Lateral lymph node recurrence of rectal cancer with a pathological complete response to chemotherapy confirmed by laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection: A case report

Lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis is one of the forms of local recurrence after surgery for lower rectal cancer. We here present a case of LLN recurrence of rectal cancer that was shown by laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) to have a complete pathological response to chemotherapy. A 58-year-old man underwent open low anterior resection for lower rectal cancer. After detection of right LLN recurrence 43 months after the operation, 11 cycles of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab chemotherapy were administered. Laparoscopic right LLND was performed 55 months after the first operation. Pathological examination revealed no viable tumor cells in the dissected lymph nodes. The patient remains alive without recurrence 61 months after the first surgery and 6 months after laparoscopic LLND. Laparoscopic LLND for LLN recurrence of rectal cancer is feasible and should be considered a valid treatment option.     

Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with lateral lymph node dissection for anorectal melanoma: A case report

Because anorectal melanoma, a rare cancer with a poor outcome, does not respond well to local radiation therapy or systemic chemotherapy, surgery is the primary treatment. Herein, we present a case of anorectal melanoma with lateral and inguinal lymph node metastases. A 61‐year‐old woman presented with rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy revealed a black tumor with ulceration in the anorectum. A CT scan revealed an anorectal tumor with left lateral lymph node swelling and right inguinal lymph node swelling. We performed a laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with lateral lymph node dissection and right inguinal lymph node dissection. One year after the initial operation, pulmonary metastases were observed, and pulmonary resection was performed. After the pulmonary resection, brain metastases developed, and surgical resection was performed. Despite the recurrence of disease, the patient has survived for 52 months since the initial surgery and continues to receive systemic chemotherapy.     

Laparoscopic total pelvic exenteration with en bloc lateral lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for advanced primary rectal cancer

Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) may be the only procedure that can cure T4 rectal cancer that directly invades the urinary bladder or prostate. Here, we describe our experience of laparoscopic TPE with en bloc lateral lymph node dissection for advanced primary rectal cancer. A 62‐year‐old man diagnosed with advanced lower rectal cancer (T4bN0M0) underwent laparoscopic TPE with en bloc lateral lymph node dissection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Ligation of the dorsal vein complex was performed under direct visualization through the perineal approach, and the large perineal defect was reconstructed using bilateral V‐Y advancement of the gluteus maximus musculocutaneous flaps. The ileal conduit was constructed extracorporeally through an extended umbilical port that was extended to 4 cm. The total operative time was 831 min and estimated blood loss was 600 mL. Laparoscopic TPE appears to be safe and feasible in selected patients.     

宫颈癌转移性淋巴结MRI影像学特征

目的探讨MRI检出宫颈癌转移淋巴结大小及盆腔内分布特点。方法54例宫颈癌患者,采用PACS记录MRI检出淋巴结的影像特点,分析MRI检出宫颈癌淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性。结果MRI检出宫颈癌淋巴结中闭孔区淋巴结检出率最高,左侧为88％,右侧为90％;髂内区淋巴结检出率次之,左侧为85％,右侧为88％;腹股沟深区淋巴结检出率左侧为79％,右侧为77％;髂外区淋巴结检出率左侧为45％,右侧为43％;髂总区淋巴结检出率左侧为31％,右侧为17％;转移组中5～10mm淋巴结占检出总数的51．2％;ROC曲线示以淋巴结直径判断检出淋巴结是否转移,取8mm时敏感性为49．5％,特异性为69．6％,AUC为0．669。结论MRI检出宫颈癌淋巴结主要分布在闭孔区及髂内区,腹股沟深区及髂外区次之;淋巴结直径不能判断转移与否。     

Internal hernia caused by exposed structures after laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection for rectal cancer: A case report

Internal hernias secondary to exposed structures after lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) for rectal cancer are rare. A 53-year-old man who underwent laparoscopic ultra-low anterior resection and bilateral LND presented to our emergency department with sudden-onset severe abdominal pain and vomiting. Computed tomography demonstrated a closed loop obstruction of the intestine in the right lateral pelvic cavity and a significantly dilated small bowel in the abdominal cavity. Laparoscopic surgery revealed small bowel migration into the space between the right ureter and umbilical artery. The herniated bowel was laparoscopically reduced, and the small bowel exhibited no ischemic changes. Meanwhile, the hernial orifice was left unrepaired. The patient was discharged on the seventh postoperative day without complications. An internal hernia caused by exposed structures after lymphadenectomy should be a differential diagnosis in patients who have undergone LLND for rectal cancer and then present with severe abdominal pain and vomiting.     

Laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection for malignant foot melanoma

A 39 year‐old woman with malignant foot melanoma underwent wide excision of the primary tumor with a safety margin and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for the right inguinal lymph node. SLNB was positive and a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed right iliac lymph node swelling. Positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET–CT) scan of the lymph nodes revealed abnormal uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). We performed a laparoscopic pelvic lymph node obturator, iliac lymph node) dissection. During the operation, several black lymph nodes were observed in the iliac lymph node. Pathologically, the iliac lymph node consisted of metastasized atypical melanocytes. This surgical method for pelvic lymph node dissection is not a standard procedure among institutions. There have been no reported cases of malignant melanoma with pelvic lymph node metastasis treated by laparoscopic surgery. However, due to the minimally invasive technique, this method is worth considering to be used for pelvic lymph node dissection in malignant melanoma as well as other cancers in the field of urology or gynecology.     

Using indocyanine green fluorescent imaging to successfully resect metachronous regional lymph node recurrence of rectosigmoid cancer

A 39‐year‐old female patient underwent anterior resection with locoregional lymph node dissection for rectosigmoid cancer at another hospital. The procedure involved transection of the superior rectal artery just below the origin of the left colic artery. Postoperative diagnosis was stage III B. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin plus capecitabine for 6 months. Sixteen months after the operation, PET‐CT scans revealed regional lymph node metastases around the root of the inferior mesenteric artery. The patient was referred to our hospital with a recurrence of rectosigmoid cancer. We performed laparoscopic lymph node dissection with real‐time indocyanine green fluorescent images superimposed on color images to prevent intraoperative vascular insufficiency. We were able to successfully observe the sufficient blood flow in the descending colon. Postoperative pathological findings showed lymph node recurrence after initial surgery. She was discharged 7 days after the operation. In the 8 months since the second operation, the patient has not had any indication of further recurrence.     

Laparoscopic subtotal proctocolectomy for synchronous triple colorectal cancers: a case report

A 42‐year‐old woman presented with abdominal pain. On the basis of CT results, we diagnosed her condition as bowel obstruction caused by advanced transverse colon cancer. Colonoscopy findings showed three lesions: (i) an advanced tumor in the transverse colon; (ii) a laterally spreading descending colon tumor; and (iii) a rectal polyp. The tumors and the polyp were all pathologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. After inserting a self‐expanding metallic stent into the main tumor of the transverse colon to decompress the bowel, we performed endoscopic submucosal dissection of the laterally spreading descending colon tumor. Pathological examination results showed submucosal invasion and a positive margin. Because we endoscopically identified that the rectal polyp was invading the submucosa, we performed laparoscopic subtotal proctocolectomy and ileorectal anastomosis with lymph node dissection along the surgical trunk; we also performed central vascular ligation of the ileocolic artery, right and left branches of the middle colic artery, and inferior mesenteric artery. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. We present this case because there have been few reports on laparoscopic subtotal or total proctocolectomy for synchronous multiple colorectal cancers.     

Sentinel lymph node dissection as a means of managing breast cancer

Sentinel lymph node dissection is a minimally invasive procedure designed to identify and remove specific lymph nodes suspected of containing metastatic cancer cells. First, a surgeon maps sentinel lymph nodes by tagging them with a radioisotope. He or she then uses a hand-held gamma probe intraoperatively to identify lymph nodes likely to contain metastases of primary lesions (e.g., cancers of the breast, prostate, and parathyroid; melanomas). Sentinel lymph node dissection is precise and considerably less traumatic for the patient than the traditional surgical treatment of complete lymph node dissection. This article discusses the use of sentinel lymph node dissection as a diagnostic tool and treatment for breast cancer.     

Precision laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery for femoral skin cancer

Navigation surgery using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging has been used in thoracoabdominal surgery, and its usefulness has been reported in many cases. In this study, laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection was performed using ICG fluorescence imaging in a patient with left femoral spinous cell carcinoma with inguinal and external iliac lymph node metastases. Spinous cell carcinoma is classified as a rare cancer in Japan, and there is a scarcity of evidence for pelvic lymph node dissection, as well as a lack of studies that mention the dissection area. We hypothesized that visualization of lymph nodes and lymph flow using intraoperative ICG fluorescence imaging would indicate the area of dissection and lead to more efficient dissection. In conclusion, intraoperative ICG fluorescence imaging may be useful in this area where there is limited evidence, although there are some limitations.     

颈部增强CT在甲状腺癌发生颈部淋巴结转移患者中的诊断效果

目的  分析颈部增强CT对甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的诊断效能。方法  回顾性分析76例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料。以病理诊断结果为金标准,分析增强CT检查对甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值。结果  病理学检查确诊本组患者颈部淋巴结转移153枚,未转移533枚,中央区淋巴结转60.13%;以病理诊断结果为金标准,增强CT诊断颈部中央区淋巴结转移准确率为83.61%,诊断颈侧区淋巴结转移准确率为89.26%;增强CT显示本组患者颈部转移淋巴结平均短径高于未转移淋巴结（8.91±2.62 mm vs 8.02±2.51 mm）,转移与未转移淋巴结短径>10 mm、明显增强、明显不均匀强化、囊变、病灶内钙化及周围组织侵犯数目的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论  增强CT对甲状腺癌颈部中央区淋巴结转移的诊断效能低于颈侧区淋巴结,建议结合超声或MRI检查综合评估。     

直肠癌离体标本MRI淋巴结转移征象的病理对照研究

目的总结直肠癌离体标本在高分辨率MR结合DWI上的转移征象,探讨MRI对淋巴结良恶性判断的准确性。材料与方法通过对14例经病理证实为直肠癌并接受全直肠系膜切除术患者的术后标本行高分辨率MR及DWI检查,与病理学结果行对照分析,分析转移淋巴结的高分辨率MRI征象及DWI参数特点。结果14例直肠癌患者术后标本MRI共检出淋巴结112枚,术后病理检查发现转移淋巴结22枚,反应性增生淋巴结36枚,正常淋巴结53枚。与良性淋巴结相比,大多数转移淋巴结边缘多毛糙,其内部信号欠均匀;差异有统计学意义(P0.05);反应性增生淋巴结和转移淋巴结短径分别为0.47~0.96 cm、0.52~0.96cm,均大于正常淋巴结(0.25~0.72 cm),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但两者之间差异没有统计学意义(P0.05);其短径与长径之比分别为0.855±0.047、0.0273±0.006,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。转移性淋巴结的ADC值明显低于正常淋巴结[(0.722±0.047)×10~(–3) mm~2/s∶(0..868±0.064)×10~(–3) mm~2/s],但是与反应性增生淋巴结(0.734±0.078)×10~(–3) mm~2/s之间没有明显差异。结论高分辨率MRI对直肠癌系膜内淋巴结的边缘及内部信号特征的显示清楚,对转移淋巴结转移评价具有较高的诊断价值,DWI对区分正常淋巴结与转移淋巴结有一定的价值,但对于鉴别反应性增生淋巴结与转移淋巴结意义不大。     

直肠癌患者腹腔镜手术中淋巴结检出数量的相关因素研究*

目的探讨直肠癌腹腔镜手术淋巴结检出数量的相关因素。方法选取2014年1月-2017年1月于该院行腹腔镜下微创手术治疗的98例直肠癌患者为研究对象。统计患者一般资料[性别、年龄、体质指数(BMI)]、术前影像学检查结果、临床病理资料(肿瘤大小、大体类型、TNM分期、远处转移、组织分化程度和浸润深度等)、手术情况(术者、手术时间)和术前放化疗情况。结果年龄、BMI、肿瘤大小、标本长度、浸润深度、术者情况、术前放化疗与直肠癌微创手术患者淋巴结检出数量有关(P0.05),而性别、TNM分期、大体类型、组织分化程度、手术时间与直肠癌微创手术患者淋巴结检出数量无关(P0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果表明,BMI、肿瘤大小、标本长度、浸润深度、术者和术前放化疗是直肠癌微创手术患者淋巴结检出数量的独立影响因素(P0.05)。结论患者因素、肿瘤状况、手术因素均及治疗情况与直肠癌微创手术淋巴结检出数量有关。     

平卧位腹腔镜下经腹途径双侧腹膜后及盆腔淋巴结清扫术:3例报告并文献复习

目的探讨睾丸癌平卧位腹腔镜下经腹途径双侧腹膜后及盆腔淋巴结清扫术的方法。方法采用经腹途径性腹腔镜下双侧腹膜后及盆腔淋巴结清扫术3例,复习总结国内外相关文献。结果3例手术均顺利,术中分别清扫双侧腹膜后淋巴结22个,及盆腔淋巴10个,术中出血少,术后安返病房。结论腹腔镜下经腹途径双侧腹膜后及盆腔淋巴结清扫范围广,上至肾动脉水平,下至髂总下约2 cm,解剖标志清晰,可达到与开放手术相同的切除范围,仰卧位能同时清扫双侧腹膜后淋巴结及盆腔淋巴,避免中途左右转换体位的麻烦,降低手术风险,可应用于非精原细胞瘤的淋巴结诊断及治疗。      

宫颈癌患者淋巴结状态与预后的关系

目的分析宫颈癌患者淋巴结转移的特征及其对预后的影响。方法前瞻性研究手术治疗的宫颈癌患者311例,记录术中切除的淋巴结数量、部位、体积和病理结果,随访5年生存状况。结果 (1)311例患者淋巴结转移率23.8%,闭孔处转移率最高62.2%,主要沿宫旁淋巴结→闭孔→髂内、髂外→髂总→直肠旁→腹主动脉淋巴结引流途径顺次转移,3例为跳跃式转移。(2)在影响预后的多因素分析中,淋巴结转移(RR=3.524,95%CI:2.156-5.763)首先入选Cox回归模型。有、无淋巴结转移者的5年生存率分别为54.5%和86.1%(χ2=33.681,P<0.01)。(3)淋巴结转移个数和转移处数的风险比分别是2.441(95%CI:1.464-4.069)和2.484(95%CI:1.119-5.517),淋巴结转移数目≤3枚、4～10枚和>10枚者5年生存率分别是80.0%、57.6%和22.5%(χ2=14.340,P<0.01)。单处淋巴结转移和多处淋巴结转移者的5年生存率分别是72.0%和43.1%(χ2=5.887,P<0.05)。结论宫颈癌淋巴结转移主要沿淋巴引流途径进行,以闭孔处转移最常见。淋巴结转移状态是影响患者预后的最强因素,转移个数和转移处数越多,预后越差。     

Synchronous rectal and esophageal cancer treated with chemotherapy followed by two-stage resection

We report a case of 61-year-old male who had synchronous advanced rectal cancer involving the urinary bladder massively associated with multiple liver metastases, and esophageal cancer successfully treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by two-stage resection. Although complete resection of each of the lesions was considered possible by performing anterior pelvic exenteration, liver resection, and esophagectomy, it might be impossible for the patient to endure the stress of all of these operative procedures at once. Therefore, we planned to perform staged treatment with prioritizing consideration. First, we instituted chemotherapy with the FOLFOX (oxaliplatin + fluorouracil + leucovorin) plus cetuximab regimen, which could adequately control both rectal and esophageal cancer. After 6 cycles of chemotherapy, high anterior resection combined with cystoprostatectomy and lateral segmentectomy plus partial hepatectomy was performed followed by staged esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection. It was possible to use oxaliplatin and cetuximab safely as neoadjuvant therapy not only for advanced rectal cancer but for esophageal cancer, and it was effective.     

下腔静脉、髂外静脉节段性切除且不重建血管在复杂腹盆腔肿瘤手术中的应用（附视频二维码）

目的总结联合节段性切除下腔静脉、髂外静脉且不重建血管的复杂腹盆腔肿瘤手术的相关经验。方法回顾性分析接受手术治疗且于术中节段性切除了下腔静脉、髂外静脉的11例腹盆腔复杂肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果 11例患者中结直肠癌术后转移3例,肾盂癌并癌栓、淋巴结转移2例,肾盂癌并淋巴结转移1例,输尿管癌并淋巴结转移1例,肾盂癌术后腹盆腔种植1例,宫颈癌术后转移1例,腹膜后平滑肌肉瘤1例,膀胱癌1例。涉及血管的手术包括:下腔静脉节段性切除5例,右侧髂外静脉节段性切除+右侧髂内动静脉节段性切除1例,右侧髂内动静脉节段性切除+左侧髂外静脉节段性切除1例,下腔静脉节段性切除+双侧髂总静脉节段性切除+右侧髂总动脉与髂外动脉人工血管搭桥术1例,下腔静脉节段性切除+右侧髂外动脉静脉节段性切除+右侧髂外动脉人工血管置换1例,髂外静脉节段性切除2例。所有手术均顺利完成,手术时间570(390～900)min,术中输红细胞4(2～15)单位,输血浆600(150～1800)ml,术后住ICU 0(0～517) h。术后5例出现下肢静脉血栓,4例予以保守治疗后下肢水肿逐渐消退,1例予以介入溶栓治疗。结论对于复杂的腹盆腔肿瘤...     

Ultrasonic detection of lymph node metastases in the region around the celiac axis in esophageal and gastric cancer

The celiac axis could be visualized with ultrasound in 140 out of 166 cases (84%). Failure to identify the celiac axis was associated with extensive metastases to the celiac lymph nodes in 73% (19/26) of these cases. The location of lymph nodes in this region could be determined using the celiac axis and its branches as land marks. Celiac lymph nodes can be roughly classified into three types: Type 1--unclear margins and relatively uniform diffuse internal echoes, Type 2--clear margins and weak internal echoes, and Type 3--clear margins and scattered, large internal echoes, frequently seen with notchings. Metastases in celiac lymph nodes were found in 53 of 166 cases, based on histological examination of surgically removed nodes. A preoperative ultrasonic examination indicated lymph node metastases in 39 out of the 53 cases (sensitivity of 74%) and no lymph node metastases in 108 of the remaining 113 cases (specificity of 96%). Most lymph nodes with metastases were of Types 2 or 3. The longer the diameter of the lymph node or the larger the ratio of metastatic area to node cross-sectional area, the higher the detection rate tended to be. These results indicate that ultrasound can be very useful in screening patients for celiac lymph node metastases.     

Two‐stage laparoscopic curative resection for synchronous multiple colorectal cancers: A case report

A 75‐year‐old man tested positive for occult blood in the stool. A subsequent examination indicated concurrent locally advanced cancer (cT3) at the hepatic flexure and lower rectum cancer in the external anal sphincter. Because of the locally advanced rectal cancer (cT4), preoperative chemoradiotherapy was administered. First, laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and colostomy were performed at the sigmoid colon. Chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer was initiated on day 18 after the surgeries. Seven weeks after chemoradiotherapy had been completed, laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and right lateral pelvic lymph node dissection were performed. This case demonstrated that a second radical surgery for rectal cancer could be performed safely and laparoscopically after laparoscopic colectomy and colostomy.     

前列腺癌淋巴转移的影像学检查

前列腺癌患者有无淋巴结转移对前列腺癌的准确分期至关重要,直接影响到临床治疗方案的选择。本文综述了前列腺癌转移淋巴结的成像方法,描述了前列腺淋巴系统的引流方式,并根据不同个体前列腺癌淋巴引流的多样性,总结了淋巴引流及前哨淋巴结的影像学诊断方法,特别对新近研究的超声造影淋巴成像技术作了介绍及展望。