外耳道胆脂瘤49例临床特点及诊治分析

目的 探讨外耳道胆脂瘤的临床特点及诊治方法 .方法 回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科2000～2005年收治的49例外耳道胆脂瘤患者的临床资料.结果 术前所有患者外耳道均见灰白色或黄白色软组织充填,外耳道皮肤可见慢性炎症.所有病例病变以外耳道为中心,外耳道均有不同程度的侵蚀扩大;其中8例患者病变向远深部扩展侵犯乳突和/或鼓膜、上鼓室;2例面神经垂直段骨质破坏.根据病变范围.10例患者直接在手术显微镜下彻底清除病变;31例患者行耳内切口显微镜下彻底清除病变,术中见鼓膜紧张部穿孔5例,术后均行Ⅱ期鼓膜修补术;4例患者行乳突根治术,术中见鼓膜缺如,听骨链残缺;4例患者行改良乳突根治术,术中见听骨链完整,2例松弛部穿孔,术后行Ⅱ期鼓室成型术.术前45例(91.8%)患者为传导性聋,言语频率平均气导听阈为49.3±9.1 dB HL;4例(8.2%)为混合性聋,言语频率平均气导听阈为65.2±10.7 dB HL,平均骨导听阈为50.5±11.3 dB HL.除4例行乳突根治术的患者以外,其余患者术后气导听阈均有较大提高,言语频率平均气导听阈提高15～23 dB.随访18个月～6年未见复发.结论 外耳道胆脂瘤可以造成广泛破坏,术前颢骨薄层CT扫描对诊断有较大帮助.其治疗应根据病变范围、局部感染与否选择合适术式尽早彻底清除病灶.术后患者气导听力多有较大提高.     

上鼓室胆脂瘤手术治疗

目的评估保留完整外耳道后上壁的上鼓室开放术治疗局限性胆脂瘤的临床疗效。方法38耳上鼓室胆脂瘤及内陷袋形成患者,耳内镜检查鼓膜松弛部内陷9耳,鼓膜松弛部穿孔27耳,外耳道胆脂瘤侵入上鼓室2耳。颞骨轴位和冠状位CT检查,病变局限在上鼓室区,天盖无明显破坏或下垂。虚拟耳镜显示听骨链完整13耳,听骨链变形12耳,听小骨不同程度破坏13耳。手术时在颞线下磨开外耳道后上嵴至颧弓后根骨壁,保留菲薄完整的外耳道后上壁和天盖,开放上鼓室经上而下处理胆脂瘤及鳞状上皮,完成听骨链成形术。结果术后外耳道完整,鼓膜松弛部穿孔或内陷袋行鼓膜修补术均一期愈合,术后平均听力较术前平均提高15～25dBHL,随访1.0～4.0年未见胆脂瘤复发。结论保留完整外耳道壁的上鼓室开放技术,在彻底清除上鼓室和听骨链病变的同时,完整保持外耳道和鼓室结构,临床疗效满意。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎伴罕见乙状窦畸形手术1例

患者 ,女 4 9岁。以双耳反复流脓 4 0年为主诉入院。检查 :两耳鼓膜松弛部穿孔 ,可见血性分泌物流出 ;乳突 X线片示 :胆脂瘤型中耳炎 (双 )。CT报告 :两耳上鼓室、鼓窦及乳突腔内均见软组织影并伴骨质破坏。于 1 999年 2月以耳内切口上鼓室径路行右乳突根治术 ,暴露骨性外耳道后上壁及乳突外壁后 ,见自前下至后上有一长约 2 cm,宽约 1 .5cm斜形暗蓝色区。采用先打开上鼓室寻找鼓窦的方法手术 ,见上鼓室内充满胆脂瘤 ,鼓窦不清晰 ,用金钢砂钻头向后上、前下磨去菲薄骨质即见蓝色乙状窦壁露出 ,乙状窦沟骨板与外耳道后壁及乳突外骨壁融合为…     

慢性化脓性中耳炎及中耳胆脂瘤术前颞骨CT及耳内镜评估的意义

目的 探讨颞骨CT及耳内镜对慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期及中耳胆脂瘤术前评估的重要性。方法 回顾性分析慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期及中耳胆脂瘤患者42耳病历资料,从CT、耳内镜及术中发现进行分析。结果 ①根据CT结合术中所见,慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期CT分型分为单纯型、硬化灶型、肉芽型、硬化灶肉芽型。胆脂瘤型CT主要表现为听骨链消失或锤砧关节消失,乳突大部分呈硬化型,少部分为板障型,上鼓室鼓窦扩大,上鼓室、中鼓室甚至后鼓室乳突腔为软组织影占据,部分病例外半规管骨质破坏、面神经管水平段骨质破坏,部分病例外耳道后壁骨质破坏;单纯型CT示中耳鼓室乳突呈不完全气化型;硬化灶型CT示中耳鼓室乳突呈硬化型,病变局限于中鼓室,锤骨柄及镫骨周围有“类似骨质影”包裹;肉芽型、硬化灶肉芽型CT相似,示病变累及鼓室及乳突,听骨链基本完整,面神经管水平段骨质完整,但硬化灶型与肉芽型区别之处在于前者鼓室内听骨链周围有“类骨质”样散在高密度影。②耳内镜所见慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期鼓膜紧张部穿孔,鼓膜可有钙化斑;中耳胆脂瘤型则有上鼓室内陷或穿孔、后上象限穿孔、大穿孔、外耳道顶壁或后上壁下塌。结论 慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期及中耳胆脂瘤的术前CT及耳内镜评估,对病变性质、范围、程度及指导手术起重要作用。     

慢性化脓性中耳炎的治疗

目的 探讨对反复流脓、鼓膜紧张部穿孔、中鼓室无肉芽或息肉的慢性化脓性中耳炎的原因及治疗体会.方法 32例(34耳)鼓膜紧张部穿孔、中鼓室无肉芽或息肉的慢性化脓性中耳炎,经正规保守治疗后仍反复流脓,颞骨高分辨螺旋CT显示鼓窦、听骨链周围有高密度影但中耳骨质无破坏,通过"完桥式"乳突根治术,同期或择期行鼓膜修补术给予治疗.结果术中可见26耳鼓窦、上鼓室及听骨链周围有大量肉芽组织;8耳乳突腔、鼓窦内为较黏稠的渗出液,鼓窦人口及听骨链周围有肉芽组织.所有病例中耳骨质无破坏.手术清除肉芽组织和渗液,其中16耳同期行鼓膜修补术,15耳择期行鼓膜修补术,术后全部干耳,31耳听力提高.结论反复流脓的慢性化脓性中耳炎经正规保守治疗3～6个月仍反复流脓者,应行颞骨CT检查,考虑鼓窦、听骨链周围有顽固性肉芽组织者,尽管中耳骨质无破坏也应尽早手术治疗,建议行"完桥式"乳突根治术加鼓膜修补术.     

基质金属蛋白酶2和9在不同部位的中耳胆脂瘤的表达

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)2和9在不同部位的中耳胆脂瘤的表达差异及其骨破坏作用.方法 采用免疫组化方法 检测上鼓室胆脂瘤18例、鼓室窦胆脂瘤16例、胆脂瘤患者外耳道皮肤10例、正常外耳道皮肤10例中MMP-2和MMP-9的表达.结果 MMP-2、MMP-9在上鼓室胆脂瘤和鼓室窦胆脂瘤上皮各层细胞中均有表达,基底层表达最强;鼓室窦胆脂瘤较上鼓室胆脂瘤染色深.正常外耳道皮肤和胆脂瘤患者外耳道皮肤有非常浅的表达,主要分布在基底层细胞的胞质中.MMP-2、MMP-9在正常外耳道皮肤和胆脂瘤患者外耳道皮肤的表达差异无统计学意义(P值均<0.05);上鼓室胆脂瘤和鼓室窦胆脂瘤中MMP-2、MMP-9的表达均高于正常外耳道皮肤和胆脂瘤患者外耳道皮肤,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);鼓室窦胆脂瘤中MMP-2、MMP-9的表达高于上鼓室胆脂瘤,差异具有统计学意义(P值均>0.05).胆脂瘤上皮中MMP-2和MMP-9的表达呈显著正相关(r=0.974,P<0.01),MMP-2的表达高于MMP-9.MMP-2和MMP-9的表达与听小骨的破坏程度呈正相关(r=0.789及0.803,P值均<0.01).结论 胆脂瘤型中耳炎骨质破坏过程中MMP起重要作用.鼓室窦胆脂瘤的骨质破坏程度较上鼓室胆脂瘤重,更具侵袭性,更容易产生颅内外并发症.     

儿童外耳道胆脂瘤的临床分型与手术

目的总结儿童外耳道胆脂瘤的手术疗效。方法[HTK〗根据36例儿童外耳道胆脂瘤的临床特征及胆脂瘤对外耳道破坏的程度进行临床分型;Ⅰ型为外耳道肉芽型,耳道骨质无破坏;Ⅱ型为外耳道狭窄骨质破坏型;Ⅲ型外耳道胆脂瘤已侵蚀上鼓室或乳突形成中耳胆脂瘤。结果36耳随访半年以上33耳,30耳外耳道皮肤完整,2耳术后8周耳道出现瘢痕性狭窄,经治疗耳道上皮愈合无再狭窄。1耳行改良乳突根治术多年仍有间歇性耳溢,3耳失访。结论儿童外耳道胆脂瘤的突出表现是外耳道有肉芽。显微镜下手术有助于识别病变破坏的轮廓及与周围结构的关系,恰当磨宽骨性耳道口部,磨光耳道骨质破坏区的骨壁,耳道皮肤缺损区移植皮片,可防止后期耳道瘢痕性狭窄及胆脂瘤复发。耳道填塞碘仿纱条不得少于4周,每周更换1次,直到耳道上皮愈合为止。Ⅲ型外耳道胆脂瘤应行改良乳突根治术。由于儿童外耳道胆脂瘤更具侵蚀性,手术的难度和危险性更大,应予高度重视。     

侵及鼓室、乳突的外耳道胆脂瘤诊断和治疗

目的探讨侵及鼓室、乳突的外耳道胆脂瘤的临床表现、影像特点及其手术治疗方法.方法回顾性分析我科1998～2003年收治的侵及鼓室、乳突的外耳道胆脂瘤14例患者的临床资料.结果14例患者病变均不同程度破坏外耳道四壁并向后扩展至乳突腔.其中4例鼓膜松弛部穿孔,胆脂瘤侵入鼓室,听骨链受压、内移,或不同程度破坏.3例面神经垂直段骨质破坏.1例乳突广泛破坏,硬脑膜裸露.1例先天畸形外耳道狭窄.根据病变的范围,8例行改良乳突根治术,5例行开放式乳突根治术,1例行外耳道扩大成形术.10例听骨链未受累的,术后听力恢复正常,1例听骨链受压变形、移位,术后仍达到正常听力.3例听骨链中断,行听骨链重建术,语言频率气导平均听阈提高15 dB～20 dB.14例患者随访18个月至5年未见复发.结论外耳道胆脂瘤的病因目前尚不十分清楚.侵及鼓室乳突者临床表现不典型,诊断有一定难度,术前常规高分辨颞骨CT扫描,有助于原发部位的判断及确定病变范围,以选择合适的手术方式.     

外耳道胆脂瘤临床特征及治疗

目的：探讨外耳道胆脂瘤的临床特点，为手术方式的选择提供参考。方法回顾性分析2006年8月～2014年12月住院手术治疗并经病理确诊的38例（39耳）外耳道胆脂瘤患者的临床资料，总结其症状、体征、术前CT表现、临床分期、手术方式及疗效。结果所有病例外耳道均可见灰白色物或肉芽样物阻塞，术前以听力下降为主要主诉（100％，39／39），其次是耳闷涨感（79．49％，31／39）及耳痛（74．36％，29／39）。39耳外耳道胆脂瘤结合术前CT ，按 Holt分期：I期10耳，病变局限在外耳道，无骨质破坏；II期23耳，病变位于外耳道，伴骨质破坏，未累及中耳；III期6耳，病变破坏外耳道并累及中耳乳突和／或鼓室、鼓窦。I期行外耳道胆脂瘤切除术；II期行外耳道胆脂瘤切除术＋外耳道成形术和／或鼓室成形术；III期行外耳道胆脂瘤切除术＋鼓室成形术＋乳突切除术。术中见31耳鼓膜完整、内陷，8耳鼓膜松弛部穿孔，4耳听骨链砧镫关节破坏，1耳面神经垂直段裸露。所有病例均一次完成手术，听力恢复良好，无复发。结论外耳道胆脂瘤易误诊，根据临床分期选择合适手术方式可获得满意疗效。     

保持外耳道后壁完整的上鼓室切开软骨重建技术在中耳炎手术中的应用

目的观察在保持外耳道后壁完整的情况下，上鼓室切开软骨重建技术在中耳炎手术中的应用及疗效。方法对45例（耳）中耳胆脂瘤和13例（耳）活动期中耳炎患者，在保留外耳道后壁乳突切开、上鼓室外侧壁切除或及经砧骨窝向下开放面隐窝，清除听骨链区（包括上鼓室、中后鼓室）及鼓窦乳突区病变后，行上鼓室软骨封闭重建术，术后随访12～36个月，观察术后中耳炎胆脂瘤复发、鼓膜形态及听力提高等情况。结果58例（耳）术后重建的上鼓室外侧壁与保留的外耳道后壁相连接。本组病例中6例术后外耳道后壁肿胀或皮肤缺损，继续换药4~5次后愈合良好；3例患者出院后仍有少量流脓，鼓膜边缘穿孔，门诊局部给药后延迟愈合；3例听骨脱出、2例鼓膜再穿孔、2例24个月后原胆脂瘤复发，行开放式手术后治愈。术后6个月复查纯音听力测试，并与术前进行比较，听力均有不同程度提高，0.5、1、2 kHz气骨导差平均减10 dB，气导听阈平均提高15 dB 左右。结论在保持外耳道后壁完整的情况下，上鼓室切开软骨重建技术在中耳炎外科手术中的应用，既能够充分暴露病变，病灶清除彻底，同时又保留了外耳道的形态，可有效防止鼓膜回缩袋的形成，降低了胆脂瘤的复发，又避免了开放式手术所残留的宽大术腔。术后鼓膜形态恢复良好，从而保持或提高了患者的听力。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.