of stimulation, TRAIL can be expressed by various cells of the immune system, amongst them natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, natural killer T cells (NKT cells), dendritic cells and macrophages. TRAIL has been implicated in immunosuppressive, immunoregulatory and immune-effector functions. With respect to pathological challenges, TRAIL and its receptors have been shown to play important roles in the immune response to viral infections and in immune surveillance of tumours and metastases. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the role of TRAIL and its receptors in the immune system and, based on this, we discuss future directions of research into the diverse functions of this fascinating receptor–ligand system.