IgH基因单克隆重排检测及其在B细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤诊断中的应用

 目的：建立准确可靠、操作性强、适用于临床实际工作的免疫球蛋白重链（immunoglobulin heavy chain,IgH）基因单克隆重排检测方法,用于B细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma,B-NHL）的辅助诊断。方法：采用骨架区(framework region,FR）引物FR2、FR3和重链连接区 （joining region of heavy chain,J_H）引物LJH、VLJH组合、A管+B管模式、半巢式聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)法对121例B-NHL、58例T细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma,T-NHL）和19例淋巴结反应性增生的石蜡组织进行IgH基因单克隆重排检测,分析IgH基因单克隆重排检出率在B-NHL组、T-NHL组和淋巴结反应性增生组中的差异,以及B-NHL中联合应用FR2和FR3与单独应用FR2、FR3之间IgH基因单克隆重排检出率的差异。结果：118例成功检测的B-NHL中,IgH基因单克隆重排检出率为81%（96/118）;54例成功检测的T-NHL中,IgH基因单克隆重排检出率为4%（2/54）;19例成功检测的淋巴结反应性增生中未检出IgH基因单克隆重排。B-NHL组与T-NHL组、淋巴结反应性增生组相比,IgH基因单克隆重排检出率差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。B-NHL中, FR2基因单克隆重排检出率为58%（68/118）,FR3基因单克隆重排检出率为55%（65/118）,联合应用FR2和FR3,IgH基因单克隆重排检出率为81%（96/118）,联合应用FR2和FR3与单独应用FR2、FR3的检出率有显著差异（P<0.05）。结论：采用FR2、FR3、LJH及VLJH引物组合、A管+B管模式和半巢式PCR法进行石蜡组织IgH基因单克隆重排检测,简单易行,结果准确可靠,阳性率较高,可用于临床B-NHL的辅助诊断。     

Ig/TCR基因重排分析联合EBER原位杂交检测在原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤诊断中的应用

目的 探讨Ig/TCR基因重排分析联合EBER原位杂交检测在原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤(gastrointestinal lymphomas,GIL)中的诊断价值.方法 选取常规石蜡包埋的GIL病理标本35例(包括成熟B淋巴细胞肿瘤29例,成熟T淋巴细胞和NK细胞肿瘤6例),淋巴结反应性增生病变10例,提取DNA,应用BIOMED-2引物系统进行Ig/TCR基因重排的克隆性分析,并采用原位杂交方法检测EB病毒编码的小RNA(EBER).结果 35例GIL中,共检测出34例克隆性重排.其中29例成熟B细胞淋巴瘤均扩增出Ig克隆性重排,敏感性为100%,且联合应用IgH与IgK引物Ig单克隆性重排的检出率最高;6例成熟T淋巴细胞和NK细胞肿瘤中5例扩增出TCR克隆性重排,敏感性为83.3%;10例淋巴结反应性增生病例均未检测到Ig及TCR克隆性重排条带,其检测特异性为100%.29例成熟B细胞淋巴瘤及10例淋巴结反应性增生组织经EBER原位杂交检测均为阴性,6例成熟T淋巴细胞和NK细胞肿瘤中2例EBER原位杂交检测阳性,且均为鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤.结论 BIOMED-2标准化的基因重排分析系统检测石蜡包埋组织中Ig基因和TCR基因克隆性重排的敏感性和特异性均很高,对GIL的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的临床应用价值,EBER原位杂交检测对基因克隆性重排阴性的淋巴瘤也具有一定的辅助诊断作用.     

石蜡淋巴瘤组织中IgH FR3区基因重排引物分析

目的 利用生物信息学方法分析免疫球蛋白重链(IgH)框架区(FR3)基因重排引物并探讨其在石蜡包埋非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)组织中应用价值.方法 通过Chustal W 软件比较44条有效的IgH可变区和6条J区的基因片段,选取IgH FR3区3对(P1,P2,P3)基因重排引物,其中,P2为改进的引物.另选一对TCRγ脚引物作为T细胞淋巴瘤重排引物,通过PCR扩增,检测经形态学及免疫组织化学确诊的144例石蜡包埋组织标本,包括113例B细胞淋巴瘤、24例T细胞淋巴瘤和7例淋巴结反应性增生组织.以DG75淋巴瘤细胞系DNA作为对照组.结果 引物对P1、P2、P3在B细胞淋巴瘤检出阳性率分别为71.7%(81/113),82.3%(93/113)和76.1%(86/113),三者检出率差异无统计学意义;在T细胞淋巴瘤检出率分别12.5%(3/24)、12.5%(3/24)、16.7%(4/24).将P1和P2引物组合分析,B细胞淋巴瘤阳性检出率可以达到92.3%.以上重排引物在7例反应性淋巴结中均未检出.结论 3对IgH FR3区中,新改进的P2引物在B细胞淋巴瘤中的检出率最高(82.3%).2对IgH FR3区引物联合检测可明显提高石蜡组织中B细胞淋巴瘤的检出率.     

原发性睾丸恶性淋巴瘤克隆性IgH基因重排的检测

目的：探讨原发性睾丸淋巴瘤克隆性IgH基因重排的检测方法。方法：用半巢式PCR方法和聚丙烯凝胶（PAGE）－银染法检测14例睾丸恶性淋巴瘤的IgH基因重排。结果：与免疫组化对照，PCR检测的睾丸原发性B细胞淋巴瘤FR3A检出测率为85.71%，FR2的检出率为64.29%，而二者的综合检出率为100％，互补性较强。结论：半巢式PCR方法及PAGE－银染法对于原发性睾丸细胞淋巴瘤IgH基因的检出率有较高的灵敏度，FR3A和FR2引物的共同应用可以有效提高综合检出率，在目前情况下，应用PCR方法来鉴别恶性淋巴瘤，必须结合HE形态和免疫表型等综合判断。     

下一代测序技术在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤基因重排检测中的应用

目的探究下一代测序技术(next generation sequencing, NGS)在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B cell lymphoma, DLBCL)辅助诊断中的应用价值。方法收集陕西省人民医院病理科存档的20例组织蜡块,其中15例诊断为DLBCL,5例诊断为淋巴组织反应性增生(reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, RLH)。采用天根公司石蜡包埋组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒进行DNA提取,安捷伦4200评价DNA质量。采用LymphoTrack IGH FR2 Assay和LymphoTrack Dx TCRG Assay进行组织克隆性测定。结果 5例RLH均为多克隆性,11例DLBCL出现NGS IgH FR2单克隆重排(阳性率73.3%,11/15),另有4例未检测出单克隆性重排(2、5、8、15号)。15例中有3例出现TCRG重排性扩增(6、7、14号)。经PCR凝胶电泳法进行验证:4例NGS检测的IgH FR2多克隆性病例均检测到IgH单克隆性基因重排;3例NGS检测到TCRG单克隆性重排病例中,PCR凝胶电泳法只检测到1例呈TCRG克隆性重排。结论高通量测序方法特异性较高,但由于其检测过程复杂,影响因素较多,检测方法的敏感性受到一定影响。虽然该方法可以准确得到基因重排序列,但由于其检测成本较高,对技术平台和人员要求更高,其在临床上的应用尚需时日。     

BIOMED-2聚合酶链反应Ig基因重排对成熟非霍奇金B细胞淋巴瘤诊断的价值

目的 探讨BIOMED-2聚合酶链反应(PCR)在成熟非霍奇金B细胞淋巴瘤(B-NHL)诊断中的价值.方法 收集成熟B-NHL组织标本72例,其中弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤37例,黏膜相关淋巴组织结外边缘区淋巴瘤35例为研究对象,并以反应性增生病变25例作为对照.提取以上组织的DNA,并以PCR来检测其完整性和可扩增性,选取质量合格的DNA.85.6%(83/97)的样品DNA长度>300 bp,其中60例成熟B-NHL和23例反应性增生可用于BIOMED-2 PCR检测免疫球蛋白重链(IgH)和kappa轻链(IgK)基因重排的克隆性.结果 利用BIOMED-2 PCR检测的60例成熟B-NHL中,57例存在Ig基因的克隆性重排,其检测敏感性为95%,23例反应性增生病例中未出现Ig基因的克隆性重排,其检测特异性为100%.结论 BIOMED-2 PCR适用于石蜡包埋组织.该方法具有很高的敏感性和特异性,对成熟B-NHL诊断的辅助价值很高.     

免疫球蛋白基因重排在滤泡性淋巴瘤中的应用

目的探讨免疫球蛋白(Ig)基因重排检测在滤泡性淋巴瘤(follicular lymphoma, FL)不同分级中的应用。方法采用PCR-GeneScan法检测广东省人民医院病理科2016年9月～2019年2月收集的39例FL免疫球蛋白重链/轻链(IgH/L)基因重排,统计分析克隆性IgH/L基因重排与肿瘤分级的关系。结果 39例FL石蜡标本中29例IgH/L基因重排阳性,其中FL1基因重排的检出比例为8/15,FL2、FL3重排的检出比例分别为5/7、16/17。Spearman等级相关检验和χ~2检验结果显示,IgH/L基因重排与FL的分级呈正相关(r_p=0.376,P0.001),IgH/L基因重排率随着肿瘤分级的增加而增加,FL1、FL2和FL3中表达差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论利用Ig基因重排检测对于滤泡性淋巴瘤的诊断有辅助性作用,并且利用PCR-GeneScan法可提高重排检测的敏感性和特异性,对于滤泡性淋巴瘤的早期诊断有较高的价值。     

滤泡型淋巴瘤中t(14;18)染色体易位的分析及其临床意义

目的探讨滤泡型淋巴瘤（FL）的分子遗传学特征及其在病理诊断中的意义。方法收集55例FL石蜡标本,对照组小B细胞淋巴瘤28例和反应性滤泡增生（RFH）10例,应用套式PCR技术检测FL中,免疫球蛋白重链基因（IgH）的克隆性重排;应用标准PCR技术检测55例FL中t（14;18）易位,以10例RFH做对照;采用双色荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术检测20例淋巴结FL中t（14;18）易位,以4例RFH作为对照;并与PCR检测结果进行比较。结果（1）55例FL中,结内49例,结外6例。男性33例,女性22例,男女比为1．5：1。发病年龄36—79岁（中位年龄57岁）;FL分级：FL1—3分别为25例、19例和11例。（2）55例中50例（90％）检出β-肌动蛋白（actin）,该50例中FR3A阳性24例（48％）,FR2阳性25例（50％）,其中15例（30％）呈FR3A和FR2双阳性,共34例（68％）IgH基因重排。对照组小B细胞淋巴瘤28例中,25例检出β—actin,其中FR3A阳性18例（64％）,FR2阳性17例（61％）,共24例（86％）可检测出克隆性IgH基因重排。4例RFH均未检出IgH基因重排。（3）在44例结内FL中检出15例（34％）t（14;18）易位,其中14例在MBR,1例在mcr。（4）20例中,有16例（80％）可检出t（14;18）易位。结论（1）IgH克隆性重排在FL中的检测率比其他小B淋巴细胞低。（2）FISH检测石蜡包埋组织中t（14;18）易位有助于FL的诊断。FISH比PCR的敏感性更好,操作简便,可用于检测石蜡包埋组织中的分子遗传学改变。     

B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤IgH基因重排检测及凝胶扫描技术应用的初步研究

目的 采用凝胶扫描技术,力求对采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)抗原受体基因重排结果分析时建立量化标准,以利于临床医师应用时客观判断,并为其筛选随访病例提供依据。方法用PCR对96例B-NHL分别采用IgH FR3A及FR2A检测IgH基因克隆性重排。65例经IgH FR3APCR已证实为IgH基因克隆性重排B-NHL及8例良性病变淋巴组织和5例正常人外周血单核细胞,IgH FR3APcR产物8％变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳银染后图像行凝胶扫描,绘制曲线并计算h1／h2比值。结果(1)采用FR3A引物,克隆性IgH基因重排在96例B-NHL中检测率为68％,采用FR2A引物,检测率为61％,结合FR3A、FR2A引物,总检测率为83％。(2)凝胶扫描曲线示65例B-NHL的h1／h2均＞3,而5例正常人外周血单核细胞曲线均表现为钟型,8例良性病变淋巴组织h1／h2比值均＜1．5。结论非霍奇金淋巴瘤抗原受体基因重排检测的凝胶扫描分析曲线中,h1／h2峰高比值至少＞3可提示为IgH基因克隆性苇排,＜1．5可能提示IgH基因多克隆重排。比值介于1．5和3之间,提示有随访意义。联合FR3A,FR2A引物,可提高B-NHL IgH基因克隆性重排的检测率。     

BIOMED-2标准化IG/TCR基因重排克隆性分析系统在原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨BIOMED-2标准化基因重排克隆性分析系统对原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)的检出率及应用价值。方法采用BIOMED-2系统引物对29例PCNSL、10例淋巴结反应性增生病变,进行Ig/TCR基因重排的克隆性分析。结果 29例PCNSL中,BIOMED-2系统引物组合检测出27例克隆性重排,其中Ig克隆性重排26例(B细胞性淋巴瘤),另1例检测出TCR克隆性重排(T细胞性淋巴瘤),检出率为93.1%,10例淋巴结反应性增生病变均未见克隆性重排,其检测特异性为100%。结论 PCNSL是一种少见的高侵袭性结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤,利用BIOMED-2系统的Ig/TCR基因重排分析系统可对PCNSL的定性及分类提供客观性手段。     

Analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes rearrangement by PCR from paraffin-embedded tissue in B-cell lymphomes in Tunisia

OBJECTIVE: To study the lymphoid clonality on Tunisian B-cell lymphomas cases by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques using DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Here we conducted a retrospective PCR clonality study on 73 cases of B-cell lymphomas and 12 reactive lymphoid tissues. The quality of DNA extracted was tested by beta-globin PCR. Consensus primers directed at the FRIII-VH and FRII-VH regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene were used to detect clonality. RESULTS: The results showed that 52 of 73 (71%) B-cell lymphomas exhibited good quality of amplifiable DNA. Clonality was found in 77% of cases using the set of primers FRIIIa/LJH/VLJH and in 65.5% using the set of primers FRIIa/LJH/VLJH. Lymphomas derived from pregerminal centre showed a high rate detection of clonal IgH gene rearrangement (100%) compared to other group of tumors derived from germinal centre or postgerminal centre (74.5%). None of the polyclonal controls gave a clonal pattern. CONCLUSION: This is the first large series of PCR clonality study of IgH gene rearrangements on B-cell lymphoma from Tunisia. Our results were similar to other reports in terms of sensitivity and specificity of these techniques and confirm the interest of that PCR for detecting clonal IgH gene rearrangements in lymphoma.     

PCR-based clonality analysis of B-cell lymphomas in paraffin-embedded tissues: diagnostic value of immunoglobulin kappa and lambda light chain gene rearrangement investigation

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis, employed for detecting immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements, has become a diagnostic tool widely used in the investigation of B-cell lymphomas, but the overall sensitivity of these methods does not exceed 80%, notably in germinal center (GC) and post-GC B-cell origin lymphomas. Many PCR strategies devised for detecting immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) gene rearrangements have been developed to enhance the clonality detection rates. However, the feasibility of these methods in routine clinical diagnosis using paraffin-embedded tissues has not yet been investigated sufficiently. We studied a large series of 108 cases of B-cell lymphomas, as well as 20 reactive lymphoid tissues using degenerate primers to amplify immunoglobulin kappa (Igkappa) and lambda (Iglambda) light chain genes. B-cell clonality was further investigated using semi-nested PCR for IgH gene rearrangements. B-cell clonality was detected in 74%, 56.5%, and 43.5% of cases using IgH, Igkappa, and Iglambda PCR, respectively. By combining these methods, the clonality detection rate increased to 93.5%. Only polyclonal patterns were noted in reactive lymphoid samples. We concluded that in addition to the established methods for IgH analysis, a PCR-based approach for IgL gene rearrangements analysis improves the clonality detection rate in over 90% of B-cell lymphoma cases using routine histological specimens with poor preservation of the genomic DNA.     

Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia: a lymphoproliferative continuum with lymphomatous potential

Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH) has been proposed to be the benign end of a continuum of lymphoproliferative disorders with cutaneous lymphoma at its malignant extreme. An intermediate condition, known as "clonal CLH," was first recognized by us and shown to be a transitional state capable of eventuating in overt lymphoma. To better determine the prevalence of dominant clonality and risk of lymphoma among CLH cases, we studied the immunohistology and clonality of fresh-frozen samples from 44 CLH patients referred to a multidisciplinary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders program. Using a large panel of lymphoid markers, the cases were divided into 38 typical mixed B-cell/T-cell type CLH and 6 T-cell-rich type (T-CLH), the latter containing > 90% T cells. Of the 44 patients, 38 had solitary or localized lesions (4 cases of T-CLH), and 6 had regional/generalized lesions (2 cases of T-CLH). Forty cases were of idiopathic etiology. Suspected etiologies among 4 other cases included mercuric tattoo pigment, doxepin, clozapine, and bacterial infection. Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and T-cell receptor (TCR)-gamma gene rearrangements (GR) were studied using polymerase chain reaction assays, which are approximately 80% sensitive. Overall, 27 cases (61%) showed clonal CLH: 12 IgH+ (27%; 3 cases of T-CLH); 13 TCR+ (30%; 1 case of T-CLH); and 2 IgH+/TCR+ (4%; neither case was T-CLH). Two cases (4%; 1 case of T-CLH) progressed to cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Both of these patients presented with regional lesions. Our findings indicate that clonal overgrowth is common in CLH, links CLH to lymphoma, and probably involves both B- and T-cell lineages (although TCR GR by B cells and vice versa could not be ruled out). The high prevalence of dominant clonality in our series may have resulted from the sensitivity of our PCR assays as well as patient selection.     

PCR analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and TcR-gamma chain gene rearrangements in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders: results of a study of 525 cases.

This report summarizes a cumulative 4-year experience in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of immunoglobin heavy chain (IgH) and TcR-gamma chain gene rearrangements in 525 cases of lymphoproliferative disorders. Because the sensitivity of the PCR methodology was found to be tissue dependent, in the study of the presence of clonal cell population in tissues containing a small number of polyclonal lymphocytes, such as skin and gastrointestinal biopsy specimens, we used the multiple-PCR run approach. In this latter methodology, we repeat the PCR reaction from the same sample at least three times to confirm the reproducibility of the results. In the study of 273 cases of B- or T-cell lymphomas with characteristic immunomorphological and clinical features, a clonal IgH or TcR-gamma chain gene rearrangement was detected in approximately 80% of cases. A clonal rearrangement involving both IgH and TcR-gamma chain genes was found in 10% of cases of both B-cell and T-cell lymphomas. The study of 167 cases of nonneoplastic lymphoid tissue samples showed the presence of clonally rearranged cell populations for IgH or TcR-gamma genes in 3 and 9% of cases, respectively. We also applied PCR for the study of 85 cases of lymphoproliferations with no definite diagnosis (i.e., benign versus malignant) after immunomorphological analysis. In 65 cases (76%), the correlation of immunomorphological features with the presence (48 cases) or the absence (17 cases) of clonal lymphoid cell populations led to a definite diagnosis. In almost all these cases, the final diagnosis was found to be in agreement with the clinical course. In the 20 remaining cases (24%), no definite diagnosis could be made. We also assessed the value of PCR in detecting bcl-2/J(H) gene rearrangement as an additional clonal marker in the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma. Bcl-2/J(H) rearrangement and/or IgH gene rearrangement was found in approximately 85% (71/85) of follicular lymphoma cases studied.     

Comparison of different polymerase chain reaction-based approaches for clonality assessment of immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangements in B-cell neoplasia.

Several frequently applied polymerase chain reaction strategies for analysis of immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangements were compared by analyzing 70 B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and 24 reactive lymphoid lesions. Southern blot analysis was used as the "gold standard" for clonality assessment. For polymerase chain reaction analysis, primers directed against framework (FR) 3 (FR3-A and FR3-B), FR2, and FR1 of the variable gene segments and against joining gene segments of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene were used. Polymerase chain reaction products were analyzed by high-resolution fingerprinting analysis using radiolabeled nucleotides, gene scanning using fluorochrome-labeled primers, and heteroduplex analysis. All of the assays generated polyclonal patterns in the reactive tissues. The sensitivity in detecting monoclonality as defined by Southern blotting varied between 60% (heteroduplex analysis with FR3 primers) and 77% (high-resolution fingerprinting analysis with FR2 primers). Comparison of the three FR3 assays revealed that gene scanning had the highest sensitivity (69%), probably because it could detect small aberrant monoclonal amplicons. False-negative results were especially frequent in follicular center lymphoma (n = 20), but also in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 18), both renowned for having mutated variable gene segments, potentially leading to primer mismatching. For example, in follicular center lymphoma, the FR3, FR2, and FR1 region primer sets detected clonality in only 35 to 40, 65, and 50%, respectively. Combining these techniques, 17 (85%) of 20 follicular center lymphoma samples showed monoclonality. Therefore, especially in follicular center lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and, to a lesser extent, in other lymphomas, multiple variable gene segment primer sets must be used for a reliable assessment of clonality. Our results also suggest that gene scanning is somewhat more sensitive than other read-out systems. Heteroduplex analysis, however, is a reliable alternative within a diagnostic setting, avoiding the use of radioactivity or expensive automated sequencing equipment and fluorochrome-labeled (oligo)nucleotides.     

Comparative analysis of immunoglobulin polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry in fine needle aspiration biopsy differential diagnosis of non‐Hodgkin B‐cell lymphoid malignancies

Single primer pair polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry have been proved as useful techniques in the diagnosis of lymphoid disorders in fine needle aspirates. However, a comparative analysis of both ancillary techniques in the same samples has not been previously performed. To compare the sensitivity of flow cytometry and PCR techniques, we made a wide prospective study of 77 fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples from lymph nodes and extranodal lymphoid infiltrates. The adjunctive values of a single primer pair PCR amplification of IgH genes and of the immunophenotyping by flow cytometry were evaluated comparing their results with the final clinicopathological diagnosis of each patient supported by histological features and clinical follow up. Among the 24 B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, monoclonal IgH bands were detected in 22 cases by PCR, and 21 cases were correctly considered B‐cell lymphoma by flow cytometry. A monoclonal IgH band was also detected in 1 of the 53 reactive lymphoid disorders. When both ancillary techniques were combined with morphological findings, 23 of the 24 B‐cell lymphomas were correctly diagnosed but one reactive lymphoid disorder was also considered a B‐cell lymphoma. We demonstrate a similar level of detection of B‐cell lymphomas by single round PCR and flow cytometry techniques, and a strong adjunctive value when combined with morphological findings to diagnose correctly lymphoproliferative disorders by FNAB. However, we must be cautious with PCR results since false‐positive cases can occur. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.