Clinical characterization of acute renal failure in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Background Acute renal failure frequently occurs as a complication of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Various forms of therapy for MODS, including endotoxin absorption and anticytokine therapy, have been attempted. Methods We retrospectively studied the pathophysiologic characteristics of acute renal failure in 152 MODS patients examined in our department over the past 5 years. The diagnosis of MODS was based on the criteria of the Japanese Association for Critical Care Medicine. The diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis was conducted in accordance with the definition proposed at the 1992 Consensus Conference of the American College of Chest Physicians/ Society of Critical Care Medicine. Results Acute renal failure occurred as a complication of secondary MODS with a high frequency of 76.3% (116/152 patients). Significant associations have been found between the respective frequencies of acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation occurring as complications of SIRS. An increase in the number of cases undergoing continuous hemodiafiltration was noted, in an attempt to improve the survival rate of MODS complicated with acute renal failure. Conclusion Acute renal failure seen in secondary MODS is thought to be derived from a pathogenesis differing from that of conventional intrinsic acute renal failure, such as ischemic and nephrotoxic forms. Acute renal failure associated with secondary MODS appears to be a disease entity that arises as a sequela of SIRS, similar to disseminated intravascular coagulation.     

创伤性膈疝并发多器官功能障碍的诊治

目的　探讨急性创伤性膈疝的发病机理 ,临床特征和处理方式。方法　回顾性分析2 6例急性创伤性膈疝的临床资料。结果　患者均为多发伤 ,有不同程度的呼吸困难 ,均行手术探查 ,膈肌修补。 2例术中死亡。 14例术后出现多器官功能障碍 ,其中 3例术后死于多器官衰竭。本组 2 1例存活。结论　外伤性膈疝早期诊断 ,及时手术 ,防治并发症可提高抢救成功率。     

呼吸衰竭并多器官功能障碍综合征68例临床分析

目的探讨呼吸衰竭并多器官功能障碍综合征的临床特点,降低病死率。方法本研究回顾性分析笔者所在医院1990～2010年收治的呼吸衰竭并多器官功能障碍综合征68例患者的临床资料。结果本组呼吸衰竭并多器官功能障碍综合征累及器官为肺、心、脑、胃肠、肾、肝、血液等;器官功能障碍受累器官数目为2个器官39例,3个器官18例,4个及4个以上器官11例;Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭4例,Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭64例;68例中,死亡41例,病死率60.29%,年龄越大、受累器官越多、病死率越高。结论严密监测病情变化、早检查、早诊断、及时的综合治疗是抢救高危患者生命的关键措施。     

多器官功能障碍综合征病人预后分析

目的研究多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）病人发生血小板缺乏的危险因素及其对预后的影响。方法对5家教学医院加强医疗病房（ICU）中1年内收治的366例MODS病人进行回顾性分析。记录病人的人口统计学资料、临床信息、急性生理和慢性健康评分（APACHEⅡ）及序贯性器官衰竭评分（SOFA）。主要研究终点为住院病死率。结果住院期间共有151例病人死亡（41．3％）。血小板缺乏[P=0．022，OR（比数比）=2．143，可信限（95％CI）1．114～4．121]，神经系统衰竭（P〈0．01，OR=6．033，95％CI3．164～11．506）和最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR=1．215，95％CI1．112～1．328），是预后的独立危险因素。共有220例MODS病人（60．1％）发生血小板缺乏。ICU住院时间（P=0．023，OR=1．017，95％CI1．002～1．032）和最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR：1．271，95％CI1．187～1．361）是发生血小板缺乏的独立危险因素，而最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR=1．405，95％CI1．276～1．548）和继发性血小板缺乏（P〈0．01，OR=3．517，95％CI1．780～6．951）是伴有血小板缺乏的MODS病人死亡的独立危险因素。结论血小板缺乏在MODS病人中非常普遍，并导致住院病死率升高.     

间充质干细胞移植治疗多器官功能不全综合征的研究

目的 观察骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)移植对多器官功能不全综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)的影响,探讨骨髓间充质干细胞用于多器官功能不全综合征治疗的应用前景.方法 建立性休克合并内毒素休克引起的官功能不全综合征模型.兔骨髓间充质干细胞体外扩增、鉴定、分化、慢病毒转基因标记GFP、静脉移植,通过PCR和病理切片观察MSCs对MODS兔的作用.结果 与对照组相比,模型移植组病理切片发现肝、肾、肺等脏器有慢病毒转基因标记有GFP的MSCs.结论 骨髓间充质干细胞具有良好的生物学活性,移植后通过整合能替代凋亡坏死细胞并对多器官功能不全综合征起到治疗作用.     

Postinjury multiple organ failure

Postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF) became prevalent as the improvements in critical care during the 1970s made it possible to keep trauma patients alive with single organ injury. Enormous efforts invested in laboratory and clinical research made it possible to better understand the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the syndrome. This has translated to improved strategies in prediction, prevention and treatment of MOF. With changes in population demographics and injury mechanisms and improvements in trauma care, changes in the epidemiology of MOF are also becoming evident. Significant improvements in trauma patient management decreased the severity and mortality of MOF, but the syndrome still remains the most significant contributor of late postinjury mortality and intensive care unit resource utilisation.This review defines the essential MOF-related terminology, summarises the changing epidemiology of MOF, describes our current understanding of the pathophysiology, discusses the available strategies for prevention/treatment based on the identified independent predictors and provides future directions for research.     

Extended daily veno-venous high-flux haemodialysis in patients with acute renal failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome using a single path batch dialysis system.

BACKGROUND: In the treatment of acute renal failure in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) are increasingly used because of excellent volume control in the presence of improved cardiovascular stability. Patients with MODS, however, are frequently catabolic and have a high urea generation rate requiring either cost-intensive high-volume CRRT or additional intermittent haemodialysis to provide adequate clearance of small-molecular waste products. We tested the closed-loop batch haemodialysis system (called Genius((R))) for the treatment of acute renal failure in patients with MODS in the intensive care unit. METHODS: Blood flow and countercurrent dialysate flow were reduced to 70 ml/min. Thus the 75 l dialysate tank of the Genius((R)) system lasts for 18 h of extended single-path high-flux haemodialysis (18 h-HFD) using polysulphous F60 S((R)) dialysers. Blood pressure, body temperature, and venous blood temperature in the extracorporeal circuit (no heating of the dialysate), ultrafiltration rate, serum urea levels, dialyser urea clearance, and total urea removal were monitored. In addition we tested the bacteriological quality of the spent dialysate at the end of 18-h treatments. RESULTS: Twenty patients with acute renal failure and MODS were investigated. Averaged dialyser urea clearance was 59.8 ml/min (equal to 3.6 l/h or 64.8 l/day). Total removal of urea was 14.1+/-6.5 g/day keeping serum levels of urea below 13 mmol/l. Mean arterial pressure remained stable during the 18-h treatments with a mean ultrafiltration rate of 120 ml/h. The temperature in the venous blood tubing dropped by 5+/-0.5 degrees C during the 18-h treatment (0.28 degrees C/h) in the presence of unchanged core temperature in the patients. There was no bacterial growth in 2.5 l of spent dialysate (<0.0004 colony forming units/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Extended high-flux dialysis using the Genius((R)) system combines the benefits of CRRT (good cardiovascular stability, sterile dialysate) with the advantages of intermittent dialysis (high urea clearance, low treatment costs). High efficiency, simplicity and flexibility of the system offers the unique opportunity to use the same dialysis machine for extended time periods (18 h) as well as for shorter intermittent renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients.     

卡巴胆碱对多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠脏器功能和结构的保护作用

目的:观察卡巴胆碱(carbachol,Car)对酵母多糖致多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)小鼠多脏器功能和结构损伤的防护作用。方法:采用腹腔注射酵母多糖的方法复制小鼠MODS模型。雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组(n=10),MODS 6、24、48 h组(n=30)和MODS Car 6、24、48 h防治组(n=30)。MODS组在致伤后腹腔注入生理盐水;MODS Car防治组在致伤前24 h内分3次灌胃注入卡巴胆碱。观察酵母多糖致伤后早期(48h内)动物死亡率,检测各组血丙氨酸转氨酶活性、尿素氮和肌酐水平,镜下观察致伤后48 h动物肝、肺、肾、心等脏器的组织病理学改变。结果:在酵母多糖致伤后48h内,MODS组小鼠死亡率达26.6%,MODS Car防治组的小鼠死亡率为10.0%。MODS组小鼠血浆ALT、BUN和Cr在伤后6h升高,而同时间点经卡巴胆碱预处理的小鼠血浆ALT、BUN和Cr仅略有升高,明显低于MODS组。光镜下观察发现,MODS组小鼠肝脏、肺脏、肾脏和心脏发生明显的病理改变,主要表现为脏器实质细胞浊肿、变性,间质充血、水肿和炎性细胞浸润,而卡巴胆碱防治组小鼠上述病变明显减轻。结论:预防性给予卡巴胆碱可以降低MODS急性期动物的死亡率,减轻脏器功能和结构的损伤,对急性炎症期的脏器损伤具有保护作用。     

Angiotropic large B-cell lymphoma misdiagnosed as urosepsis with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

A 53-year-old woman with a history of cervical carcinoma 14 years ago, treated with hysterectomy and radiation therapy, was admitted to the intensive care unit with severe SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) progressing to shock, multiple organ failure and death within 5 d. Bilateral hydronephrosis diagnosed by sonography and an enlarged left kidney with suspected abscesses verified in a CT-scan suggested the diagnosis of urosepsis. However, multiple microbiological examinations remained sterile. Despite surgical treatment and aggressive intensive care, she died in unresponsive shock. Pathohistologically, an angiotropic large B-cell lymphoma, a rare diffuse intravascular neoplasm of lymphoid origin, was diagnosed. The patient's history of abdominal radiation therapy 14 years earlier as well as multiple negative microbiological specimens in a patient with suspected urosepsis should have initiated the search for a non-infectious cause of the disease.     

烧伤后侵袭性感染和多器官功能不全综合征

总结了158例烧伤侵袭性感染与多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)的关系。侵袭性感染导致MODS 有几个特点:①MODS 发病率高,达到81.6%,每例有平均2.73个器官发生功能不全。②MODS发展成 MOF 的发生率也高,约为50%。③MODS 死亡率低,而发展到 MOF 死亡率明显上升,达到90%以上。不同菌种感染中,G~ 菌致器官功能不全(OD)发生率较低,G~-菌致 OD 发生率较高,而绿脓杆菌致OD 发生率最高,后果最严重。对发病机制及防治问题进行了讨论,认为由于发病机理尚未充分了解,针对机制的有效治疗缺乏,因此防治的主要手段仍是去除诱因,即控制侵袭性感染。一旦感染发生,则要保护好各个脏器,使 OD 不致发展成器官衰竭。     

烧伤后侵袭性感染和多器官功能不全综合征

总结了１５８例烧伤侵袭性感染与多器官功能不全综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）的关系。侵袭性感染导致ＭＯＤＳ有几个特点：①ＭＯＤＳ发病率高，达到８１．６％，每例有平均２．７３个器官发生功能不全。②ＭＯＤＳ发展成ＭＯＦ的发生率也高，约为５０％。③ＭＯＤＳ死亡率低，而发展到ＭＯＦ死亡率明显上升，达到９０％以上。不同菌种感染中，Ｇ＋菌致器官功能不全（ＯＤ）发生率较低，Ｇ－菌致ＯＤ发生率较高，而绿脓杆菌致ＯＤ发生率最高，后果最严重。对发病机制及防治问题进行了讨论，认为由于发病机理尚未充分了解，针对机制的有效治疗缺乏，因此防治的主要手段仍是去除诱因，即控制侵袭性感染。一旦感染发生，则要保护好各个脏器，使ＯＤ不致发展成器官衰竭。     

Characteristics and outcomes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome among severe-burn patients

Aim

Determining the characteristics and outcomes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severe-burn patients.

Method

A prospective study was conducted in 117 severe-burn, adult patients admitted to the National Institute of Burns, Hanoi, Vietnam with burn area ≥40% of the total body surface area. The diagnosis of MODS was based on Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score.

Results

MODS was recorded in 45.3% of the patients. A higher rate of MODS was recorded in patients over 40 years of age (51.61%), those presenting with inhalation injury (60.37%) and having a large burn surface area. MODS was commonly seen in the second week after-burn (75.47%). Respiratory system failure was the most common (44.44%), followed by circulatory system failure (41.88%) and failure of other systems. MODS was more common among patients developing sepsis and septic shock (69.64% and 87.5%, respectively). The mortality rate was 86.79% among MODS patients and higher in case of SOFA score ≥6. In addition, mortality rate was 22.22% if one organ was involved, 40% for two organs, 93.33% for three organs and 100% if four or more organs were involved. The durations of artificial ventilation, hospitalisation and intensive care unit stay were significant higher than in MODS patients as compared to non-MODS patients.

Conclusion

MODS is still a severe complication, leading to death after-burn. It is important to identify the risk factors and prevention methods to increase the chances of saving severely burned patients.     

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目的　观察持续高流量血液滤过 (HVHF)对重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)伴多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的治疗作用。方法　 1997～ 2 0 0 2年 2 8例SAP伴MODS接受了HVHF治疗。APACHEⅡ评分为(14 36± 3 96 )分 ,BalthazarCT评分为 (8 5± 1 4 )分。从发病到开始HVHF时间 (6 0± 6 1)d ,HVHF治疗时间为 (4 0 4± 3 99)d。置换液以前稀释方式输入 ,流量为 4 0 0 0mL/h ,血流量 2 5 0～ 30 0mL/min ,连续 2 4h不间断。滤器为AN6 9膜 ,面积 1 2m2 ,每 2 4h更换 1次。采用低分子肝素抗凝。结果　 2 8例病人中 ,2 0例治愈出院 ,2例因经济原因放弃治疗 ,6例死亡 (2 1 4 % )。HVHF后体温、心率和呼吸频率显著降低 ;APACHEⅡ评分显著下降(14 4± 3 9vs 9 9± 4 3,P <0 0 1) ;动脉血氧分压显著提高 (6 8 5± 19 5vs 91 9± 2 5 0 ,P <0 0 1)。所有病人均良好耐受HVHF治疗 ,HVHF过程中血流动力学稳定 ,未发现明显的副作用。结论　对SAP伴MODS的病人 ,HVHF明显改善体温、心率、呼吸频率、APACHEⅡ评分和动脉血氧分压。HVHF过程中血流动力学稳定 ,可能成为重要的辅助治疗措施。     

多器官功能障碍综合征诊断标准的多中心临床研究

目的 通过多中心临床研究的方法 制定多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)诊断标准.方法 收集2002年3月至2005年1月国内11个省市、37家三级医院ICU收治的1087例MODS病例的临床资料并进行统计学分析,筛选出反映器官功能并与预后相关的指标,据此制定MODS诊断标准草案.结果 本诊断标准纳入7个器官系统,在有引起MODS的原发病因的前提下,如果2个或者2个以上器官或系统功能达到下述标准,则可诊断为MODS.器官功能障碍与否的判定标准:(1)循环系统:SBP(收缩压)<90 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),MAP(平均动脉压)<70 mm Hg,发生休克、窒性心动过速或室颤等严重心律失常、心肌梗死;(2)呼吸系统:氧合指数<300 mm Hg;(3)神经系统:意识出现淡漠或躁动、嗜睡、浅昏迷、深昏迷;Glasgow昏迷评分≤14;(4)血液系统:血PLT(血小板计数)<100×109/L;血CT(凝血时间)、血APTT(活化的凝血酶原时间)、PT(凝血酶原时间)延长或缩短;3P试验阳性;(5)肝脏:血TBIL(总胆红素)>20.5 μmol/L;血ALB(白蛋白)<28 g/L;(6)肾脏:血Cr(肌酐)>123.8μmol/L,尿量<500 ml/24 h;(7)胃肠:肠鸣音减弱或消失,胃引流液、便潜血阳性或出现黑便、呕血,腹内压(膀胱内压)≥11 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa).只要符合某器官中任意一个指标,即可判定该器官功能障碍.结论 通过本研究制定了MODS的诊断标准草案.本诊断标准草案具有一定的实用性,但还需通过临床应用积累经验而加以修正.     

肾移植术后多器官功能障碍综合征的临床危险因素分析

目的　探讨肾移植术后多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)的临床危险因素。　方法　回顾性分析 6 5 0例肾移植手术患者资料 ,采用ACCP与SCCM诊断标准对术后发生全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)和多脏器衰竭的临床危险因素进行 χ2 检验分析。　结果　 6 5 0例中 ,发生SIRS 38例 ,MODS 7例。相关危险因素分析表明 ,MODS组低血压 (71.4 % )、低血氧 (85 .7% )、严重感染(85 .7% )及慢性器官功能衰竭 (2 8.6 % )者与MODS发生密切相关 ,2种以上危险因素同时存在者MODS发生率明显高于 2种及 2种以下因素者 ,而在器官衰竭患者中以肾功能衰竭 (85 .7% )及呼吸衰竭 (71.4 % )发生率最高。　结论　低血压、低血氧、严重感染及慢性器官功能衰竭是术后并发MODS的重要危险因素。     

Serial experimental and clinical studies on the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severe burns

These serial clinical and experimental studies were designed to clarify the pathogenesis of postburn MODS. Both animal and clinical studies were performed. In animal experiments, 46 male cross-bred dogs were cannulated with Swan-Ganz catheters and 39 of them were inflicted with 50% TBSA third degree burns (7 were used as controls). The burned dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups: immediate infusion, delayed infusion, delayed fast infusion and delayed fast infusion combined with ginsenosides. All dogs were kept under constant barbiturate sedation during the whole study period. Hemodynamics, visceral MDA, mitochondrial respiratory control rate (RCR) and ADP/O ratio, ATP, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), organ water content as well as light and electron microscopy of visceral tissues were determined. In the clinical study, 61 patients with extensive deep burns were chosen, of which 16 sustained MODS. Plasma TXB₂/6-keto-PGF1 ratio, TNF, SOD, MDA, circulatory platelet aggregate ratio (CPAR), PGE₂, interleukin-1, total organ water content and pathological observations of visceral tissues from patients who died of MODS were carried out. Results demonstrated that ischemic-reperfusion damage due to severe shock, sepsis and inhalation injury are three main causes of postburn death. All inflammatory mediators increased markedly in both animals and patients who sustained organ damage or MODS. SDH, RCR, ADP/O and ATP decreased significantly. These findings suggested that ischemic damage and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) initiated by mediators or cytokines might be important in the pathogenesis of postburn MODS.     

对多器官功能障碍综合征肠源性机制的新认识

纵观当前对创（烧）伤后多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）肠源性发病机制的研究，其发生发展可分为3个环节：（1）严重创伤后肠道缺血再灌注损伤，致肠道屏障功能受损发生MODS。（2）损伤肠道产生的肠源性毒性因子、肠道内细菌和内毒素通过血液循环及肠道淋巴途径，引起全身炎性反应综合征。（3）失控性炎性反应导致不可逆器官功能障碍，此环节是MODS发病机制中的最终环节[第一段]     

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目的 提高恶性梗阻性黄疸病人全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）与多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）关系的认识，探讨MODS的防治策略。方法 分析152例恶性梗阻性黄疸病人SIRS的临床资料，病人至少符合2项SIRS诊断标准，包括发热、体温过低、心动过速、呼吸急促或白细胞计数异常。结果 术前出现SIRS者58例，发生率38．1％，其后MODS发生率36．2％，病死率为13．8％。MODS中胃肠功能衰竭最常见，随着SIRS标准项目的增加，MODS的比例也增加，但差异不显著（P＞0．05）。结论 早期诊断SIRS，积极调控机体炎症反应，是改善恶性梗阻性黄疸病人预后的关键。     

一种多器官功能障碍综合征模型的建立

目的建立既符合临床特征、又简便易行的标准大鼠多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)模型.方法用人为方法使大鼠失血0.5～0.7ml、两后肢粉碎性骨折合并软组织挫裂形成严重复合伤,以诱发MODS;参照临床标准提出大鼠的实验诊断标准;观察并检测84只大鼠和16只对照大鼠在创伤8、24和48 h后生化和病理变化.结果大鼠创伤24 h后,肌酐、肌酸磷酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、羟丁酸脱氢酶和谷丙转氨酶浓度分别达到(140.3±34.4)mol/L、(14 318.0±2 128.9)U/L、(2 373.7±274.9)U/L、(1 179.5±284.9)U/L和(298.2±40.6)U/L的最高值,与对照组相比差异具有非常显著性(P＜0.01);48 h后病理变化最明显.创伤后24 h的大鼠MODS处于若干脏器功能衰竭早期伴若干脏器功能受损期.结论本研究的复制方法是成功的,复制的MODS模型适于创伤及其药物筛选研究.     

连续性高容量血液滤过治疗烧伤后多器官功能障碍综合征的临床观察

目的：探讨连续高容量血液滤过（CHVHF）治疗烧伤后多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者的治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析16例接受CHVHF治疗的烧伤后MODS患者的临床资料。CHVHF治疗使用PRIS- MA机器及M100高通量血滤器,血管通路采用双腔中心静脉导管,抗凝使用低分子肝素或无肝素。置换液为前置换,流量4～4.5 L/h。测定治疗前后心率、体温、平均动脉压、氧饱和度、pH、氧合指数、肺泡动脉氧分压差、碳酸氢根、血肌酐、尿素氮,血钾、钠,氯,血乳酸等。结果：16例患者中存活7例。经CHVHF治疗后,患者血氧改善,血尿素氮、肌酐水平较治疗前明显降低。CHVHF治疗后体温、心率降低,血压升高。10例合并高钠血症和7例合并高乳酸血症的患者,血钠和血乳酸治疗前后比较差异显著（P〈0.01）。结论：CHVHF用于救治烧伤后MODS患者疗效确切,在清除毒素的同时,可提高肺换气功能,稳定水、电解质及酸碱平衡。