Prediction of maxillary third molar impaction in adolescent orthodontic patients

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for maxillary third molar impaction in adolescent orthodontic patients. Radiographs made before treatment (T1) and after treatment (T2) and at a minimum of 10 years postretention (T3) of 132 patients that allowed accurate diagnosis of impaction vs eruption of one or both maxillary third molars were evaluated. Although univariate logistic regression revealed that the decision to extract premolars reduced the risk of impaction by 76% (P < .01), this parameter was not included in the final prediction model at T1. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that third molar impaction could be predicted at T1 according to the size of the retromolar space and the amount of mesial molar movement that will occur during active appliance therapy, reducing the risk of impaction by 22% and 34% for every millimeter increase in distance, respectively (P < .01). At T2, multiple logistic regression revealed that the odds of impaction were more than 60 times higher (P < .01) if the third molar was angulated mesially as compared with less than 30 degrees distally relative to the occlusal plane and almost five times (P < .05) higher if the third molar was angulated more than 30 degrees distally as compared with less than 30 degrees distally. Similar analyses at T2 showed 29% reduced risk of impaction for every millimeter increase in retromolar space and 18% reduced risk for every degree increase in angle MP/SN (P < .01).     

Third molar angulation during and after treatment of adolescent orthodontic patients

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of premolar extraction therapy on third molar angulation during active treatment, and to test the significance of such changes on subsequent impaction of the third molars. Lateral cephalograms made before (T1) and after (T2) treatment and at long-term follow-up (T3) of 157 patients treated non-extraction (non-ex) or with extraction of four premolars (ex), all accurately diagnosed for impaction versus eruption of at least one third molar at T3, were evaluated. Linear regression models demonstrated that the maxillary third molars uprighted more from T1 to T2 (P < 0.05) and were less distally angulated at T2 (P < 0.01) in the ex than in the non-ex patients. No such differences were detected in the mandible (P > 0.05). The regression models also showed similar uprighting of the maxillary and mandibular third molars from T1 to T2 and similar angulation of the maxillary third molars at T2 in those patients with subsequent eruption and impaction (P > 0.05), but more mesially angulated mandibular third molars at T2 in the impaction patients (P < 0.01). Chi square testing demonstrated a higher frequency of distal tipping of the maxillary third molars from T1 to T2 in the impaction patients (P < 0.01), while mesial tipping from T1 to T2 of the mandibular third molars occurred with similar frequency in the two patient groups (P > 0.05). Chi square analysis also showed a higher frequency of greater than 30 degree distal angulation as well as an amount mesial angulation of the maxillary third molars at T2 (P < 0.01), and a higher frequency of greater than 40 degree mesial angulation of the mandibular third molars at T2 (P < 0.01) in patients with impaction than in those with eruption.     

Effect of premolar extraction on mandibular third molar impaction in young adults

Objective:To test the null hypothesis that orthodontic therapy with or without premolar extraction does not result in any difference in third molar impaction.Materials and Methods:Two groups were formed: 22 patients in one group with first premolar extractions and 22 patients in the other group without extractions. All patients were nongrowing subjects who had normal gonial angles and were skeletal Class I at the beginning of treatment. The available space for third molars, inclination of second and third molars, and angle between the second and third molars were evaluated. Also, the correlation of measured parameters and type of orthodontic therapy with the eruption of third molars was evaluated.Results:Of the third molars, 81.8% were impacted in the nonextraction group and 63.6% were impacted in the extraction group. Impaction of mandibular third molars was significantly correlated to the pretreatment and posttreatment inclination of third molars and the angle between the second and third molars. In the extraction therapy group, the retromolar distance increased significantly with a mean of 1.30 ± 1.25 mm.Conclusions:When the inclination of the third molar is inconvenient, the tooth may remain impacted even if there is enough retromolar space.     

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目的    评价正畸拔除第二前磨牙对第三磨牙萌出角度和萌出间隙的影响。方法    选择2007年1月至2010年7月在济南市口腔医院正畸科行直丝弓正畸治疗的41例安氏Ⅰ类错牙合青少年患者,所有患者第二前磨牙及第二磨牙完全萌出,第三磨牙牙冠已形成但均未萌出。按治疗方法分为拔牙组（21例,均拔除4个第二前磨牙）和非拔牙组（20例）。在治疗前后分别拍摄全口曲面断层片,测量第三磨牙的倾斜角度和萌出间隙。结果    治疗前后上、下颌第三磨牙萌出间隙的增加值拔牙组大于非拔牙组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001）。上颌第三磨牙萌出角度的增加值拔牙组大于非拔牙组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,而下颌第三磨牙萌出角度的增加值两组间差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论    正畸拔除第二前磨牙可以增加上、下颌第三磨牙的萌出间隙,并使上颌第三磨牙萌出角度更加直立。     

成人下颌磨牙后间隙与第三磨牙关系的三维研究

目的 测量成人下颌磨牙后区大小并分析其与第三磨牙状态的关系.方法 采用CBCT对86例成年骨性Ⅰ类均角患者根据第三磨牙状态进行分组,从三维方向对右侧下颌磨牙后间隙进行测量.在水平面上沿POL线(第一磨牙与第二磨牙颊尖连线)测量下颌平面(以及从下颌平面向根方2 mm的平面)处第二磨牙牙冠到升支前缘的最短距离.牙根层面...     

正畸治疗中磨牙的拔除和保留(十一)——拔除第二磨牙与拔除第一前磨牙后第三磨牙牙胚位置的对比研究

目的：比较正畸治疗中拔除第二磨牙与拔除第一前磨牙后第三磨牙牙胚位置的不同改变。方法：选择拔除第二磨牙患者18例及拔除第一前磨牙患者20例,对两组治疗前后X线头颅侧位片进行测量分析。观察矫治前后第三磨牙在垂直方向、水平方向及倾斜角度的改变,比较两组间的差异。结果：两组病例上、下颌第三磨牙垂直位置的改变有显著性差异,拔除第二磨牙组比拔除第一前磨牙组第三磨牙向胎方移动快。水平距离的改变两组之间无差异。拔除第二磨牙组的下颌第三磨牙在矫治后明显竖直,与对照组之间存在显著性差异;矫治后两组上颌第三磨牙的角度均有较大改善,但两组之间的改变无差异。结论：拔除第二磨牙比拔除第一前磨牙加速了第三磨牙向骀方的移动,有利于下颌第三磨牙的竖直,为其以后的萌出创造了有利条件,减少了第三磨牙阻生的可能性。     

A long-term study of the relationship of third molars to changes in the mandibular dental arch

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of third molars to changes in the mandibular dental arch. The sample for this study consisted of four groups and subgroups. The groups consisted of premolar extraction treated, nonextraction treated with initial generalized spacing, nonextraction treated, and serial extraction untreated subjects. The subgroups were divided into persons who had mandibular third molars that were either impacted, erupted into function, congenitally absent, or extracted at least 10 years before postretention records. The mean postretention time interval was 13 years, with a range of 10 to 28 years. The mean postretention age was 28 years 6 months, with a range of 18 years 6 months to 39 years 4 months. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to compare the changes over time (before treatment, at end of active treatment, and after retention) of groups and third molar subgroups. With time, mandibular incisor irregularity increased while arch length and intercanine width decreased. The eruption patterns of mandibular incisors and first molars were similarly dispersed in all groups studied. The findings between the subgroups in which mandibular third molars were impacted, erupted into function, congenitally absent, or extracted 10 years before postretention records revealed no significant differences between any of the subgroups for the parameters studied. No significant differences in mandibular growth were found between the third molar subgroups; this suggests that persons with third molars erupted into satisfactory function do not have a significantly different mandibular growth pattern than those whose third molars are impacted or congenitally missing. In the majority of cases some degree of mandibular incisor crowding took place after retention, but this change was not significantly different between third molar subgroups. This finding suggests that the recommendation for mandibular third molar removal with the objective of alleviating or preventing mandibular incisor irregularity may not be justified.     

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目的    研究不同正畸治疗方法对阻生下颌第三磨牙的影响。方法    选择2005年1月至2008年5月青岛大学医学院附属医院口腔正畸科治疗的第三磨牙阻生青少年患者79例（154颗患牙）,按治疗前下颌第三磨牙倾斜角及矫治是否拔牙分为4组：未拔牙A组（非拔牙矫治且倾斜角≤30°）,未拔牙B组（非拔牙矫治且倾斜角＞30°）,拔牙A组（拔牙矫治且倾斜角≤30°）,拔牙B组（拔牙矫治且倾斜角＞30°）。拍摄正畸治疗前后口腔曲面断层片,测量并计算矫治前后下颌第三磨牙倾斜角及萌出间隙的变化。结果    矫治后拔牙A组第三磨牙倾斜角比矫治前平均减小3.36°,且差异有统计学意义（P < 0. 05）;其余各组矫治前后差异均无统计学意义。矫治后各组下颌第三磨牙的萌出间隙均高于矫治前,且差异有统计学意义（P < 0. 05）,其中拔牙组矫治前后萌出间隙变化尤为明显。结论    对于原倾斜角较小的下颌第三磨牙,拔牙有利于改善第三磨牙的萌出角度;与非拔牙矫治相比,拔牙矫治更多地增加了下颌第三磨牙的萌出间隙,有利于下颌第三磨牙的萌出。     

Radiographic evaluation of mandibular third molar eruption space.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate variables in third molar and arch dimensions among subjects with impacted and erupted mandibular third molars. STUDY DESIGN: Standardized panoramic radiographs were taken for 134 subjects (60 males and 74 females with 213 third molars) with an average age of 19.8 years. For the impacted group, only those who had mesioangular inclination of the third molars were recorded. The radiographic features studied were angulation of tooth, level of eruption, development of root, mesiodistal crown width, retromolar space, and gonial angle. RESULTS: Third molar angulation in the impacted group (69 subjects with 101 third molars) averaged 16.28 degrees (SD +/- 11.88 degrees), with no significant gender differences. The retromolar space was significantly smaller in the impacted group than in the erupted group (P < .001). This space was also the only significant variable (P < .05) associated with lateral asymmetry in the eruption/impaction status of third molars. In the impacted group, 83% of subjects had third molar space/crown width ratios less than 1, whereas in the erupted group 69% had ratios of at least 1. The average space/crown width ratios in the impacted and erupted groups were 0.78 and 1.06, respectively (P < .001). The impacted and erupted groups did not differ significantly with respect to mesiodistal crown width and gonial angle. Approximately 76% of impacted third molars had complete root formation, 20% had two thirds root formation, and only 4% displayed one third root formation. Of the impacted third molars, 66% were partially erupted and the rest were unerupted. There was a strong positive relationship between frequency of third molar impaction and degree of angulation (P < .001), but the former was inversely associated with retromolar space (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The most significant variable associated with third molar impaction is inadequate space. The vast majority of impacted third molars had space/crown width ratios of less than 1.     

正畸拔除第一前磨牙对第三磨牙萌出角度的影响

目的：研究正畸拔除第一前磨牙对第三磨牙的影响。方法：37例第一前磨牙拔除和33例非拔牙患者作为研究对象,拍摄术前术后的全景片,测量第三磨牙长轴与平面及第三磨牙长轴与第二磨牙长轴的夹角,对治疗前后夹角的变化以U检验进行比较。结果：结果显示,拔除第一前磨牙后,下颌第三磨牙的的萌出角度得到了改善,而对上颌第三磨牙萌出改善并不明显。结论：拔除下颌第一前磨牙后,第三磨牙萌出角度会更加直立,从而可能减少其阻生的可能性。     

正畸治疗中磨牙的拔除与保留(十六)——正畸拔除下颌第一磨牙后第三磨牙位置和倾斜度变化

目的：探讨正畸拔除下颌第一磨牙对下颌第三磨牙位置和倾斜度的影响.方法：选择34例拔除下颌第一磨牙正畸治疗和29例非拔除下颌第一磨牙正畸治疗,对两组病例治疗前后头颅侧位片进行测量分析.观察矫治前后下颌第三磨牙在垂直方向、水平方向及倾斜角度的改变,比较两组之间的差异.结果：拔牙组和非拔牙组间治疗前后下颌第三磨牙垂直位置和倾斜度变化的差异没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）;拔牙组和非拔牙组间治疗前后下颌第三磨牙水平位置变化的差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.治疗后,拔牙组下颌第三磨牙比非拔牙组更靠近近中.结论：拔除下颌第一磨牙的正畸治疗加速了下颌第三磨牙向近中迁移.     

Mandibular third molar space in different antero-posterior skeletal patterns

Retromolar space has long been identified as a major factor in the aetiology of mandibular third molar impaction. The aims of this study were to compare mandibular third molar space between the different antero-posterior (A-P) skeletal patterns, between erupted and impacted third molars in the different A-P skeletal patterns, and to report on the status of third molar eruption/impaction among the studied subjects. A total of 432 mandibular third molars in 270 subjects (132 females and 138 males) were investigated from dental pantomograms (DPTs) and lateral cephalograms (LC). The average age for the total sample was 20.80 ± 2.03 years. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their ANB angle as follows: skeletal Class I (144 third molars in 90 subjects), skeletal Class II (145 third molars in 95 subjects), and skeletal Class III (143 third molars in 85 subjects). Each group was subdivided into impacted and erupted subgroups. DPT and LC were traced and the following variables were measured: retromolar space width, third molar width and angulation, β angle, second molar angulation, mandibular length, and gonial angle. Independent t-test, analysis of variance, and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Retromolar space width in the Class III subjects was smaller than in the Class I subjects (P?相似文献   

正畸拔除第一前磨牙对上下颌第三磨牙位置变化的影响

目的:研究第一前磨牙拔除后对第三磨牙位置变化的影响,探讨影响第三磨牙萌出的客观因素。方法:选择56例上下颌第三磨牙均存在的患者进行方丝弓正畸治疗,按照第一前磨牙拔除与否分为拔牙组(30例)和非拔牙组(26例),利用术前术后曲面断层片对患者上下颌第三磨牙萌出间隙、第三磨牙与牙合平面的距离以及下颌长度进行测量分析。结果:拔牙组术前术后各指标变化均有统计学意义,但是非拔牙组中下颌萌出间隙变化不具有统计学意义。拔牙组与非拔牙组术前术后变化量进行组间比较,上颌萌出间隙(U-ES)拔牙组比非拔牙组平均增大1.35 mm(P<0.05),下颌萌出间隙L-ES(R)和L-ES(X i)分别增大了2.72 mm(P<0.05)和3.16 mm(P<0.01),下颌第三磨牙与牙合平面的距离减小0.31 mm(P<0.05),下颌骨长度增加1.68 mm(P<0.05);上颌第三磨牙与牙合平面的距离变化在两组间没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:正畸治疗中拔除第一前磨牙可增大上下颌第三磨牙萌出间隙,有利于第三磨牙的萌出。     

正畸拔除第一前磨牙后第三磨牙倾斜度的变化

目的 探讨正畸拔除第一前磨牙对第三磨牙倾斜度的影响。方法 选择37例拔牙和32例非拔牙患者,分别在治疗前和治疗后的曲面断层片上测量第三磨牙长轴与平面的交角以及第二、第三磨牙长轴的交角。用U检验来比较两组患者第三磨牙倾斜度在治疗前后的变化。结果 拔牙组和非拔牙组间治疗前后下颌第三磨牙长轴与平面和第二磨牙长轴交角的差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;拔牙组和非拔牙组治疗前后上颌第三磨牙长轴与平面和第二磨牙交角的差异没有统计学意义（P>0.05）。在拔牙组,治疗后下颌第三磨牙比上颌第三磨牙更直立。结论 拔除前磨牙的正畸治疗能够改善第三磨牙的倾斜角度。     

Posttreatment and postretention changes following orthodontic therapy.

This investigation was performed to determine the changes which occurred in treated orthodontic cases out of retention. The material consisted of 103 cases, of which 74 cases were treated nonextraction and 29 were treated with the extraction of four first premolars. The treatment was accomplished by the full-banded edgewise bioprogressive technique. Five measurements were taken: intercanine, inter-first premolar, intersecond premolar and inter-first molar widths, and incisor to molar distance. The measurements were made on the mandibular arch of the pretreatment, posttreatment, and prostretention casts. The postretention model was obtained a minimum of one year after all retaining devices were removed with an average of 5.2 years. The following conclusions were drawn from the changes in dimensions: 1. The intercanine width was expanded during treatment, but had a strong tendency to return to or close to its original pretreatment width in both nonextraction and extraction cases. 2. The inter-first premolar width showed the greatest treatment increase in width with only a minimal amount of postretention decrease. 3. The second premolar width for nonextraction cases showed a significant amount of increase with a slight tendency for postretention decrease. 4. The second premolar width for extraction cases showed a decrease with treatment and a slight continued decrease postretention. 5. The intermolar width of nonextraction cases showed a significant increase in width with treatment. The extraction cases showed a significant decrease with treatment. However, there were no changes in either extraction or nonextraction cases postretention. 6. The incisor to molar distance decreased with treatment and had a slight tendency to continue to decrease postretention.     

The effect of different extraction sites upon incisor retraction.

1. From this study, it was found that in cases treated by the Begg technique one can anticipate greater retraction of the anterior dental units in nonextraction (see article) cases, in both types of premolar extraction cases, and in cases, involving extraction of first molars plus first premolars than would be expected on the basis of root surface area resistance values. 2. There is a likely explanation for this. Molars were maintained upright and allowed to move bodily only while incisors were not only moved bodily but often partially tipped as well. 3. The actual mean anterior retraction in first molar extraction cases exhibited a close approximation to the expected mean anterior retraction values in relation to root surface resistance values. 4. Second premolar extraction is one answer to overretraction and has the added edge of creating even less incisor retraction than second premolar extraction. 5. It was also found that the extraction of premolars alone did not result (see article) in a significant change in the increased eruption of the third molars into functional occlusion. A very significant improvement in the rate of sucessful third molar eruption was found in first molar extraction cases and in cases involving extraction of first molars plus first premolars. 6. The mean ages of the patients in the various treatment categories at the start of treatment were similar enough to each other to suggest that age at the start of treatment had no bearing on the success rate of third molar erup tion. Extraction-site selection seemed to be the dominating factor in successful third molar eruption. 7. It was found that the group of cases that exhibited the least amount of anterior retraction also inhibited the least amount of anterior relapse and, conversely, the group of cases exhibiting the greatest amount of anterior retraction also exhibited the greatest amount of anterior relapse. (see article) 8. The nonextraction cases, with no extraction space to close, were treated in the shortest mean time, while the eight-tooth (first molar plus first premolar) extraction cases having the greatest amount of extraction space required the greatest amount of mean treatment time.9. In conclusion, it can be said that changing the location of the extraction site resulted in a change in relative root surface areas of the opposing anchor units in the anterior and posterior segments. There was a definite and predictable change in the amount of anterior retraction achieved by varying the location of the extraction site. This should be considered in the diagnosis, so that a desired treatment goal for the final position of the incisors within the facial profile can be achieved.     

Vertical eruption patterns of impacted mandibular third molars after the mesialization of second molars using miniscrews

Objective:To investigate (1) whether vertical eruption of impacted third molars improves after mesialization of second molars and (2) what factors affect the vertical eruption of impacted third molars when space caused by missing molars is successfully closed by mesialization of the second molar using miniscrews.Materials and Methods:The treatment group (Group 1) included 52 patients who had (1) missing mandibular first molars (ML-6) or missing deciduous mandibular second molars (ML-E), (2) initially impacted mandibular third molars, and (3) successful space closure of the edentulous area with orthodontics. Panoramic radiographs at start of treatment (T1) and at time of space closure (T2) were collected. The control group (Group 2) included 46 nonedentulous patients with impacted mandibular third molars without molar protraction treatment. Panoramic radiographs with similar T1/T2 treatment times were selected. Nine measurements were obtained regarding horizontal available space, vertical eruption, and third molar angulation.Results:Third molars erupted vertically an average of 2.54 mm in Group 1 compared with 0.41 mm in Group 2. Age, gender, Nolla stage, and angle of the third molars did not show significant correlations with the vertical change of the impacted third molars, whereas the depth of third molar impaction and available space showed significant correlations.Conclusions:Impacted mandibular third molars vertically erupt as a result of uprighting with mesialization of the second molar, and vertical eruption is affected by the initial vertical location of impacted third molars and available space.     

摆形矫治器与直丝弓矫治器治疗安氏Ⅱ类骨性Ⅰ类错畸形的研究

目的　分析安氏Ⅱ类骨性Ⅰ类错畸形患者经摆形矫治器结合直丝弓矫治器治疗后的牙颌面形态变化, 探讨此方法建立正常牙关系的机制。方法　10例接受摆形矫治器结合直丝弓矫治器治疗的安氏Ⅱ类骨性Ⅰ类 错患者,分别在治疗前(T1阶段)、摆形矫治器治疗后(T2阶段)及直丝弓矫治结束后(T3阶段)拍摄头颅定位侧位 片,对3个阶段牙齿、颌骨及软组织的位置变化进行测量及分析,同时观察上颌第二、三磨牙的位置和萌出情况。 结果　摆形矫治器治疗阶段上颌第一、二磨牙远中整体移动并适度远中倾斜,上切牙唇向倾斜,上齿槽座点前移; 直丝弓矫治后上颌第一、二磨牙位置与治疗前无明显差异,下齿槽座点和下颌第一磨牙明显前移;上颌第二磨牙萌 出顺利。结论　摆形矫治器可使上磨牙明显远中移动,但固定矫治结束后上磨牙前后位置因上颌骨生长和一定程 度的支抗丧失而有所复原;Ⅰ类磨牙关系的建立可能是上下磨牙差别移动和颌骨差别生长的综合结果。     

Third molar tooth agenesis and pattern of impaction in patients with palatally displaced canines

Objectives:To investigate the association between third molar agenesis and pattern of impaction, missing teeth, and peg-shaped lateral incisor with palatal canine displacement (PDC).Materials and Methods:The pretreatment orthodontic orthopantomograms of 438 patients (122 males and 316 females) diagnosed with PDC were included. A total of 338 patients with normally erupted canines who had a preexisting radiograph as part of their orthodontic treatment (125 males and 313 females) served as controls. Orthopantomograms were evaluated for missing third molars, third molar eruption status, and type of impaction, third molar spaces, third molar width, and angulation.Results:In the PDC group, at least one third molar was missing in 48% and 19% in the upper and lower arches, respectively. Also, 38% and 67% of PDC patients had at least one third molar impaction in the upper and lower arches, respectively. The difference between the PDC and control groups was significant for both missing and impacted third molars (P < .001 for each). The most common type of third molar impaction in the upper arch was vertical and distoangular in the PDC and control groups, respectively. Upper and lower third molar width and spaces were reduced in PDC patients when compared with the control group (P < .001). In PDC patients, missing teeth and peg-shaped lateral incisors were recorded in 5.6% and 9.1%, respectively.Conclusions:PDC patients showed a high prevalence of third molar agenesis and impaction. Upper and lower third molar width and space were reduced in the PDC patients. There were no significant associations between tooth agenesis (other than third molars) and the PDC anomaly.     

Arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment.

An undocumented criticism of extraction treatment is that it results in narrower dental arches when compared with nonextraction therapy. Anterior and posterior arch widths of the maxillary and mandibular arches of 25 patients treated by 4 first-premolar extraction and 25 patients treated without extractions were measured on posttreatment study models and compared statistically to determine whether the dental arches were narrower after extraction treatment, to test the accuracy of this view. Measurements were made in the canine and the molar regions from the most labial aspect of the buccal surfaces of the canines and the molars. In both groups, anterior and posterior arch widths were the same except for the mandibular intercanine dimension, which was 0.94 mm larger (P <.01) in the extraction group. This indicates that extraction treatment does not result in narrower dental arches than nonextraction treatment.