冠状动脉痉挛致心肌血流灌注降低：反向再分布的机制研究

目的 探讨冠状动脉痉挛患者核素心肌灌注显像反向再分布（RR）的机制.方法 选择双嘧达莫负荷201TI心肌灌注显像表现为RR且诊断为冠状动脉痉挛的患者26例（RR组）、无冠状动脉狭窄及RR者16例（对照组）,在冠状动脉造影术中重复双嘧达莫试验,测量并比较注射双嘧达莫前后RR相关、非RR相关血管和对照组相应血管的校正心肌梗死溶栓疗法（TIMI）血流帧计数（CTFC）和心肌血流灌注积分（TMPG）.统计学处理采用t检验、χ2检验及相关分析.结果 冠状动脉造影见RR相关血管僵硬,血流速度和心肌灌注明显低于非RR相关血管,且RR区域静态心肌灌注缺损与冠状动脉造影血流速度缓慢高度相关（r=0.79,t=10.18,P＜0.001） 而对照组的各支冠状动脉血流速度和心肌灌注无明显差异.RR相关血管注射双嘧达莫前后CTFC分别为（36±6）帧及（26±7）帧（t=4.15,P＜0.01） TMPG分别为（2.02±0.39）级和（2.92±0.12）级（t=2.25,P＜0.05） 非RR相关血管注射前后CTFC分别为（29±7）帧及（25±5）帧（t=2.31,P＜0.05） TMPG分别为（2.56±0.31）级和（2.96±0.06）级（t=2.17,P＜0.05） 而对照组注射双嘧达莫前后TCFC及TMPG均无明显变化（t=0.932及0.867,P均＞0.05）.结论 冠状动脉痉挛患者静息状态下RR相关血管及微血管处于轻度痉挛状态,导致血流速度及心肌灌注缓慢 而负荷状态下血管扩张,使血流速度和心肌灌注加快,因而呈现RR.     

应用负荷心肌灌注显像诊断不稳定型心绞痛心肌缺血及评价预后

目的 应用腺苷或运动负荷99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)心肌灌注显像诊断不稳定型心绞痛患者心肌缺血及评价预后.方法 87例不稳定型心绞痛患者,其中男54例,女33例,年龄40～85(56.5±12.5)岁.进行腺苷或运动负荷心肌灌注显像,并与冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查比较,进行相关性分析.并对上述患者预后进行了临床随访.结果 负荷心肌灌注显像与CAG均阳性57例,负荷心肌灌注显像阳性、CAG阴性(无异常和血管狭窄＜50%)10例,负荷心肌灌注显像阴性、CAG阳性8例,负荷心肌灌注显像与CAG均阴性12例.负荷心肌灌注显像阳性患者预后均较阴性者差,其心脏事件发生率与缺血面积及严重程度有关.结论 腺苷或运动负荷99Tcm-MIBI心肌灌注显像用于不稳定型心绞痛心肌缺血诊断和预后评价较有价值.     

腺苷与运动负荷心肌灌注显像诊断不典型胸痛心肌缺血的临床价值

目的评价腺苷和运动负荷心肌灌注显像诊断不典型胸痛患者心肌缺血的价值。方法不典型胸痛患者67例行腺苷负荷心肌灌注显像，81例行运动负荷心肌灌注显像，结果分别与冠状动脉（简称冠脉）造影比较，得到显像诊断冠心病心肌缺血的灵敏度、特异性和准确性。结果腺苷负荷心肌灌注显像组67例中，23例冠脉造影有狭窄病变，腺苷负荷心肌灌注显像检出可逆性灌注异常即诊断心肌缺血16例，44例冠脉造影阴性者中，腺苷心肌灌注显像正常41例。腺苷负荷心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病心肌缺血的灵敏度为70％，特异性93％，准确性85％。运动负荷心肌灌注显像组81例中，31例冠脉造影阳性，运动负荷心肌灌注显像检出心肌缺血22例，50例冠脉造影阴性者中，运动负荷心肌灌注显像正常48例。运动负荷心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病心肌缺血的灵敏度为71％，特异性96％，准确性86％。结论腺苷或运动负荷心肌灌注显像出现可逆性灌注异常对诊断不典型胸痛患者冠心病心肌缺血有重要意义。     

急性心肌梗死多层螺旋CT心肌灌注和冠状动脉造影的实验研究

目的　应用多层螺旋CT(MSCT)心肌灌注研究急性心肌缺血和梗死的灌注特点 ,探索MSCT冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉阻断的显示情况。方法　健康杂种犬 9只 ,于左冠状动脉前降支结扎前及结扎后 30min、和 1、2、4、6、8h不同时间分别行MSCT心肌灌注扫描 ,分析心肌在不同时期的灌注特点 ,并与病理检查结果对照。同时于左冠状动脉前降支结扎前及结扎后行MSCT冠状动脉造影 ,观察冠状动脉阻断的情况。结果　犬心肌正常灌注量为 (6 9 3± 13 9)ml·10 0 g-1·min-1、达峰值时间为 (12 8± 2 1)s。左冠状动脉前降支结扎 30min后MSCT心肌灌注表现为灌注量减低 ,为(2 5 2± 3 4 )ml·10 0 g -1·min-1,时间 密度曲线低平 ,延迟 10min扫描左冠状动脉前降支供血区心肌密度为 (6 7 1± 11 4 )HU ,与正常心肌密度 (44 9± 2 2 0 )HU比较差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。左冠状动脉前降支结扎 4h后 ,局部心肌呈明显延迟增强 ,为 (82 1± 15 2 )HU。 9只犬MSCT冠状动脉造影均显示结扎处左冠状动脉前降支中断。结论　MSCT心肌灌注结合冠状动脉造影可以判断心肌缺血和梗死 ,同时显示冠状动脉的阻塞状况。     

自制声学造影剂经静脉声学造影评价肾血流灌注的实验研究

目的:探讨应用自制声学造影剂经静脉声学造影评价肾血流灌注的可行性。方法:应用自制声学造影剂为10只新西兰兔行经静脉肾脏声学造影,观察造影前、后肾脏二维超声图像,描绘肾皮质时间-强度曲线,测定峰值视频强度、基础视频强度、峰值-基础视频强度差及造影剂持续时间等参数。结果:造影后肾脏二维超声图像较造影前明显增强,肾皮质峰值视频强度与造影前(基础)视频强度有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论:经静脉声学造影可以清楚地的观察到肾脏血流灌注的动态变化,能够对肾脏血流灌注作出定量评价。     

^13N—NH3 PET及冠状动脉造影评价CD151基因转染对小型猪心肌梗死后血流灌注的影响

目的用^13N—NH,PET及冠状动脉造影共同评价CD151基因转染促小型猪心肌梗死后血运重建。方法结扎20头小型猪冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）,建立心肌梗死模型。对梗死区及梗死周围心肌直接注射CD151及绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）重组腺相关病毒（rAAV）进行基因转染。8周后用免疫组织化学方法分析心肌组织CD151蛋白的表达和心肌组织微血管密度,用^13N—NH,PET显像评价心肌血流灌注,用LAD造影评价侧枝循环的建立。采用SPSS11．0软件行配对t检验或方差分析（ANOVA）。结果CD151基因转染促进局部心肌组织CD151高表达并增加缺血区心肌组织微血管密度。rAAV—CD151组心肌血流灌注明显增加,心肌缺血总分值为10．82±2．36,明显小于rAAV—GFP组（19．33±1．67,t=5．86,P=0．002）。冠状动脉造影显示rAAV—CD151组缺血心肌的侧枝循环建立明显较rAAV—GFP组增加。结论CD151基因转染可以明显促进心肌梗死后血运重建、增加血流灌注。^13N—NH,PET及冠状动脉造影能直观地评价心肌血运重建。     

腺苷负荷99mTc-MIBI心肌SPECT/CT显像诊断冠心病及检测存活心肌的研究

 目的 评价国产腺苷负荷心肌灌注断层显像对心肌缺血的诊断及腺苷试验的安全性.方法 60例临床疑似冠心病的患者行腺苷负荷99mTc-MIBI(甲氧基异丁基异腈)心肌灌注断层显像,其中40例行冠脉造影检查.腺苷按0.84 mg/kg通过输液泵静脉双通路给药,对心肌灌注显像图作定性分析.结果 60例患者行冠脉造影者40例,其中正常8例,1支以上狭窄≥50%者32例,其中病变为单支11例,双支14例,3支7例.60例行腺苷负荷心肌灌注显像检查总阳性率为80%(48/60).腺苷试验不良反应轻时间短,发生率为80%(48/60).结论 腺苷负荷心肌灌注显像安全可靠.     

心肌灌注显像对症状性冠状动脉心肌桥患者的临床应用价值

目的 探讨心肌灌注显像对症状性冠状动脉(以下简称冠脉)心肌桥患者的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析19例因胸痛、胸闷等症状行冠脉造影排除阻塞性冠脉狭窄,诊断为心肌桥并接受运动-静息99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)心肌灌注显像的患者资料,分析心肌灌注显像结果,并与运动心电图、冠脉造影结果比较.应用Stata 7.0软件,对符合正态分布的计量资料行t检验比较,用χ2检验分析组间频数差别.结果 19例症状性心肌桥患者冠脉造影示收缩期冠脉狭窄程度为(65.4±22.1)%,18例为左前降支肌桥、1例为左前降支合并左回旋支肌桥.运动-静息心肌灌注显像示心肌缺血10例、正常9例,其中心肌缺血位于前壁和(或)心尖部8例、下壁1例、后侧壁和后间壁1例;心肌灌注显像诊断心肌缺血的阳性率为52.6%(10/19),明显高于运动心电图的21.1%(4/19)=4.07,P<0.05.19例心肌桥患者按Nobel分级法,Ⅰ级狭窄5例、Ⅲ级狭窄6例、Ⅲ级狭窄8例;Ⅰ级狭窄患者中1例心肌灌注显像心肌缺血阳性,Ⅱ级狭窄患者中2例阳性,Ⅲ级狭窄患者中7例阳性.心肌桥患者心肌灌注显像心肌缺血组收缩期冠脉狭窄明显高于心肌灌注显像正常组[(78.0±4.7)%与(52.8±6.7)%,t=3.06,P<0.01],2组肌桥长度差异无统计学意义[(15.1±2.1)mm与(11.8±1.0)mm,t=1.43,P>0.05].结论 运动-静息心肌灌注显像能有效评价症状性心肌桥患者所致心肌缺血,明确心肌桥与临床症状的关系及其临床意义.     

心肌灌注:休息及扩血管应力情况下采用对比增强MR成像行近自动化评估

目的开发并论证一种在扩血管应力心脏MR成像时近自动化地评价心肌感兴趣区灌注情况的技术。材料与方法研究获得单位伦理委员会许可,所有病人均签署了知情同意书。在非刚性配准基础上,以影像噪声密度分布判定心脏内外膜的边界。研究对象共42例,包括15例心肌灌注正常的受试者和27例行冠状动脉造影的病人,在休息和扩血管(腺苷或热加腺苷)应力两种状态下分别行对比剂增强心脏(1.5T)MR成像。近自动化地形成时间对比增强曲线,用于计算灌注指数。将结果与常规人工分析方法对比,对于程度超过50%的狭窄以定量冠状动脉造影为参照。统计学分析方法包括Studentt检验、线性回归、Bland-Altman分析和κ统计。结果每个序列的分析时间少于1min,在休息和扩血管应力状态下分别获得高质量的对比增强曲线(平均信噪比分别为17±7和22±8),以期获得首过灌注情况。灌注指数准确地反映了扩血管应力所致的心肌充血改变[上升速度从(6.7±2.3)/s到(15.6±5.9)/s,P<0.0001]。根据像素密度的组织分割分析与人工法所得的结果呈高度相关(r=0.95)。所得的灌注指数也与人工分析高度相关(r可达0.94),两者具有相同的诊断准确性[受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线下面积分别为0.72和0.73]。结论尽管对比增强序列存在动态特点和呼吸运动的影响,在休息和扩血管应力状态下快速近自动化地进行心肌组织分割、准确定量评价组织对比仍具有可行性。本技术与常规人工分析方法具有相同的准确性,能够显示应力所致的灌注异常。     

心肌声学造影估测冠脉血流储备及心内膜下心肌灌注的实？…

目的探讨心肌声学造影定量冠脉血流储备及心内膜下心肌灌注的意义。材料与方法13只开胸犬左旋支临界狭窄状态及静脉注射潘生丁后分别进行心肌声学造影并与放射性微球所测心肌血流量对比。结果静注潘生丁后,正常对照区心肌血流量及心肌造影曲线下面积、峰值强度、最大上升斜率指标均明显增加;而临界狭窄缺血区无明显变化。在临界狭窄缺血区,放射性微球所测的心内膜下／心外膜下心肌血流比率减低;但以造影曲线下面积指标所测则无明显变化。结论心肌声学造影曲线下面积、峰值强度及最大上升斜率是定量评价冠脉血流储备的可靠指标;在当前情况下心肌声学造影技术尚不能用于评价心内膜下心肌灌注。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.