二甲基乙酰胺对职业暴露人群肝肾损害性别差异性分析

目的探讨二甲基乙酰胺对职业暴露人群肝肾损害是否存在性别差异。方法现场检测确定二甲基乙酰胺浓度;健康检查男119人,女96人,确定肝肾损害人数。用SPSS11.0软件包,采用χ2检验进行统计学分析。结果现场检测发现有18个检测点(岗位)的二甲基乙酰胺接触浓度超过国家卫生标准,超标点(岗位)数占85.7%;体检结果发现二甲基乙酰胺职业暴露者男女肝功能异常者分别为19.33%和1.04%,而肾功能异常者分别为8.4%和36.46%。不同性别的肝肾损害,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论二甲基乙酰胺对男性主要为肝功能损伤,女性主要为肾功能损伤。     

二甲基乙酰胺对工人健康的影响

目的 探讨二甲基乙酰胺( DMAC)肝脏毒性的特点及其接触指标.方法 采用分层抽样法选择145名研究对象,对研究对象进行问卷调查和健康检查等,并进行工作场所空气监测,同时采集研究对象每天的班末尿样或者工作周周末班末尿样,并对工作场所空气中DMAC浓度、尿中甲基乙酰胺(NMAC)进行相关回归分析.结果 卷绕岗位空气中DMAC浓度较高,其他岗位工作场所空气中浓度较低;肝功能异常18例,检出率为12.4％,11例(61.1％)发生在接触DMAC第1年内,且主要集中在卷绕岗位;尿中NMAC浓度与空气中DMAC浓度相关(r=0.44,P＜0.01).结论 DMAC短期接触即可造成工人肝功能异常,尿中NMAC可作为DMAC的接触指标.     

二甲基乙酰胺作业工人职业危害调查

采用横断面整群抽样,对某氨纶生产企业工作场所空气中二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)浓度进行监测,对工人进行问卷调查和健康检查。观察组食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛等消化系统及头昏、嗜睡、乏力等神经系统症状发生率,以及咳嗽、流泪、皮肤瘙痒、皮疹等刺激症状发生率,ALT异常率均高于对照组(P0.05)。提示DMAC主要损伤肝脏、神经系统,并对呼吸系统及皮肤有刺激作用,应加强防护。     

江苏省2015年二甲基乙酰胺职业健康危害调查分析

目的 调查江苏省内接触二甲基乙酰胺的企业及其主要职业健康危害在不同人群中的分布情况,为有效维护接触工人的职业健康提供科学依据。 方法 利用重点职业病监测哨点信息,汇总2015年全省所有相关企业及接触工人的职业健康监护表,提取企业基本信息并对关键健康效应指标进行分析与评价。 结果 横断面调查显示接触二甲基乙酰胺的企业集中于小型私有制电气及化工制造业。专项检查结果显示接触工人肝功能异常率以化纤行业明显较高(P<0.05),不同工龄及性别工人肝损发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而不同年龄接触者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 二甲基乙酰胺的职业危害分布可能存在着一定的趋势性特征,需进一步开展调研,针对不同行业、不同工龄和性别的工人开展精准三级预防。     

一例疑似职业性二甲基乙酰胺中毒的调查分析

目的对1例疑似职业性二甲基乙酰胺中毒病例进行调查分析。方法病例调查与现场职业卫生学调查相结合。结果因二甲基乙酰胺未列入《职业病危害因素分类目录》中,无相应的职业病诊断标准,职业病诊断机构没有受理该病例的职业病诊断申请。结论应加强职业病诊断标准的研究制定,及时调整《职业病目录》和《职业病危害因素分类目录》,实现依法防治职业病。     

二甲基乙酰胺的毒性特点与职业危害研究进展

综述报道二甲基乙酰胺的毒理学及代谢特点的研究进展,并从职业接触二甲基乙酰胺行业及职业人群健康影响等方面,对其中毒防治及研究方向加以阐述。     

二甲基乙酰胺的毒性效应研究进展

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(Dimethylacetamide,DMAc或DMA)又称乙酰二甲胺,由于能与水、醚、酮、酯等完全互溶,对多种树脂,尤其是聚氨酯树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂具有良好的溶解能力,同时还具有热稳定性高、不易水解、腐蚀性低、毒性小等特点,已被作为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的替代品.     

一起二甲基乙酰胺肝中毒调查

目的 进一步提高对二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)的认识,防止职业中毒事件的发生.方法 对案例进行流行病学调查,对职业病危害因素检测资料、员工职业健康体检资料和中毒病人临床资料,结合生产工艺和文献报道进行综合分析.结果 本例二甲基乙酰胺肝中毒的人员均为同一氨纶生产车间的新上岗职工,未接受过上岗前职业健康体检.该生产车间在岗员工肝功能异常率为25.5％.该企业未开展定期病危害因素监测,缺乏有效的监管措施.结论 该案例为一起作业工人短期暴露于DMAC后引起亚急性职业中毒事件.应对该类企业加强监管,定期监测工作场所空气中的二甲基乙酰胺的浓度,开展岗前及在岗期间的职业健康监护,防止类似事件发生.     

2例二甲基乙酰胺致急性肝病的分析报告

目的收集职业性氮,氮-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAC）暴露所导致的健康损害效应信息,对DMAC所致的肝损害效应及其他可能潜在的毒性进行研究。方法对珠海市疾病预防控制中心于2009、2010年先后接诊的2例申请职业病诊断的急性肝炎病例进行分析排查。结果 2例病例均为男性,工作岗位均接触DMAC。1例18岁,累计接触7个月后发病,身目黄染,总胆红素（147.74mol/L）、谷丙转氨酶（408 IU/L）、谷草转氨酶（288 IU/L）等多项肝功能检查超过正常值范围。1例28岁,累计接触近4个月后发病,身目黄染,总胆红素（119.7 mol/L）、谷丙转氨酶（265 IU/L）、谷草转氨酶（207 IU/L）、甲胎蛋白（183.0 ng/mL）等多项肝功能检查超过正常值范围。对病例分析排除占位性病变、病毒性肝炎、溶血性黄疸、酒精性肝病等可能引起肝炎的原因。结论 2例病例均诊断为职业接触DMAC引起的急性中毒性肝病,提示DMAC可能致人类肝损害。应采取改进工艺、取消使用DMAC、采用自动生产线、加强个人防护、减少工作人员的接触水平等措施。     

1例二甲基乙酰胺致急性重度中毒性肝病调查

目的调查分析1例二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)职业中毒所致的急性重度中毒肝病。方法通过作业场所职业卫生学调查、患者职业接触史询问和实验室检查等方法,对某厂1例因二甲基乙酰胺暴露引起的急性肝病合并复发病例进行调查。结果该病例为中年男性,曾因短期接触二甲基乙酰胺后出现重度中毒性肝病症状,谷丙转氨酶高达474IU/L,且甲胎蛋白高达711.4ng/mL。经治疗后好转,回岗作业数天内肝功能再次受损,谷丙转氨酶升高至166.5IU/L。结论本病例依照标准诊断为职业性中毒性急性肝病。DMAC具有首次暴露出现肝损,再次暴露短期内即可出现肝损的特性,需引起重视。     

Biomonitoring Findings for Occupational Lead Exposure in Battery and Ceramic Tile Workers using Biochemical Markers,Alkaline Comet Assay,and Micronucleus Test Coupled with Fluorescence in Situ Hybridisation

Manufacture of lead-containing products has long been associated with various health risks. To get an insight into the related genotoxic risks, we conducted a biomonitoring study in 50 exposed workers and 48 matched controls using a battery of endpoints that sensitively detect the extent of genome instability in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The levels of primary DNA damage were estimated with the alkaline comet assay, while cytogenetic abnormalities were determined with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. Additionally, CBMN slides of 20 exposed and 16 control participants were subjected to fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), coupled with pancentromeric probes to establish the incidence of centromere-positive micronuclei, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmic bridges. Blood lead levels (B-Pb) were measured with atomic absorption spectrometry. To further characterise cumulative effects of occupational exposure, we measured erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentrations and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in blood. We also assessed the influence of serum folate (S-folate) and vitamin B₁₂ (S-B12) on genome stability. Compared to controls, occupationally exposed workers demonstrated significantly higher B-Pb (298.36±162.07 vs 41.58±23.02), MN frequency (18.71±11.06 vs 8.98±7.50), centromere positive MN (C+ MN) (8.15±1.8 vs 3.69±0.47), and centromere negative MN (C- MN) (14.55±1.80 vs 4.56±0.89). Exposed women had significantly higher comet tail intensity (TI) and length (TL) than control women. Furthermore, workers showed a positive correlation between age and nuclear buds and MN, between MN and years of exposure, and between S-B₁₂ levels and TI and ALAD activity, while a negative correlation was found between TI and B-Pb. These findings suggest that occupational settings in the manufacture of lead-containing products pose significant genotoxic risks, which calls for developing more effective work safety programmes, including periodical monitoring of B-Pb and genetic endpoints.Key words: blood lead, genetic endpoints, genome damage, human lymphocytes, MN-FISH     

口腔脱落细胞微核技术在职业性铅暴露人员中的应用

目的探讨口腔脱落细胞微核技术在探测铅暴露人群遗传损伤中的应用价值。方法选择生产过程中接触不同浓度铅的某铅酸电池厂工人为接触组,按空气中铅浓度高低分为低浓度组(76名男性工人)和中浓度组(89名男性工人),同厂男性管理人员78名为对照组,分别进行口腔黏膜脱落细胞微核和外周血淋巴细胞微核测试。结果 2种浓度的铅暴露组的口腔黏膜脱落细胞微核率[低浓度组:(3.58±2.49)‰;中浓度组:(4.16±2.32)‰]明显高于对照组[(2.85±2.03)‰],两种浓度铅接触组人员的血淋巴细胞微核率[低浓度组:(3.38±2.16)‰;中浓度组:(4.37±2.43)‰]明显高于对照组[(2.17±1.48)‰],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。在职业性铅暴露人群中,口腔黏膜脱落细胞微核试验和外周血淋巴细胞微核试验有相关关系(r=0.227～0.361,P0.05)。结论口腔黏膜脱落细胞微核试验可以作为简易的检测手段,用于对铅暴露作业人员遗传损伤的检测的筛查。     

Micronucleus Assay as a Biomarker of Genotoxicity in the Occupational Exposure to Agrochemicals in Rural Workers

This paper aims to evaluate the genotoxic effect of agrochemicals in rural workers occupationally exposed by the micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes and to promote the development of health and environmental preventive and protective practices. A total of 30 blood samples from 20 individuals occupationally exposed to different agrochemicals and 10 unexposed persons, who formed the reference group, were analyzed. We found statistically significant differences (p < 0.0005, Student’s t Test) in the frequency of micronuclei between the two groups (7.20 ± 1.55 and 15.15 ± 5.10 CBMN for reference and exposed groups respectively). The analysis of age showed a positive correlation (Pearson Correlation Test) with the frequency of micronuclei in exposed population (p < 0.05; r² = 0.47), in contrast with smoking habits and years of exposure. Micronucleus assay allows an early detection of populations at higher risk of having genetic damage, allowing us to implement strategies of intervention for the purpose of contributing to reduce that risk.     

应用微核实验和彗星电泳实验评价氯化镧90d喂养对小鼠遗传毒性作用

[目的]应用微核实验和彗星电泳实验评价氯化镧亚慢性染毒致小鼠遗传毒性作用. [方法]将100只SPF级ICR小鼠随机分为5组:4个氯化镧染毒组和1个对照组,每组20只,雌雄各半.5个剂量组分别以灌胃的方式给予不同浓度的氯化镧溶液(0、10、20、50和100 mg/kg).每周染毒6次,连续染毒13周后,取小鼠外周血进行彗星实验及镧含量的测定,取小鼠骨髓观察骨髓细胞微核率. [结果]镧染毒剂量达50 mg/kg时,彗星细胞的尾长及尾部DNA含量与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),小鼠骨髓细胞微核率与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).4个氯化镧染毒组血液中均有不同程度的镧的蓄积,与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). [结论]稀土镧元素可以在血液中蓄积,具有一定的遗传毒性.     

Assessment of Genotoxicity in Gonads, Liver and Gills of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) by Use of the Comet Assay and Micronucleus Test after In Vivo Exposure to Methyl Methanesulfonate

Since generative tissues are a link between the generations, the detection of genetic damage in testis and ovary of fish is conductive to elucidating the relationship between genotoxicity and impairment of reproduction. In the current study, exposure of zebrafish to methyl methanesulfonate over two weeks caused concentration dependent genotoxic effects in gonads, liver and gills using the alkaline comet assay. Likewise, the micronucleus frequency was elevated in all of these organs. Thus, the comet assay and the micronucleus test proved appropriate for the detection of genotoxicity in primary male and female gonad cells and histological sections of the gonads from zebrafish, respectively.     

Investigation of the Genotoxicity of Malathion to Freshwater Teleost Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) Using the Micronucleus Test and Comet Assay

Malathion [S-(1,2-dicarboethoxyethyl) O, O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate] is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide throughout the world. However, limited efforts have made to study its genotoxic effect in different fish tissues. The present investigation was aimed to assess the genotoxic potential of the pesticide to the freshwater teleost fish Channa punctatus at sublethal concentrations using the micronucleus test and comet assay. Initially, the 96-h LC₅₀ value of commercial-grade malathion (50% EC) was determined as 5.93 ppm in a semistatic system. Based on LC₅₀, three test concentrations (viz. sublethal I, sublethal II, and sublethal III) were determined to be 1.48, 0.74, and 0.59 ppm, respectively, and the fish specimens were exposed to these concentrations. Tissue samplings were done on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 15, 22 and 29 of malathion exposure for assessment of the induction of micronuclei (MN) frequency and DNA damage. The MN formation in the peripheral blood cells was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the treated specimens at all sampling intervals compared to the control. The MN frequency reached maximum on days 3 and 7 at sublethal I and II concentrations, respectively, followed by a nonlinear decline with the progression of the experiment. Similarly, significant effects (p < 0.05) of both concentration and time of exposure were observed on DNA damage in the gill, kidney, and lymphocytes. All of the tissues exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage up to day 3, followed by a nonlinear decrease with the duration of exposure. A comparison of the extent of DNA damage among the tissues showed the sensitivity of gill tissue to malathion.     

彗星试验对4种化学物质诱导人淋巴细胞DNA损伤的检测

目的验证彗星试验可否用于检测不同类型化学诱变剂诱发的DNA损伤。方法人淋巴细胞经4-硝基喹啉氧化物(4-NQO,拟紫外线诱变剂)、甲基甲烷磺酸酯(MMS,烷化剂)、博来霉素(BLM,拟X射线诱变剂)和丝裂霉素C(MMC,DNA交联损伤剂)染毒3h,再培养0h或21h,然后用彗星试验检测这4种化合物所诱发的DNA单链断裂(SSB)。结果彗星试验能立即检出4-NQO、MMS和BLM诱发的SSB,并具有剂量-效应关系(P<0.01),在21hDNA损伤程度减轻(与0h比较,P<0.01)。MMC诱发的DNA损伤在染毒后21h才被检出,并有剂量-效应关系(P<0.01)。结论虽然这4种化学诱变剂的作用机制不同,但彗星试验仍能检测出他们诱发人淋巴细胞DNA损伤的效应。     

彗星试验检测甲氨喋呤诱发人淋巴细胞DNA的损伤

目的用彗星试验评价人外周血淋巴细胞暴露于不同剂量甲氨喋呤（MTX）后的DNA损伤。方法外周血来自男女两名助血员,淋巴细胞分离后用终浓度为0（溶剂对照）、0、5、10、25、50、100ug ml^-1的MTX分别染毒6h和24h,而后用彗星试验检测各组淋巴细胞的DNA损伤,以尾长（TL）和尾相（TM）作为DNA损伤的指标,并分析剂量-效应关系。结果染毒组DNA损伤明显高于对照组,并有剂量-效应关系。结论彗星试验是一种快速、简便测定DNA损伤的方法。MTX对体外培养的人淋巴细胞具有DNA损伤效应。