Epithelial cell proliferation activity of the biliary ductal system with congenital biliary malformations

Congenital biliary malformations such as anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system (AAPB), congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (CCDB), and congenital biliary strictures at the hepatic hilum (CBSH) are newly designated disease entities and are frequently found in adult patients with biliary malignancy such as gallbladder carcinoma, common bile duct carcinoma, and intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. In the present study, the relationship of these malformations and biliary malignancy was investigated. We studied 61 gallbladders of patients with AAPB and 56 gallbladders of patients without AAPB; 16 common bile ducts of patients with CCDB (12 with AAPB and 4 without AAPB) and 11 gallbladders of patients without CCDB; and 17 intrahepatic bile ducts of patients with CBSH and 6 intrahepatic bile ducts of patients without CBSH. Tissue sections from the mucosa of the gallbladder, common bile duct, and intrahepatic bile duct were stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The PCNA labeling indexes of patients with these malformations were significantly higher than those of patients without these malformations (P < 0.05). Cell proliferation of the epithelia in the biliary ductal system in patients with these congenital biliary malformations was accelerated. Consequently, these congenital malformations appear to be an important risk factor for the occurrence of biliary malignancy. Received for publication on Feb. 15, 1999; accepted on March 29, 1999     

腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术治疗胆总管下段癌 (附一例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术治疗胆总管下段癌的安全性与可行性。方法:就我科于2005年1月用腹腔镜进行的一例胆总管下段癌所作胰十二指肠切除术,研究其手术技术、手术安全性、术后恢复情况和随访结果。结果:手术顺利,无术中严重并发症;手术时间6.5h,术中出血约50ml。术后恢复良好,术后第3天胃肠道功能恢复,第4天下床,第6天开始进流质。术后有少量胰漏,经单纯吸引后痊愈;无胃肠、胆肠吻合口漏等严重并发症;术后30d出院。出院后1个月,随访情况良好。结论:具丰富腔镜手术经验的专业医师施行腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术具有可行性与安全性。本例的长期疗效有待进一步随访观察。本手术方法有待更多经验积累及随机临床论证。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术242例临床分析

目的为了探讨腹腔镜下胆总管探查术的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析我院2007年6月~2016年6月242例腹腔镜下胆总管探查术的临床资料。术中行胆总管探查T管引流术170例,胆总管切开探查一期缝合42例,经胆囊管探查胆总管取石30例。结果本组242例患者中,手术时间70~260min,平均130min,术中失血30~460ml,平均150 ml。胆漏30例,28例经腹腔引流管引流4~7天治愈,2例形成腹腔局部积液经B超定位穿刺引流而治愈。肺部感染6例,胸腔积液4例,切口感染2例。20例术后行T管造影检查证实为胆管残余结石,经胆道镜1~4次取石后取净;2例患者胆道镜无法取出残余结石,经ERCP取出残余结石。术后第1d所有患者可下床活动,平均输液时间4~8d。结论腹腔镜下胆总管探查术是相对微创安全的手术,应根据患者具体情况采取个体化的术式。     

Technical aspects in the laparoscopic management of complicated common bile duct stones

The management of common bile duct (CBD) stones traditionally required open laparotomy and bile duct exploration. With the advent of endoscopic and laparoscopic technology in the latter half of last century, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the mainstream treatment for CBD stones and gallstones in most medical centers around the world. However, in certain situations, ERCP cannot be feasible because of difficult cannulation and extraction. ERCP can also be associated with potential serious complications, in particular for complicated stones requiring repeated sessions and additional maneuvers. Since our first laparoscopic exploration of the CBD (LECBD) in 1995, we now adopt the routine practice of the laparoscopic approach in dealing with endoscopically irretrievable CBD stones. The aim of this article is to describe the technical details of this approach and to review the results from our series.     

Laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct: A solution to difficult choledocholithiasis

Objective: To evaluate the role of laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct (LECBD) in the management of common bile duct stone, particularly for patients with failed endoscopic extraction and patients younger than 60 years old. Method: Prospective data of laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct during 1995–1999 were analysed. Results: During 1995–1999, 27 laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct (LECBD) were performed in patients with concomitant gallstone and common bile duct stone, in which half of these LECBD were performed after unsuccessful endoscopic retrieval (13 patients). LECBD was also indicated in patients younger than 60 years old (14 patients) because there was a concern about the potential long‐term complications of papillotomy‐like papillary stenosis and ascending cholangitis. One transcystic duct exploration and 26 choledochotomies were performed. Mean operating time was 138.7 min (70–300 min) and additional procedures included 19 laparoscopic ultrasounds (LUS), three laparoscopic intraoperative cholangiograms (LIOC) and two laparoscopic choledochoduodenostomies. Stone clearance rate was 96% with only one exception. Complications were encountered in nine patients (33%) and one patient died of sepsis subsequent to major bile leak (3.7%). Complications included bile leak/stent migration/collection (4), wound infection (3), minor wound bleeding (1) and self‐limiting postoperative intestinal obstruction (1). Conclusion: LECBD has a high success rate of ductal clearance in patients with ‘difficult common bile duct stones’ despite unsuccessful attempts at endoscopic extraction.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术与内窥镜下括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石的临床应用比较

目的 比较腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)和内镜下括约肌切开术(EST)治疗不同胆总管结石的疗效及并发症,探讨其适应证的差异,指导临床合理应用.方法 202例胆总管结石患者,按手术方式分为腹腔镜胆总管探查术组(LCBDE组,45例)和内镜下括约肌切开术组(EST组,157例);评价两组操作成功率、一期手术治愈率、残余结石和(或)病变率、并发症率、平均住院时间和费用.结果 LCBDE组和EST组操作成功率分别为97.8％(44/45)和98.7％(155/157)(P> 0.05).一期手术治愈率分别为84.4％(38/45)和45.2％(71/157) (P<0.01).LCBDE组术后残余病变主要为残石,残石率为15.6％(7/45); EST组主要为术后遗留未处理的胆囊病变和肝内外胆管结石,残留率为54.8％(86/157)(P<0.01).LCBDE组并发术后胆漏4例、残余感染1例,并发癌率为11.1％;EST组并发术后胆漏3例、出血4例、高淀粉酶血症32例(其中急性胰腺炎14例)、急性胆管炎15例,并发症率34.4％ (P< 0.05).平均住院时间为(10.0±2.8)和(9.4±4.1)d (P>0.05);住院费用为(17504±4128)和(16453±3541)元(P>0.05).结论 LCBDE和EST均有操作成功率高、住院时间短等优点;但LCBDE并发症率、残余病变率均低于EST; LCBDE主要适于胆囊合并胆总管结石的患者,尤其是Oddi括约肌功能完好者;EST主要适于单纯胆总管结石或胆管炎患者,特别是年老体弱、Oddi括约肌无功能或既往有胆道手术史且不愿再次手术者.     

不同缝合方式在腹腔镜胆总管探查术一期缝合中的应用

目的比较不同缝合方式在腹腔镜胆总管探查术一期缝合中应用的临床疗效。方法我院2008年7月~2014年6月外科收治的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者105例。均实施腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管探查+胆总管一期缝合术,分为两组,可吸收线连续锁扣缝合组51例,Quill免打结缝合线组54例。结果两组患者在术后胃肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),手术中出血量、住院总费用、术后并发症发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者均随访6~24个月,随访期内均未发现胆管狭窄及胆管炎?残余结石等情况。结论在具备丰富的腹腔镜操作技术的基础上,胆总管一期缝合是安全的,疗效确切。使用Quill免打结缝合线具有手术时间短,操作更加简便等优点。     

Intraductal papillary neoplasm in common bile duct opening into the stomach

Ectopic bile duct openings are uncommonly encountered and due to limited reports, the incidence and work up are not well delineated. We therefore present our experience in the assessment and management of one such case. A 62‐year‐old lady presented with obstructive jaundice. Final investigation results revealed intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) in an ectopic common bile duct (CBD) inserting ectopically into the lesser curve of the stomach with a normal pancreatic duct opening into the duodenum. Anatomical delineation and staging was done using computer tomography (CT) scan and endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Robotic distal gastrectomy, extrahepatic bile duct excision with porta lymph node dissection, and hepaticojejunostomy with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction was performed. The blood loss and operation time were 200 mL and 301 minutes, respectively. Pathology showed IPNB with high grade dysplasia and clear margins. After transient gastroparesis, the patient recovered and was disease‐free at 1 year postoperatively. Ectopic biliary drainage into the stomach is extremely rare, but its recognition may help identify the cause of certain clinical conditions and prevent bile duct injury during surgery if required.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的危险因素分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查（LCBDE）及一期缝合术后发生胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的临床危险因素。方法 收集自2017年1月至2019年6月湖州市中心医院收治的92例行LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术患者的临床资料,行回顾性对列研究及多因素回归分析。结果 全组患者术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄发生率分别为11.9%（11/92）和18.5%（17/92）。合并糖尿病、胆总管直径＜1 cm、由胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30例的主刀医师行手术治疗的患者术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的发生率明显升高（P＜0.05）。多因素回归分析发现,上述三个因素是LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术后胆瘘发生的独立危险因素[合并糖尿病：OR（95%CI）4.782（1.176～19.439）,P=0.029;胆总管直径＜1 cm：OR（95%CI）5.743（1.535～21.481）,P=0.009;胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30例：OR（95%CI）4.693（1.251～17.612）,P=0.022],同时上述三个因素也是术后胆总管狭窄发生的独立危险因素[合并糖尿病：OR（95%CI）3.455（1.147～10.406）,P=0.028;胆总管直径＜1 cm：OR（95%CI）4.667（1.500～14.518）,P=0.008;胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30：OR（95%CI）3.094（1.049～9.121）,P=0.041]。结论 合并糖尿病、胆总管直径＜1 cm、主刀医师经验不足（操作例数＜30例）是LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术后发生胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的独立危险因素。对存在糖尿病或胆总管直径＜1 cm的患者应避免行胆总管一期缝合术;在学习曲线内的主刀医师应采取合理的胆总管一期缝合方式以避免术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的发生。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查对具有上腹部手术史患者的经验总结

［摘要］ 目的 总结对有上腹部手术史的患者行腹腔镜下胆总管探查的经验及疗效。方法 回顾性分析17例有上腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜下胆总管探查治疗胆总管结石的临床资料。术前常规行影像检查包括 B超、CT、ERCP、MRCP等。结果 17例手术均成功。术后1例出现胆漏,经引流管通畅引流一周后停止。手术时间约110～215 min,平均160 min。术中出血约5～50 mL,平均23 mL。术后一周左右拔掉腹腔引流管,经过8～10天切口拆线、出院。鼻胆管术后8～10天予以拔除,4～8周后行T管造影无结石,予拔除T管,无不良并发症发生。结论 上腹部有手术史的患者并不是微创手术的绝对禁忌症,对其进行腹腔镜下胆总管探查是安全可靠的。     

LAPAROSCOPIC COMMON BILE DUCT EXPLORATION

Twenty-one patients underwent laparoscopic common bile duct exploration during a 9 month period. Ten had stones flushed after ampullary dilatation. Seven had stones removed with a Dormier basket and one had direct common duct incision with T-tube insertion. Three failed attempted stone flushing and had stones removed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincterotomy. Operating time ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 h. Nineteen patients were discharged by the second postoperative day. This early experience with laparoscopic stone removal is encouraging, reducing the need for pre-operative or postoperative ERCP.     

医源性胆道损伤20例分析

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤的原因、预防及处理方法.方法 对2000年1月～2010年1月陕西省安康市中心医院收治的20例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 开腹胆囊切除、胆总管探查及腹腔镜胆囊切除是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因,占85％.20例均行手术治疗,共行胆道重建手术23例次,其中行2次手术1例,3次手术1例...     

医源性胆道损伤的预防及处理

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤的原因、预防及处理方法。方法 对1990年1月至2005年10月南雄市人民医院和北京军区总医院收治的31例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果开腹胆囊切除、胆总管探查及腹腔镜胆囊切除是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因,占87．1％（27／31）。31例均行手术治疗,共行胆道重建修复手术41例次,其中行2次手术5例,3次以上（含3次）3例。29例随访3个月至7年。疗效优良率达82．8％。结论医源性胆道损伤常见于胆囊切除术。熟悉胆道解剖及变异、严格掌握手术指征、术中肝外三管的辨认是预防医源性胆道损伤的关键。根据损伤的时间及类型采取相应的处理方法,早期发现和及时正确的处理对预后十分重要,胆管空肠Roux—en—Y内引流术是目前最常用且疗效肯定的胆道重建方法。     

胆总管探查并T管引流术后胆管狭窄再手术23例临床分析

目的探讨常规开腹胆总管探查、T管引流术后发生胆管狭窄的特点、原因以及再手术处理。方法回顾性分析中国人民解放军总医院肝胆外科1990-2005年间收治的因常规开腹胆总管探查、T管引流术后胆管狭窄并再手术的23例良性胆管狭窄的病例资料,对其既往手术史、此次就诊、再手术及疗效情况加以总结分析。结果23例胆管狭窄首次诊断均为胆囊结石、单纯胆总管结石,既往有1～3次手术史。狭窄分型以BismuthⅠ型和Ⅱ型为主,其中Ⅰ型7例（30.4%）;Ⅱ型8例（34.8%）,Ⅲ型4例（17.4%）;Ⅳ型4例（17.4%）。手术方式修复手术和胆肠吻合各11例（47.8%）,介入治疗1例（4.3%）。随访13例病人中胆道修复和胆肠吻合术疗效均为优良,1例介入治疗病人因长期胆道梗阻致肝功能衰竭死亡。结论肝门部胆管是极易受损的部位,不可轻视常规经典胆总管探查、T管引流手术不当所带来的严重并发症。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石在老年胆道结石患者中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石治疗老年胆道结石患者的有效性,安全性。方法从2007年4月至2011年12月本院共行86例腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术。将这些患者按年龄分为两组,并进行回顾性分析。老年组(≥70岁)40例,年轻组(<70岁)46例。对比两组临床特点,手术时间,住院时间,中转开放手术率,术后累计并发症发生率,残石率和死亡率。结果老年组表现出较高的麻醉评分(P=0.003)及基础疾病患病率(P<0.01),而平均手术时间,术后住院时间,中转开放手术率,残石率,并发症的发生率、死亡率,两组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆总管切开取石不仅对年轻胆总管结石患者安全有效,对老年患者也是一种安全有效的治疗方式。     

Stone clearance and risk factors for failure in laparoscopic transcystic exploration of the common bile duct

Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become a gold standard globally. At the time of surgery, 5 to 10% of patients have coexisting stones in the common bile duct (CBD). There are several alternatives in treating these patients. We have chosen to try to extract the CBD stones at the primary operation by laparoscopic transcystic CBD exploration. Methods During the years 1994–2002 laparoscopic attempt of exploration of the CBD was made in 207 patients. Data was prospectively collected in a database, and was analyzed using unconditional logistic regression for risk factor analysis. Results In 155 of the 207 patients an attempt of transcystic CBD exploration was made and it was successful in 132 cases (85%). The median operating time was 184 minutes (range 89–384 minutes) and the median postoperative hospital stay was one day (range 1–31 days). The odds ratio for failure in stone clearance among patients with a bile duct diameter greater than 6 mm was 6.90 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87–54.61) compared to patients with a bile duct diameter of 6 mm or less. There was a significant threefold increase in risk among patients with stones of greater than 5 mm diameter compared to patients with stones 5 mm or less. Conclusions The laparoscopic transcystic exploration of the CBD had a high frequency of stone clearance and low morbidity in the present study. Moreover, large stones are a risk factor for failure in stone clearance.     

输尿管导管胆道引流在胆总管探查及胆管Ⅰ期缝合术中的应用

目的 :评价经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆道引流在胆总管探查、胆管Ⅰ期缝合术中的应用价值。方法 :回顾分析经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆道引流应用于完成开腹胆总管探查、胆管Ⅰ期缝合术 1 86例病例。结果 :全组 1 86例均手术成功 ,术后无胆漏、胆管狭窄等并发症。术后 5～ 7d拔管 1 83例 ,术后 1 0d拔管 3例 ,无拔管并发症发生。术中结石取净率为 99.5 % (1 85 / 1 86 )。术后住院时间为 (6 .5± 3)d。随访 1 86例 ,时间 1～ 5年 ,平均 3年 ,B超检查无胆管狭窄。结论 :经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆道引流在开腹胆总管探查、胆道Ⅰ期缝合术中的应用 ,对预防术后胆漏、胆总管狭窄以及对术后遗留病变的诊断和治疗有广泛的应用价值。该方法安全、可靠、有效