miR-30c表达调控对大肠癌细胞生物学行为的影响及其机制探讨

目的:探讨上调miR-30c的表达对大肠癌（CRC）细胞生物学行为的影响及可能的机制。方法:将miR-30c模拟物转染CRC细胞株SW620,qRT-PCR方法检测转染后miR-30c的表达,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,Transwell侵袭实验检测细胞侵袭能力的改变,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测转染后SNAI2 mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:转染miR-30c模拟物后,SW620细胞的miR-30c表达明显增高,细胞增殖减少（P＜0.05）,凋亡增加（P＜0.05）,侵袭能力显著降低（P＜0.05）。SNAI2 mRNA及蛋白表达水平明显下调,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论:SW620细胞miR-30c表达上调,可抑制细胞增殖和侵袭、诱导细胞凋亡,其机制可能与抑制SNAI2表达相关。     

miR-26b靶向GSK-3β发挥抗乳腺癌细胞干性的作用研究

目的 探讨miR-26b对乳腺癌细胞增殖、凋亡及干性的影响并探讨其相关机制。方法 采用无血清悬浮培养法培养MCF-7细胞以获得MCF-7干细胞,实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测MCF-7及其干细胞中的miR-26b水平,根据实验将MCF-7干细胞分为3组：对照组、空转染组（转染con-mimics）和miR-26b过表达组（转染miR-26b mimics）,MTT法检测各组转染24、48、72及96 h的增殖能力,流式细胞仪检测各组转染后的凋亡水平及侧群（SP）细胞数量,体外干细胞成球培养实验检测各组转染后的成球率情况,qRT-PCR检测转染后各组干细胞标记物CD44、ALDH 1、BMI 1、OCT-4和Lin-28B的mRNA水平,生物信息学及Western blotting法分析验证miR 26b对靶基因糖原合成酶激酶 3β（GSK-3β）的调控机制。结果 MCF-7干细胞的miR-26b水平低于MCF-7细胞（P＜0.05）,且转染miR-26b mimics可升高MCF-7干细胞的miR-26b水平（P＜0.05）;与对照组相比,过表达组转染后增殖抑制率和凋亡率均升高,SP细胞数量和成球率均降低（P＜0.05）;转染miR-26b mimics可导致CD44、ALDH-1、BMI-1、OCT-4和Lin-28B的mRNA水平降低（P＜0.05）。生物信息学软件预测GSK-3β是miR-26b的潜在靶基因,转染miR-26b mimics可显著降低GSK-3β的表达,双荧光素酶报告基因检测证明miR-26b 可作用于GSK-3β 基因 mRNA的 3’ UTR区预测靶位。结论 MCF-7干细胞中miR-26b呈低表达,过表达miR-26b可抑制细胞增殖、诱导凋亡并负性参与了乳腺癌细胞的干性调节,可能与其下调GSK-3β表达有关。     

miR-155对乳腺癌细胞增殖、凋亡及耐药蛋白表达的调控作用研究

目的 探讨microRNA-155（miR-155）对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖、凋亡及乳腺癌耐药相关蛋白表达的调控作用。方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测MCF-7细胞和人乳腺正常上皮细胞中miR-155的表达水平。将MCF-7细胞分为4组：对照组、空转染组、抑制（转染miR-155 inhibitor）组和过表达（转染miR-155 mimics）组,采用qRT-PCR检测转染24、48、72及96 h后各组的转染效果,噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测各组转染24、48、72及96 h的增殖能力,采用流式细胞仪PI／Annexin V双染色法检测各组转染24、48 h后的凋亡率,Western blotting法检测各组转染48 h后乳腺癌耐药蛋白（BCRP）、P-糖蛋白（P-gp）及多药耐药相关蛋白1（MRP1）的表达水平。结果 乳腺癌MCF-7细胞中的miR 155水平高于人乳腺正常上皮细胞（P＜0.05）,且转染miR-155 inhibitor或mimics可呈时间依赖的方式降低或升高MCF-7细胞的miR-155水平（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,抑制组转染后的细胞增殖率及BCRP、P-gp和MRP1的表达水平均降低,凋亡率升高（P＜0.05）;而过表达组的细胞增殖率及BCRP、P gp和MRP1的表达水平均升高,凋亡率降低（P＜0.05）。结论 MCF-7细胞中miR-155呈高表达,下调miR-155表达可抑制其增殖及耐药相关蛋白的表达,同时诱导凋亡。     

过表达miR-7对结肠癌HCT-116细胞生物学行为的影响

 目的 探讨上调microRNA-7（miR-7）表达对结肠癌HCT-116细胞生物学行为的影响及可能机制。方法 HCT-116转染后分成miR-7 mimics组、Scramble（阴性对照）组和空白对照组。实时荧光定量PCR（RT-Fq-PCR）检测转染48 h后各组细胞中miR-7表达水平，CCK-8法检测转染72 h后各组细胞的增殖抑制情况，Transwell实验观察转染24 h后细胞侵袭能力，流式细胞仪行细胞周期和细胞凋亡检测。Western blot检测PI3K（p110）、p-Akt及p-mTOR的蛋白表达。结果 miR-7 mimics组miR-7表达水平明显上调，与其余两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；与阴性对照组和空白对照组相比，miR-7 mimics组细胞增殖抑制率升高，侵袭能力降低，细胞周期分析提示G₀/G₁期的细胞比例增高，S期细胞明显减少，细胞凋亡率明显增加， 且PI 3K、p-Akt及p-mTOR的蛋白水平明显降低（P<0.05）。结论 上调结肠癌HCT-116细胞中miR-7表达能抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖与侵袭，其机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。     

基于SFV RNA复制子核酸疫苗pIRSFV-HN的构建及其体内外抑瘤作用

目的：构建基于塞姆利基森林病毒（Semliki forest virus，SFV）RNA复制子和新城疫病毒HN基因的核酸疫苗pIRSFV-HN，并探讨其体内外的抑瘤作用。方法：基于SFV RNA复制子和新城疫病毒HN基因构建核酸疫苗pIRSFV-HN，pIRSFV-HN转染人结肠癌细胞HCT-116，以Western blotting检测转染后HCT-116细胞HN的表达水平，以AO／EB双荧光染色检测肿瘤细胞的凋亡，以MTT法检测疫苗对HCT-116细胞增殖的抑制。构建C57BL／6小鼠右后肢皮下荷H22腹水瘤细胞模型，瘤体内注射pIRSFV-HN（共3次），检测该小鼠血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-10和IFN-γ水平和特异性CTL活性。结果：成功构建基于SFV RNA复制子和新城疫病毒HN基因的核酸疫苗pIRSFV-HN。结肠癌细胞HCT-116被疫苗转染后可有效表达HN蛋白，对照细胞则无表达；转染后HCT-116细胞出现凋亡的征象；该细胞的增殖受到明显抑制，最大抑制率达55．34％。移植瘤体内注射疫苗后，荷瘤小鼠血清IL-2、IFN-1水平显著升高（P〈0．05），其CTL活性也显著升高（P〈0．01）。结论：基于SFV RNA复制子和新城疫病毒HN基因的核酸疫苗pIRSFV-HN在体外可有效地抑制肿瘤细胞；在体内可促使免疫趋向Th1优势，提高其抑瘤免疫水平。     

miRNA-192对非小细胞肺癌A549／DDP细胞顺铂耐药性的影响

目的 探讨抑制microRNA-192（miR-192）在非小细胞肺癌A549／DDP细胞对顺铂（DDP）耐药性方面的影响及可能机制。方法 通过实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测人肺腺癌耐DDP细胞株A549／DDP及其亲本细胞株A549细胞中miR-192的表达水平,A549／DDP细胞转染miR-192抑制剂（inhibitor）和miR-阴性对照（NC）48h后采用qRT-PCR检测转染效率,分别采用MTT法、克隆形成实验及流式细胞术检测转染48h后A549／DDP细胞对DDP的药物敏感性、细胞增殖能力及细胞凋亡变化,Western blotting检测转染48h后细胞中Bax和Bcl-2的表达变化。结果 miR-192在A549／DDP细胞中的表达水平高于A549细胞（P＜0.05）;转染miR-192 inhibitor 48h后的A549／DDP细胞miR-192水平低于转染miR-NC者（P＜0.05）;转染miR-192 inhibitor后,A549／DDP细胞的增殖能力减弱、凋亡细胞增多、DDP对其半数抑制浓度降低、Bax蛋白水平升高和Bcl-2蛋白水平下降,与转染miR-NC者比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 抑制miR-192能够降低A549／DDP细胞对DDP的耐药性,其作用机制可能是通过增加细胞凋亡以及下调Bcl-2蛋白和上调Bax蛋白表达来实现的。     

FBXW7基因点突变对结直肠癌HCT-116细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和抗 凋亡能力的影响

目的： 探讨FBXW7基因点突变对结直肠癌细胞株HCT-116增殖、凋亡、迁移和侵袭的影响。 方法： 通过构建FBXW7 基因野生型及突变型过表达的重组载体,并将其转染HCT-116细胞,应用Western blotting检测转染后FBXW7蛋白表达情况。 CCK-8检测细胞增殖能力,平板细胞克隆形成实验(HTCA)检测肿瘤细胞克隆形成能力,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,划痕及 Transwell细胞迁移实验检测细胞迁移和侵袭能力。 结果： 转染野生型FBXW7基因的HCT-116细胞中FBXW7蛋白表达水平高 于对照组（转染突变型FBXW7基因的HCT-116细胞）、阴性对照组（转染空质粒载体pEZ-M90的HCT-116细胞）及空白对照组（未 进行任何特殊处理的HCT-116细胞） （均P<0.05）。转染野生型FBXW7的HCT-116细胞的增殖、克隆形成、迁移和侵袭能力相较 于其余各组均显著下降（均P<0.05）,且细胞凋亡率显著升高（P<0.05）。 结论： FBXW7基因点突变可使其蛋白表达水平降低,从 而促进结直肠癌HCT-116细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,并抑制其凋亡。     

miR-15b通过下调细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞PD-1表达抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖

目的:探讨微小RNA-15b（miR-15b）与程序性死亡蛋白-1（PD-1）在细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖过程中的调控作用,并初步分析其中miR-15b与PD-1的可能作用机制。方法:采用传统方法培养CIK细胞,采用流式细胞仪检测CIK细胞免疫表型,CCK-8法检测CIK细胞对宫颈癌细胞（SiHa）增殖的影响。实时定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)及蛋白印迹（WB）法检测CIK细胞共培养前后SiHa细胞中miR-15b及PD-1表达水平。实验将CIK细胞共培养SiHa细胞分为3组:空白对照组（未进行任何处理）,NC组（加入miR-15b阴性对照质粒）,si-miR-15b组（加入miR-15b siRNA）。采用qRT-PCR与WB分别检测各组miR-15b及PD-1表达水平;CCK-8法检测各组SiHa细胞增殖情况。采用WB法检测细胞增殖相关蛋白增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）及Ki67表达。结果:CIK细胞共培养组SiHa细胞增殖抑制率显著高于单纯培养SiHa细胞组（P＜0.05）;CIK细胞共培养后SiHa细胞中miR-15b表达水平显著高于单纯培养SiHa细胞组（P＜0.05）,而PD-1蛋白表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）;si-miR-15b组miR-15b表达水平、SiHa细胞增殖抑制率均显著低于空白对照组、NC组（P＜0.05）,而PD-1、PCNA、Ki67蛋白表达均显著升高（P＜0.05）。结论:miR-15b可能通过下调CIK细胞上PD-1表达进而抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖。     

miR-26a对肝癌细胞侵袭迁移能力的影响及初步机制的研究

目的:探讨miR-26a对人肝癌细胞株HepG2侵袭迁移能力的影响及可能机制。方法:将miR-26a表达质粒及对照质粒分别转染HepG2细胞,qRT-PCR检测转染后miR-26a的表达,细胞划痕实验和Transwell侵袭实验检测HepG2细胞迁移和侵袭能力的改变,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测转染后AEG-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:转染miR-26a表达质粒后,HepG2细胞miR-26a表达明显增高(P＜0．01),迁移和侵袭能力显著降低(P＜0.05),AEG-1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平明显下调(P＜0.05)。结论:过表达miR-26a,可抑制HepG2细胞迁移和侵袭,其机制可能与抑制AEG-1表达相关。     

miRNA-451逆转非小细胞肺癌A549／DDP细胞对顺铂的耐药性及其机制研究’

目的：探讨microRNA-451（miR-451）逆转非小细胞肺癌A549／DDP细胞对顺铂的耐药性及其可能的作用机制。方法：应用实时荧光定量PCR法（real～timefluorescentquantitativePCR,qRT—PCR）检测耐DDP细胞株A549／DDP及其亲本细胞株A549中miR-451的表达差异,同时检测A549／DDP细胞转染miR-451mimic后miR-451表达的变化;分别应用MTT法、克隆形成实验、流式细胞术检测转染后A549／DDP细胞对DDP药物敏感度,细胞增殖能力,联合DDP处理后细胞凋亡变化;Western印迹法检测转染后A549／DDP细胞Akt、P—Akt（Ser473）、bcl-2和bax的表达变化。结果：miR-451在耐DDP细胞株A549／DDP中的表达量显著低于敏感细胞株A549（P〈0．05）,A549／DDP细胞转染miR-451mimic24h后,细胞中miR-451的表达水平较对照组明显提高（P〈0．05）。在A549／DDP细胞中过表达miR-451可产生以下效应：相较于对照组,DDP对A549／DDP／miR-451细胞的半数抑制浓度（half inhibitioncon centration,IC50）减低（P〈0．05）,A549／DDP／miR-451细胞的增殖能力减弱,A549／DDP／miR-451经过DDP处理后细胞凋亡增多（P〈0．05）。Western印迹法结果显示,与对照组比较,转染miR-451mimic的A549／DDP细胞P—Akt（Ser473）、bcl-2表达水平降低;bax表达水平升高。结论：miR-451可能通过诱导细胞凋亡,抑制细胞增殖,上调bax蛋白及下调P—Akt（Ser473）、bcl-2蛋白表达而逆转A549／DDP细胞对DDP的耐药性。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

miRNA与肿瘤侵袭转移

目前,microRNA (miRNA)已成为肿瘤研究中最基本的参与者,主要通过与靶标基因3 'UTR(非翻译区)的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动.miRNA作为调控基因表达的重要分子在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用越来越受到重视,表明miRNA在肿瘤侵袭和转移中的作用机制具有重要的理论意义,同时也可为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新方法.本文就miRNA通过调控上皮间质转化及肿瘤干细胞导致肿瘤侵袭转移的最新研究进展作一综述.     

芦荟大黄素及芦荟提取物的诱变性和抗诱变性

目的:用L5178Y小鼠淋巴瘤细胞体外微核试验评价芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物的诱变和抗诱变作用,为其安全性评价提供依据。方法:设溶剂对照、阳性对照和抗诱变对照,芦荟大黄素和芦荟提取物诱变和抗诱变试验各设4个剂量组,处理L5178Y细胞12 h后按常规方法进行体外微核试验分析。结果:较高浓度(6.67μg/ml)的芦荟大黄素可致微核细胞率增加,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而芦荟提取物未见此效应。在一定剂量范围内,芦荟大黄素(0.22～6μg/ml)和芦荟提取物(20～180μg/ml)对甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)所致微核细胞率均有一定程度的拮抗作用,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:芦荟大黄素具有一定的诱变作用,而在本实验剂量范围内的芦荟提取物未见遗传毒性。两种受试物在一定范围内均能较好地拮抗MMS所致的染色体损伤。     

甲状腺手术的技巧及副损伤的预防和处置

鉴于甲状腺手术是普外科的常见手术，为求其日渐完美，以有益于病人，现根据作者的体会，并结合阅读相关文献，就其手术操作、喉返神经处理、甲状旁腺处理进行扼要阐述。     

Erythrocyte levels of cadmium and lead and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma

Cadmium and lead are persistent environmental toxins that are known or probable carcinogens, based on evidence for causality for nonhematologic cancers. Associations of these metals with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are unknown but biologically plausible. To examine the associations of circulating levels of lead and cadmium exposure with risk of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) and multiple myeloma, we conducted a nested case-control study among 299 incident B-cell NHLs and 76 MM cases within the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (CPS-II NC). Each case was incidence-density matched to two eligible controls on age, race, sex and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lymphoid malignancies overall and stratified by subtype. We observed a significant positive association between high erythrocyte lead concentration and risk of lymphoid malignancies overall (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33 per 17.6 μg/L (1 standard deviation [SD])) and follicular lymphoma in particular (RR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15-2.80 per SD). In contrast, there was no association between erythrocyte cadmium and risk of B-NHL (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.06 per 0.37 μg/L [1 SD]), or any B-NHL subtypes; but a strong inverse association with MM risk (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.89, per SD). Results from our study suggest a positive association between erythrocyte lead level and risk of lymphoid malignancies and a possible inverse association between cadmium and myeloma. Additional research is needed to confirm and further explore these findings.     

甲胎蛋白与自噬在肝癌发生发展中的作用及其相互关系

甲胎蛋白（AFP）作为临床诊断肝癌最常用的肿瘤标志物,有抑制免疫、促进细胞生长、抑制癌细胞凋亡的作用。自噬是一种维持细胞生存的重要途径之一,其与肝癌的发生发展及治疗有着密切联系,对肝癌既有抑制又有促进作用。PI3K/AKT作为两者共有的信号通路,它们是否有着相互关系来促进肝癌的发展尚需进一步研究。     

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftibuten and Cefaclor in the Treatment of Pneumonia and Bronchiectasis

Summary

In a multicentre, international study of 187 adult patients with bacterial pneumonia or bronchiectasis, the safety and efficacy of a regimen of 200 mg ceftibuten administered twice-daily was compared with cefaclor given in a dosage of 500 mg three times a day. Of the 94 evaluable patients, 66 received ceftibuten and 28 received cefaclor. The overall bacteriological response was similar in the two treatment groups with elimination of the original pathogen in 91% and 89% of the patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively. The overall clinical response mirrored the bacteriological results with a successful clinical outcome in 92% of ceftibuten-treated patients compared with 93% in patients receiving cefaclor. Adverse experiences were, in general, few and mild, being reported in 8% and 17% of patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively.