XEN‐45 collagen implant for the treatment of uveitic glaucoma

Importance

The XEN‐45 implant, a hydrophilic collagen implant which drains aqueous to the subconjunctival space, has not been investigated in the context of uveitic glaucoma.

Background

To determine the safety and efficacy of the XEN‐45 collagen implant in eyes with uveitic glaucoma.

Design

Exploratory prospective case series.

Participants

patients with medically uncontrolled uveitic glaucoma.

Methods

Twenty‐four consecutive patients (mean age ± standard deviation [SD] = 45.3 ± 18.1 years) were implanted with the XEN‐45 implant.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcome measure was intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction at 12 months as compared to baseline. Secondary outcome measures included ocular hypotensive medication use at 12 months, the requirement for further glaucoma surgery and failure. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were documented.

Results

The baseline mean ± SD IOP was 30.5 ± 9.8 mmHg and the mean ± SD number of glaucoma medications required was 3.3 ± 0.8. In 20 eyes (83.3%) in whom conventional glaucoma surgery was originally perceived to be inevitable, further surgery was not required after XEN‐45 implantation. The mean IOP was reduced by 60.2% from baseline to 12.2 ± 3.1 mmHg and mean medication usage was reduced to 0.4 ± 0.9 at 12 months (both P < 0.001). One patient had hypotony persisting beyond 2 months that required surgical revision and one patient developed blebitis. The 12‐month cumulative Kaplan–Meier survival probability was 79.2%.

Conclusions and Relevance

The XEN‐45 implant is effective for the treatment of patients with medically uncontrolled uveitic glaucoma. Potentially sight‐threatening complications, including bleb‐related ocular infection and persistent hypotony, may occur.     

Translational neuroprotection research in glaucoma: a review of definitions and principles

The maintenance of vision, through prevention and attenuation of neuronal injury in glaucoma, forms the basis of current clinical practice. Currently, the reduction of intraocular pressure is the only proven method to achieve these goals. Although this strategy enjoys considerable success, some patients progress to blindness; hence, additional management options are highly desirable. Several terms describing treatment modalities of neuronal diseases with potential applicability to glaucoma are used in the literature, including neuroprotection, neurorecovery, neurorescue and neuroregeneration. These phenomena have not been defined within a coherent framework. Here, we suggest a set of definitions, postulates and principles to form a foundation for the successful translation of novel glaucoma therapies from the laboratory to the clinic.     

穿刺巩膜隧道植入Ahmed青光眼阀治疗难治性青光眼的疗效

目的:观察用23G针头直接穿刺制作巩膜隧道的方式植入Ahmed青光眼阀(Ahmed glaucoma valve,AGV)治疗难治性青光眼的临床疗效及并发症。方法:观察44例44眼难治性青光眼患者,应用23G针头直接穿刺制作巩膜隧道,行青光眼阀植入术进行治疗。观察患者术后眼压、视力、并发症,并与术前进行对比。结果:本组患者成功率84.1%。术前眼压:52.1±10.1mm Hg,最后一次随访眼压15.6±6.9mm Hg。视力提高者11眼,视力无改变者27眼,视力降低者6眼。并发症包括:浅前房4例,脉络膜脱离3例,引流管移位1例,前房积血6例,引流管阻塞1例,脉络膜驱逐性出血1例,引流盘包裹5例。结论:直接穿刺巩膜隧道的方法植入青光眼阀,手术操作简单可行,避免了制瓣及异体巩膜移植,并简化了手术操作,防止术后房水管周渗漏,术后浅前房发生率低,为切实可行的手术方法。     

Predictability of success for combined iStent inject trabecular bypass implantation with phacoemulsification in the subsequent eye

Background

To investigate in combined iStent inject implantation with phacoemulsification carried out bilaterally, whether intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effectiveness in the first eye has a predictive potential for the outcome of the second eye in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods

This retrospective study included 72 eyes from 36 participants, who underwent trabecular bypass implantation in combination with cataract surgery at two study centres (Düsseldorf, Cologne). Surgery was classified as either ‘success’ or ‘failure’ based on three scores: IOP at follow-up <21 mmHg (Score A) or IOP < 18 mmHg (Score B), with an IOP reduction >20% respectively, without re-surgery and IOP ≤ 15 mmHg with an IOP reduction ≥40%, without re-surgery (Score C).

Results

The IOP lowering outcomes of first and second eyes did not differ significantly. There was a significantly higher chance of success in the second eye after effective surgery in the first eye compared with cases after a preceding failure. Within our cohort, a 76% probability of success for the subsequent eye was determined following prior success for Score A. This probability was reduced to 13% if surgery in the first eye failed. The respective probabilities were 75% and 13% for Score B and 40% and 7% for Score C.

Conclusions

In bilateral trabecular bypass implantation combined with cataract surgery, there is a high predictive potential for subsequent eyes based on the extent of IOP-lowering in the initial eye, which should be considered by the surgeon for second eye surgeries.     

房角金环植入术治疗顽固性青光眼的临床观察

目的　观察房角金环植入术治疗顽固性青光眼的近期和中期疗效。方法　对29例(29只眼)药物难以控制的青光眼行房角金环植入术。结果　随访2～23月,平均73±53月。眼压由术前(5134±1369)mmHg降至术后(2659±1127)mmHg。总成功率为7241%,其中非新生血管性青光眼的成功率为7692%,新生血管性青光眼的成功率为3333%。并发症包括前房积血、浅前房、术后早期低眼压、前部葡萄膜炎、金环与角膜内皮接触、金环外露、渗出性脉络膜脱离等。结论　房角金环植入术是一种治疗顽固性青光眼的有效方法。     

Phacotrabeculectomy in Treatment of Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma and Primary Open-angle Glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate the surgical outcome of combined phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and trabeculectomy (phacotrabeculectomy) in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) or primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).Methods The records of 57 consecutive patients (65 eyes) with PACG or POAG that were treated with phacotrabeculectomy were reviewed retrospectively. There were 31 eyes with PACG and 34 with POAG. The mean follow-up period was 21.0 ± 8.3 months. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), number of medications, and complications were evaluated.Results The mean IOP and the number of glaucoma medications decreased significantly after phacotrabeculectomy in both groups. The mean IOP reduction was significantly greater in eyes with PACG (P < 0.05). The absolute success rates were 87.1% and 70.6% in PACG and POAG, respectively. The difference in the success rates was not significant (P = 0.297). The early postoperative complication rates were similar in both groups.Conclusions Phacotrabeculectomy results in greater IOP reduction in eyes with PACG than in those with POAG, but the overall success rates were not significantly different. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2004;48:408–411 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2004     

Glaucoma in China

The motivation for this paper is that, having come from China, a country which had closed herself to the outside world for three decades, I thought it might be interesting to compare glaucoma in the two countries. Since I am from only a municipal hospital of a small city Hangzhow (a sister city of Boston), whatever I say can only be accepted as personal view points. Presently I have this wonderful opportunity to be a research fellow at the world wide famous Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, which is affiliated with Harvard Medical School. The comparison therefore may not be exactly appropriate but may help to see where my country stands, what we have, what we lack and what goals to strive for to better the health of China. There may be some confusing terms in this paper such as Liberation, Cultural Revolution, etc. Table 1 may help give a clearer conception.     

Glaucoma neuroprotection: What is it? Why is it needed?

The glaucomas are a group of ocular diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve damage and visual loss. Although there is good laboratory evidence for glaucoma neuroprotection by several drugs, the evidence from randomized clinical trials is lacking.     

Managing high risk glaucoma with the Ahmed valve implant: 20 years of experience

AIM: To estimate the efficacy and safety of the Ahmed implant in patients with high risk for failure after glaucoma surgery. METHODS: In 342 eyes of 342 patients with refractory glaucoma, even with application of medical treatment, the Ahmed valve was introduced for intraocular pressure (IOP) control, in the period of the last 20y. The nature of glaucoma was neovascular in 162 eyes, pseudophakic or aphakic in 49 eyes, inflammatory in 29 eyes and non working previous antiglaucomatic surgical interventions in 102 eyes. RESULTS: Follow-up ranged from 18 to 120mo with a mean follow-up of 63.2mo. IOP before the operation decreased from 31.6±10.4 mm Hg to 18.3±5.4 mm Hg (no systemic treatment) at the end of follow up period. When we compared the IOP values before the operation using ANOVA showed statistically significant difference (P<0.001). The success rate was 85.2% during the first semester, 76.8% at 12mo and 50.3% at the end of follow up period (18 to 120mo after implantation). Success rate was 25.7% in neovascular glaucoma, 63.2% in aphakic glaucoma and 73.8% in non working previous antiglaucomatic surgical interventions. Complications due to the implant were: serous choroidal detachment in 14.8%, blockage of the tube in 2.8%, malposition of the tube in 4.9%, suprachoroidal hemorrhage in 2.1%, cataract progression in 39.6% (phakic eyes), shallow anterior chamber in 9.2%, hyphaema in 28.9%, exposure of valve in 2.6%, exposure of tube in 9.3%, hypotony in 4.9% and conjunctival fibrosis in 41.5%. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that Ahmed valve implant had suchlike results as other implants concerning the IOP control, complications rate due to hypotony or over filtration in the first days after the intervention are not that frequent as with other valve implants.     

A case of spontaneously resolved primary congenital glaucoma

Primary congenital glaucoma usually presents as enlarged and hazy cornea at birth or early childhood. The diagnosis is based on a thorough clinical examination under anesthesia. Most cases require surgical intervention as the definitive treatment. In very rare instances, primary congenital glaucoma may arrest and resolve spontaneously. We describe a case of spontaneously arrested and resolved primary congenital glaucoma in a 37-year-old male presenting with large cornea, Haab''s striae, and normal intraocular pressure in one eye. Such a case has not been previously described from the Indian subcontinent.     

Lens-induced glaucoma

The crystalline lens is implicated as a causative element in producing several forms of glaucoma. Etiologically they represent a diversity in the presentation of the glaucomatous process. These conditions include glaucoma related to: lens dislocation (ectopia lentis), lens swelling (intumescent cataract), classical pupillary block, aqueous misdirection - ciliary block, phacoanaphylaxis, lens particle, and phacolytic glaucoma. The management of elevated intraocular pressure often requires altering the intraocular relationship of anatomic structures surrounding the lens or lens removal. We will review the entities that produce these lens-induced glaucomatous conditions and suggest a rational approach to their diagnosis and treatment.     

【In Press】 Managing high risk glaucomas with the Ahmed valve implant: 20 years of experience

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Ahmed glaucoma valve in patients with refractory glaucoma. METHODS: In 342 eyes of 342 patients with uncontrolled glaucoma despite topical and/or systemic medical treatment, the Ahmed valve implant was placed for intraocular pressure (IOP) control, during the last 20 years. The type of glaucoma was neovascular in 162 eyes, pseudophakic or aphakic in 49 eyes, inflammatory in 29 eyes and failure of previous antiglaucomatic operations (two or more) in 102 eyes. RESULTS: Follow-up time ranged from 18 to 120mo with a mean follow-up of 63.2mo. Preoperative IOP decreased from 31.6±10.4 mm Hg to 18.3±5.4 mm Hg (only topical treatment) at the last examination. Comparison of preoperative IOP values using ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Total success rate was 85.2% the first 6mo, 76.76% at 12mo and 50.3% at the last examination (18 to 120mo after implantation). Success rate was 25.7% in neovascular glaucoma, 63.2% in aphakic glaucoma and 73.8% in previous failed trabeculectomies. Complications associated with the use of the valve were: serous choroidal detachment in 14.8%, blockage of the tube in 2.8%, malposition of the tube in 4.9%, suprachoroidal hemorrhage in 2.1%, cataract progression in 39.6% (phakic eyes), shallow anterior chamber in 9.2%, hyphaema in 28.9%, exposure of valve in 2.6%, exposure of tube in 9.3%, hypotony in 4.9% and conjunctival fibrosis in 41.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the success of the Ahmed valve implant is similar to that reported for other drainage devices, the complications associated with overfiltration in the immediate postoperative period appear to be less frequent than with other glaucoma valve drainage devices.     

Ahmed青光眼阀植入术治疗有视功能的新生血管性青光眼

目的：评价Ahmed青光眼阀植入术治疗有视功能的新生血管性青光眼的疗效及安全性。方法：对26例26眼有视功能的新生血管性青光眼施行颞上象限到赤道部区域的Ahmed表眼阀值入术,结果：术后经4－26mo（平均8mo)的随访观察,22例视力提高或不变,占86．4％,无1例因手术而失明;17眼眼压控制在0．8－2．8kPa,眼压控制率为65．4％,术后并发症包括;自顾不暇暂性前房出血,术后早期低眼压,引流管口阻塞及植入盘脱出,结论Ahmed青光眼阀植入术治疗有视功能的新生血管性青光眼旭一种有效且安全的方法。     

青光眼房水引流装置的研究进展

青光眼房水引流装置植入术是目前临床上广为推崇的一种治疗难治性青光眼的有效方法。各引流装置在设计、材料、引流盘的面积和形状及有无阀门或限流器上存在差异。现就临床常用的青光眼房水引流装置的结构特点、作用机制、并发症、不足之处以及当前研究进展做一简要概述。     

Ahmed青光眼阀治疗难治性青光眼的作用和现状

青光眼是致盲性疾病,难治性青光眼的治疗更为棘手.青光眼房水引流物的出现,是治疗难治性青光眼的突破性进展,提高了中短期治疗成功率,同时也存在较多并发症.本文就常用的引流植入物-Ahmed青光眼阀在治疗难治性青光眼中的作用和研究现状作一综述.     

Exome sequencing identifies procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 mutations in primary congenital and juvenile glaucoma

Purpose:To report the association of procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2) mutations with bilateral primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) in monozygotic twins and with nondominant juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (JOAG).Methods:We utilized family-based whole-exome sequencing to detect disease-causing mutations in a pair of monozygotic twins with de-novo PCG and compared its existence in 50 nonfamilial cases of JOAG and 30 healthy controls. To validate the identified mutations, direct Sanger sequencing was performed. For further evaluation of gene expression in the ocular tissues, we performed whole-mount in situ hybridization in zebrafish embryos.Results:We identified a novel missense mutation (c.1925A>G, p.Tyr642Cys) in the PLOD2 gene in the monozygotic twin pair with PCG and another missense mutation (c.1880G>A, p.Arg627Gln) in one JOAG patient. Both mutations identified were heterozygous. Neither the parents of the twins nor the parents of the JOAG patient harbored the mutation and it was probably a de-novo change. The zebrafish in situ hybridization revealed expression of the PLOD2 gene during embryogenesis of the eye.Conclusion:We observed an association of PLOD2 mutations with PCG and with nonfamilial JOAG. This new gene needs to be further investigated for its role in pathways associated with glaucoma pathogenesis.     

房水引流物植入术后行其他眼手术发生的问题及处理

目的：探讨房水引流物植入术后行其他眼科手术可能发生的问题及相应的处理方法。方法：对我院１９９４年１２月至１９９９年６月间进行各类青光眼房水引流物植入术１５２例,术后需行其他手术的１０例患者,按常规手术和改良手术所得的结果进行分析评价。结果：其中按常规手术的３例患者,术中及术后均发生了严重的并发症,眼压升高达房水引流物植入前水平。其余７例经过术中临时性结扎引流管、引流盘周引流区的保护等处理后,避免了     

Ahmed 青光眼阀门植入物手术治疗顽固性青光眼

目的　评价Ahmed青光眼阀门 (AGV)植入物手术治疗顽固性青光眼的临床效果 ,探讨其手术并发症以及处理。方法　对 3 0例顽固性青光眼施行Ahmed青光眼阀门植入术 ,其中包括 14例新生血管性青光眼 ,2例假晶状体性青光眼 ,4例无晶状体性青光眼 ,6例有滤过性手术失败史的青光眼与 4例伴有葡萄膜炎的青光眼 ,术后随访 3～ 18个月。结果　在术后平均 (9± 4)个月的随访期间眼压由术前的 (41 40± 8 0 3 )mmHg下降到 (2 0 55± 9 53 )mmHg ,总有效率为 86 7% ,其中新生血管性青光眼有效率占 85 7% ,其他类型有效率占 87 5%。手术并发症包括短暂性浅前房 ,脉络膜脱离 ,引流管内口堵塞等。结论　Ahmed青光眼阀门近期疗效高于其他房水引流植入物 ,可使因引流过畅所致的并发症明显减少 ,为治疗顽固性青光眼提供了一种新的有效的治疗途径