巨细胞病毒感染与动脉粥样硬化的临床研究

目的探讨人类巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）浓度与动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法采用间接免疫荧光技术测定急性心肌梗塞组（２０例）、冠状动脉狭窄组（２０例）及正常对照组（３０例）血清人类巨细胞病毒抗体，用放射免疫法测定血清ＴＮＦ及ＥＴ的浓度。结果急性心肌梗塞组ＨＣＭＶＩｇＭ阳性１４例（７０％），ＨＣＭＶＩｇＧ阳性２０例（１００％），ＨＣＭＶＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ双阳性１４例（７０％）；冠状动脉狭窄组ＨＣＭＶＩｇＭ阳性１９例（９５％），ＨＣＭＶＩｇＧ阳性１９例（９５％），ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ双阳性１８例（９０％）；正常对照组ＨＣＭＶＩｇＭ阳性６例（２０％），ＨＣＭＶＩｇＧ阳性２６例（８２％），ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ双阳性６例（２０％），与正常对照组比较，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０００１，Ｐ＜００５，Ｐ＜０００１）；冠心病急性心肌梗塞组、冠状动脉狭窄组与正常对照组相比，血清ＴＮＦ、血浆ＥＴ显著增高（Ｐ＜０００１）。结论患者的ＨＣＭＶ感染、内皮细胞受损和ＴＮＦ作用可能参与了冠心病发生发展的过程。     

心房颤动与冠状动脉硬化性心脏病相关性分析

目的　观察心房颤动与冠状动脉硬化性心脏病（冠心病）的关系。方法　选择心房颤动并且临床初步诊断为冠心病的老年病例５６ 例（心房颤动组）及经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的老年病例５０ 例（冠心病组）进行观察，分别检查血脂、心电图、活动平板运动试验、核素心肌灌注显像及冠状动脉造影检查。结果　冠心病组胆固醇（Ｃｈ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）比心房颤动组高（Ｃｈ ６．５０±１．９５∶５．６０±１．０３，Ｐ＜ ０．０１；ＴＧ ２．０３±０．６３∶１．０３±０．４３，Ｐ＜ ０．００１；ＨＤＬ－Ｃ １．９７±０．３９∶１．０３±０．３４，Ｐ＜ ０．０１；单位：ｍ ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ）。冠心病组心电图、平板运动试验、核素心肌灌注扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ）、冠状动脉造影等结果与心房颤动组比较也有显著不同（４５∶１１，Ｐ＜ ０．００１；４７∶７，Ｐ＜ ０．００１；４７∶５，Ｐ＜ ０．００１；５０∶５，Ｐ＜ ０．００１）。结论　在老年心房颤动患者中冠心病发病率不高     

乙型肝炎肝窦病变的免疫组织化学及电镜观察

目的　研究乙型肝炎（ ＨＢ） 肝窦病变的免疫组化表达及超微结构变化的病理意义．方法　ＨＢ 肝活检标本３００ 例， 用ＦＮ，ＬＮ，ＣｏⅣ，αＳＭＡ 及ＶＥＧＦ 单克隆抗体作免疫组化（ＳＰ 法） 染色；另对６５ 例按照电镜技术制样，作超微结构观察．结果　ＨＢ 肝窦有狭窄、阻塞、扩张及肝窦毛细血管化４ 种病变． ＡＨＢ 以肝窦狭窄及阻塞较重者占多数（９５ ％ ） ，而ＣＨＢ 则以肝窦扩张及毛细血管化最明显，两者差异显著（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ．肝窦狭窄时肝细胞水肿、微绒毛断裂、线粒体畸型、窦内皮细胞增生或损伤，窗孔减少，基膜物质增多，以αＳＭＡ，ＶＥＧＦ 强表达较前者显著（ Ｐ ＜ ０－０１） ． ＦＮ ，ＬＮ，ＣｏⅣ及αＳＭＡ 表达随肝窦扩张程度升降，与ＶＥＧＦ 表达明显不同（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ． 肝窦内皮细胞可出芽形成管腔，基膜物质增多而ＶＥＧＦ 则下降．结论　肝窦病变免疫组化及超微结构变化与ＨＢ 演变有关．     

甘油三酯与高密度脂蛋白预测冠状动脉病变的意义

７８例患者选择性冠状动脉（冠脉）造影，其中冠脉病变５１例，冠脉正常２７例。测定了其高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）及其亚组分和甘油三酯（ＴＧ）。结果表明：冠脉狭窄与ＨＤＬ２负相关（ｒ＝－０．３２，Ｐ＜０．０１）、与ＴＧ正相关（ｒ＝０．３４，Ｐ＜０．０１），认为高ＴＧ和低ＨＤＬ２对于预测冠脉病变有重要意义。     

QT离散度与冠状动脉狭窄程度的关系

测量１００例（男８６例，女１４例，平均年龄５６．１±５．６岁）冠状动脉造影者的体表心电图ＱＴ离散度（ＱＴｄ），结果显示:冠状动脉狭窄组ＱＴｄ较冠脉正常组明显延长（Ｐ＜０．０１）。在狭窄程度大于或等于７５％组和狭窄小于７５％组间，ＱＴｄ差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），说明ＱＴｄ与冠脉狭窄程度有关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文讨论了单支冠脉病变、多支冠脉病变及左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）与ＱＴｄ的关系，其中单支病变和多支病变的ＱＴｄ无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而ＬＶＥＦ＞４０％和ＬＶＥＦ≤４０％两组间，ＱＴｄ差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），表明ＱＴｄ与左室射血功能有关     

冠心病合并左心功能不全患者冠状动脉旁路移植术效果

总结１５１例左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）＜４５％患者的冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）效果。方法单纯ＣＡＢＧ组６１例，平均ＬＶＥＦ（４０．８±３．７）％，平均塔桥３．６支；ＣＡＢＧ合并其它手术组９０例，平均ＬＶＥＦ（３４．４±７．１）％，平均搭桥１．８支，合并手术包括室壁瘤切除或成形８７例，瓣膜置换３例。结果两组分别死亡２例和６例，心律失常和术后低心排是手术死亡的主要原因。平均随访３４个月，随访率为９２％，两组各死亡２例，其中３例与心脏因素有关。两组ＬＶＥＦ分别为（５５．６±７．３）％和（５０．４±１１．４）％，较术前有明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。术前心绞痛症状基本消失。早晚期病死率没有明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论ＣＡＢＧ对伴有左心功能不全的冠心病患者是一种安全有效的治疗方法。移植血管应尽可能应用乳内动脉，以提高远期效果。加强围术期的处理，调整心脏的前后负荷，兼顾心肌氧需和氧耗平衡，必要时应用主动脉内球囊反搏或左室辅助（ＬＶＡＤ），以提高手术效果。     

消炎痛雾化吸入对慢性支气管炎的疗效观察

采用随机、单盲、安慰剂及正常对照的方法，观察了４８例慢性支气管炎（慢支）急性发作期患者痰及血中６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１ａ（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ）、血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）含量的变化以及它们与疾量，痰干／湿比，肺活量实测值占预计值百分比（ＶＣ％），１秒用力肺活量占用力肺活量百分比（ＦＥＶ１％）的相关性。并观察了消炎痛对它们的影响。结果表明：慢支患者痰及血中６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ｕ及ＴＸＢ２均高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。痰及血中６—ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ和ＴＸＢ２与痰量和疾干／湿比里正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）；与ＶＣ％和ＦＥＶ１％呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。与安慰剂组相比消炎痛雾化吸入可明显降低慢支患者的痰量，痰粘度和血沉（Ｐ＜０．０１）；明显提高ＶＣ％和ＦＥＶ１％（Ｐ值分别小于０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）；明显缩短病程（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

甘油三酯与高密度脂蛋白预测冠状动脉病变的意义

７８例患者经选择性冠状动脉（冠脉）造影，其中冠脉病变５１例，冠脉正常２７例。测定了其高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）及其亚组分和甘油三脂（ＴＧ）。结果表明：冠脉狭窄与ＨＤＬ＿２负相关（ｒ＝－０．３２，Ｐ＜０．０１）、与ＴＧ正相关（ｒ＝０．３４，Ｐ＜０．０１），认为高ＴＧ和低ＨＤＬ＿２对于预测冠脉病变有重要意义。     

冠心病人心脏功能多指标的综合评定

作者对２４０例患者进行心电图、血脂、二维超声、心功能、冠状动脉及左室造影检查，并将各指标的改变与冠状动脉病变对比分析，以期了解这些指标在冠心病病变中的意义。结果表明:常规心电图ＳＴ－Ｔ在３支以上血管病变时才有明显改变（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＨＤＬ／ＴＣ在单支病变时即有改变；左室造影及Ｂ超中的ＥＦ，ΔＤ值与狭窄程度、范围呈负相关（ｒ＝０．５３，０．６１）。心功能各指标（ＰＥＰ，ＰＥＰ／ＬＶＥＴ，ａ／Ｄ，ａ／Ｈ）的改变与冠脉狭窄程度的关系较狭窄支数为好，而与积分法所示的狭窄范围更为密切。     

溴化异丙托品与氨茶碱片对支气管扩张作用的对比观察

目的比较定量雾化吸入溴化异丙托品与口服氨茶碱片对支气管扩张的作用。方法对２６例稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者采用安慰剂控制的双盲交叉试验，于试验前及试验后３０分，１，２，３，４，５，６小时分别测定第一秒用力呼气容积（ＦＥＶ１）。结果使用溴化异丙托品及氨茶碱后ＦＥＶ１平均峰值较基础值增加分别为３４％及１９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；达峰时间分别为１～２小时及２～３小时；ＦＥＶ１较基础值增加＞１５％的患者分别为９０％及５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＦＥＶ１＞１５％的平均持续时间为３．６小时及１．６小时，６小时内ＦＥＶ１较基础值平均增加分别为１８％及８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论对ＣＯＰＤ患者雾化吸入溴化异丙托品较口服氨茶碱片能更有效的扩张支气管作用     

Grading the angiographic extent of collateral filling

Angiography frequently demonstrates a collateral circulation in severe coronary artery disease. An easily applicable method to quantify collateral flow might be a useful adjunct for the assessment of the hemodynamic effects of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to validate a visual scaling of the extent of angiographic collateral filling by comparison with flowmeter- and microsphere-derived measurements of collateral flow. In 12 open-chest dogs, collaterals from the circumflex artery were angiographically visualized (n = 80) by creating acute critical left anterior descending artery occlusion. The extent of collateral filling was graded in four levels from 0 = no visible filling to 3 = complete epicardial filling. Collateral filling correlated with the change in flow of the collateral supplying circumflex artery (Q; r = 0.84) which was + 5.3 ±4.6% with grade 1, + 9.1 ±3.5% with grade 2 and + 14.6 ±4.7% with grade 3 (p < 0.01). In parallel, coronary flow reserve decreased from 4.1 ±0.8 with grade 0 to 2.9 ±0.2 with grade 3 (p < 0.01). Colored microspheres were injected subselectively into the circumflex artery of 9 dogs (45 injections). The ratio of microspheres counted in the collateralized myocardium of the left anterior descending artery to the total number injected increased from 0.6 ±0.9% for grade 0 to 17.1 ±2.8% with grade 3 (p < 0.01). Absolute collateral flow derived from microsphere counts averaged 5.5 ±0.9 ml/min with grade 3 and closely correlated with collateral filling grade (r = 0.88). Semiquantitative grading of angiographic collateral filling in response to acute coronary occlusion in a canine model correlates with an increase in collateral source artery flow, absolute collateral flow and a decrease in source artery flow reserve. These data suggest that this scale might be a simple but useful adjunct tool to assess the hemodynamic significance of a collateral circulation.This work was supported by a grant from the NLHBI 1 R01 HL40865. Dr. Schuhlen is the recipient of a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (#Schu657/1-1 and 1–2).     

Provisional T-stenting and kissing balloon in the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions: results of the French multicenter "TULIPE" study.

BACKGROUND: In previous prospective studies, a strategy of (a) stenting of the main branch, (b) provisional T-stenting of the side branch, and (c) final kissing balloon inflation, was associated with high success and low target lesion revascularization (TLR) rates on the long-term. OBJECTIVES: To examine the performance of this strategy in a multicenter study. METHODS: Consecutive patients were treated at 14 French medical centers for de novo coronary bifurcation lesions with the same technique used. Immediate results and clinically-driven TLR at 7 months were examined. RESULTS: The mean reference diameters of the main and side branches were 3.2 +/- 0.6 mm and 2.4 +/- 0.5 mm, respectively. The side branch was stented in 34% of patients. A <30% residual stenosis in the main branch was achieved in 99%, <50% in the side branch in 90%, and both in 89% of procedures. The in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular event were a Q-wave and 5 non-Qwaves MI (0.54% and 2.7%). At 7 months of follow-up, 3 patients (1.76%) had died, 1 suffered a non-Q-wave MI (0.59%), and 28 (15.88%) underwent TLR. By multivariate analysis, a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (OR: 0.934), moderate calcifications (OR: 7.86), and non-use of the "jailed" wire technique (OR: 4.26) were associated with reinterventions during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy of provisional T-stenting with a tubular stent and final kissing balloon angioplasty for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions was safe and associated with a low TLR rate at 7 months. This strategy should be applicable to the new era of drug eluting stents.     

Embolization complicating coronary angioplasty in the presence of an intracoronary thrombus

Two cases of coronary occlusion and subsequent embolization during percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are described. Prior to PTCA, angiographic evidence of intracoronary thrombus was present. Abrupt reclosure after dilation was treated by successful redilation. However, coronary embolization of thrombus debris occurred downstream in one patient and into an adjacent coronary branch in the second patient.     

Angiographic demonstration of coronary sinus thrombosis: A potential consequence of trauma to the coronary sinus

Abnormalities of the coronary sinus are rarely encountered. A case is presented demonstrating for the first time the angiographic appearance of coronary sinus thrombosis. This may have been the result of surgical trauma during mitral valve replacement or inadvertent cannulation of the coronary sinus during right heart catheterization or pacemaker insertion. Although the clinical significance of coronary sinus thrombosis is uncertain, obstruction of coronary sinus blood flow should not be deleterious because of multiple anastomoses between the coronary sinus system and the anterior cardiac veins. Difficulty in cannulating the coronary sinus for physiologic studies should suggest the possibility of coronary sinus thrombosis, especially in patients who have undergone mitral valve replacement. This may be confirmed by observing the venous phase of selective left coronary arteriography. Finally, coronary sinus thrombosis may be important as a source of pulmonary emboli. The prevalence of this serious complication requires further study.     

Treatment of ruptured coronary aneurysm with a novel covered stent

Coronary artery aneurysms are relatively rare but have been diagnosed with increasing frequency since the advent of coronary arteriography. Their reported incidence varies from 1.5% to 5% with male dominance and a predilection for the right coronary artery (RCA), accounting for over 40% of all cases. The most common etiology amongst adults remains atherosclerosis accounting for 50% of coronary aneurysms. We describe the first use of a novel flexible pericardium covered stent for successful treatment of a ruptured coronary aneurysm in 76 year old lady. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Concept of the homemade coronary stent: Experimental results and initial clinical experience

To defray the escalating cost of coronary stenting, we handmade a balloon expandable coil stent with stainless steel wire. Preliminary comparison with the Palmaz-Schatz stent showed that, when implanted in porcine illac arteries, there was no difference in immediate angiographic results or in the degree of foreign body reaction at 6 wk. Subsequently, a total of 73 stents were implanted in 52 patients, either as a bailout device (54%) or for suboptimal angiographic results (46%). All but two implantations were successful. The postprocedural regimen consisted of heparin 1,000 IU/hr, aspirin 250 mg daily, and ticlopidine 500 mg daily. In-hospital complications were limited to two groin hematomas, one necessitating blood transfusion. Importantly, stent thrombosis was not observed. While 6-mo follow-up is pending, we already conclude that a balloon expandable coil stent can be handmade easily at low cost and implanted safely in patients. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Association of coronary calcification with obstructive disease in coronary arteries in Indian patients

A total of 1150 consecutive patients (1052 males and 98 females; age 51.2 +/- 10.1 years) with suspected coronary artery disease (Group I) were subjected to fluoroscopy for detection of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and coronary angiography. Another group (Group II) of 120 patients (95 males and 25 females; age 51.4 +/- 9.4 years) catheterized for cardiac diseases other than coronary artery disease (CAD) were subjected to the same protocol of fluoroscopy and coronary angiography to exclude incidental CAD in view of their age. CAC was present in 240 patients (20.0%) in Group I. Of these, 200 (83.4%) had triple-vessel disease (TVD); 20 (8.3%) had double-vessel disease (DVD); 19 (7.9%) had single-vessel disease (SVD); and 37 (15.4%) patients had left main coronary disease (LMCAD). Only one of these patients had insignificant CAD considered as "normal" coronary arteries (NC). Incidence of LMCAD, TVD, DVD, SVD, and NC in patients without CAC was 4.4%, 56.3%, 18.2%, 14.0%, and 11.5%, respectively. Incidence of CAC in patients with LMCAD, TVD, DVD, SVD, and NC was 48.1%, 28.1%, 10.8%, 13.0%, and 1.0% respectively. In Group II (n = 120), 24 patients (20%) had CAD, CAC was present in 5 patients with CAD (20.9%), and in two patients without CAD (2%). CAC is relatively uncommon in Indian CAD patients. Its presence, however, indicates severe multivessel disease.     

Survival with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery. Significance of the collateral circulation

Four patients with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery are described. Angina pectoris was severe (NYHA class 3-4) and had lasted 20 months to seven years. Three patients had experienced a myocardial infarction. All displayed large collaterals arising from a nearly normal right coronary artery and feeding both the left anterior descending and the left circumflex arteries. The left ventricular ejection fractions ranged from 20% to 65%, and all patients had varying degrees of left ventricular asynergy. Coronary artery bypass surgery resulted in a marked improvement in three patients; one patient who underwent an aneurysmectomy died two months after the operation. The data show that total occlusion of the left main coronary artery is compatible with survival if adequate collateral supply develops from the right coronary artery. In this rare angiographic subset collateral circulation is clearly functionally significant.     

Terminology and anatomy of angulated coronary arteriography

Angulated views in coronary arteriography have been increasingly utilized because of their superiority in demonstrating lesions not well seen in standard right and left oblique projections. The importance of these angulated views has been repeatedly demonstrated. It is the purpose of this article to review some basic coronary anatomy angulation terminology, and then to describe the particular advantages of the angulated views in coronary arteriography. Illustrations of these particular views of both coronary systems will be provided.     

Nonatherosclerotic causes of coronary artery narrowing—Part II

Part II of this three-part article on nonatherosclerotic causes of coronary heart disease focuses on myocardial bridges, coronary artery aneurysms, emboli, coronary dissection, and spasm as causes of luminal narrowing.