HPLC法测定胃得安片中检皮苷的含量

目的：建立准确，稳定的含量测定方法，有效寺控制本制剂质量。方法：以甲醇索氏回流提取，HPLC法测定样品中橙皮苷的含量。结果：样吕中橙皮苷得到了很好的分离，橙皮苷进样量在0．075－1．2μg范围内，线性关系良好，r=0.9997，回收率为97．60％，RSD为1．11％。结论：本法可作为制剂质量控制的有效手段。     

高效液相色谱法测定藿香正气口服液中橙皮苷含量

目的:建立一种藿香正气口服液测定含量的方法,有效地控制本制剂的质量.方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法),以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,以甲醇-冰醋酸-水(35:4:61)为流动相,检测波长283 nm,流速为0.8 mL/min.结果:样品中橙皮苷得到了很好的分离,橙皮苷进样量在0.5～2.5μg内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 6,回收率为99.85%,RSD为0.76%.结论:HPLC法准确、稳定,可用于控制本制剂的质量.     

三胶颗粒质量标准研究

目的建立三胶颗粒的质量标准.方法采用TLC法定性鉴别了当归、女贞子、黄芪、陈皮;用HPLC法测定制剂中橙皮苷的含量.结果制剂样品中橙皮苷的平均含量为1.69 mg·g-1,平均回收率为100.41%,RSD=1.36%(n=5).结论该方法简单、准确,能有效控制制剂质量.     

高效液相色谱法测定舒通颗粒中橙皮苷的含量

目的:建立舒通颗粒中橙皮苷的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法 (HPLC法 ),以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为固定相,流动相为乙腈- 0.1%磷酸( 22:78);检测波长为 283 nm.结果:样品中橙皮苷得到了很好分离,橙皮苷对照品的线性范围是 0.13～ 1.30 μ g, r=0.999 8,平均加样回收率为 98.71%, RSD为 1.55%.结论:该方法结果准确、重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

丹桔合剂的质量控制

目的：建立丹桔合剂的质量控制指标。方法：采用薄层色谱法对制剂中丹参、陈皮进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对制剂中丹酚酸B、橙皮苷进行含量测定。结果：薄层色谱斑点清晰,阴性无干扰;含量测定丹酚酸B和橙皮苷分别在进样量0.19~3.01μg、0.16~2.51μg的范围内呈良好的线性关系;丹酚酸B和橙皮苷的加样回收率分别为98.28%和97.91%。结论：本方法简便、专属性强,可作为该制剂的质量控制指标。     

全生白术散加味颗粒质量标准的研究

目的:建立全生白术散加味颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用TLC法对处方中的陈皮、黄芪进行定性鉴别:高效液相色谱法测定橙皮苷的含量。结果:在TLC色谱中均能检出陈皮、黄芪;橙皮苷在0.22—1.1ug范围呈良好的线性关系,r=0.99983;平均回收率为103.0％,RSD为3.12％。结论:所建立的方法可准确地进行定性、定量检测,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定藿香祛暑软胶囊中橙皮苷的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定藿香祛暑软胶囊中橙皮苷的含量。方法:采用色谱柱:ODS柱,流动相:乙腈-0．01％冰醋酸,检测波长283nm。结果:橙皮苷在0．1932-0．5152μg范围内呈良好的线性。(r=0．9994),平均回收率97．2％。RSD=1．25％。结论:方法简便、快速,适用性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定恒制咳喘胶囊中橙皮苷含量

目的：建立恒制咳喘胶囊中橙皮苷含量的HPLC测定方法。方法：采用Shim—pack VP-ODS色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水（35：65）,检测波长284nm。结果：橙皮苷在0．1566-1．2531μg（r=0．9999）范围内呈线性关系．平均回收率（n=5）为99．5％,RSD为2．3％．结论：本方法简便,准确,重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制．     

二陈分散片的研制及质量控制

目的:制备二陈分散片并建立其质量控制方法。方法:采用交联羧甲基纤维素钠为崩解剂,加入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等辅料制备分散片;采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中橙皮苷含量,并进行成品稳定性考察。结果:橙皮苷进样量在1μg～80μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.98%,RSD=0.98%;制剂稳定性良好。结论:该制剂处方合理,制备工艺简单,成品符合《中国药典》各项质量指标要求。     

尿石通颗粒中总黄酮的含量测定

目的:测定尿石通颗粒中总黄酮的含量。方法:用70％乙醇提取并制成供试品,采用分光光度法测定。结果:平均回收率为98.28％,RSD=2.13％。3批尿石通颗粒样品中总黄酮的含量分别为1.448,1.403,1.427 mg·g~(-1)。结论:本方法简便、准确、灵敏度高,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.