多层螺旋CT胰腺增强扫描：扫描方案的选择及对胰周血管的评价

目的：通过胰腺同层动态增强扫描,获得感兴趣区的时间-密度曲线,确定胰腺增强扫描的最佳延迟时间,并应用此扫描方案分析胰周血管的显示率。方法：①随机选择20例无胰腺疾病的患者进行胰腺同层动态增强扫描,获得感兴趣区的强化峰值及到达峰值时间;②随机选择40例无胰腺疾病的患者进行胰腺三期增强扫描,分析胰周血管的显示率。结果：①腹主动脉强化峰值时间约为30s,平均强化峰值为350．3HU,20s时平均CT值为316．7HU;门静脉强化峰值时间约为45s,胰腺实质强化峰值时间约为40s,肝脏实质强化峰值时间约为55s,曲线到达峰值后75s内处于平台期;②胰周主要动脉（CA、HA、SA、sMA）的显示率为100％（40／40）,除AIPDA以外的其它胰周小动脉显示率为75％～100％。胰周主要静脉（PV、SV、SMV）的显示率为100％（40／40）,除AIPDV以外的其它胰周小静脉显示率为75％-100％。结论：在注射剂量100ml,注射流率4ml／S时,建议多层螺旋CT胰腺增强扫描的延迟时间分别为动脉期20s,胰腺实质期45s,门静脉期或肝脏期70s。     

多层螺旋CT胰腺检查:不同注射条件下时间窗的选择

目的探讨多层螺旋CT胰腺三期增强扫描,不同注射条件下时间窗的选择。资料与方法40例无胰腺疾病患者,随机分为A、B两组各20例,A组注射条件为:对比剂总量为120ml,注射流率为5ml/s;B组注射条件为:对比剂总量为90ml,注射流率为3ml/s。行胰腺同层动态增强扫描,于不同时间点,分别测定胰腺、肝脏实质及胰周主动脉、门静脉的CT值,最后分别绘制时间密度曲线。结果两组胰周主动脉强化到达峰值的平均时间分别为(33.2±3.8)s(A组)及(40.1±3.8)s(B组),而20s(A组)及25s(B组)时胰周动脉CT值多可达200HU;胰腺实质强化到达峰值的平均时间分别为(42.7±3.3)s(A组)及(46.8±4.5)s(B组);胰周门静脉强化到达峰值的平均时间分别为(47.5±4.8)s(A组)及(53.3±4.8)s(B组);肝脏实质强化到达峰值的平均时间分别为(59.2±4.7)s(A组)及(64.2±4.5)s(B组)。结论在不同的注射条件下,多层螺旋CT胰腺检查三期增强扫描的时间窗的设定并不相同。笔者推荐,对比剂总量为120ml,注射流率为5ml/s时,动脉期延迟时间为20s,胰腺期延迟时间为45s,肝脏期延迟时间为65s;对比剂总量为90ml,注射流率为3ml/s时,动脉期延迟时间为25s,胰腺期延迟时间为50s,肝脏期延迟时间为65s。     

多层螺旋CT胰腺三期增强扫描的临床价值

目的　探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)胰腺三期增强扫描的临床价值。资料与方法　随机选择 4 0例无胰腺疾病患者 ,进行平扫及三期 (动脉期、胰腺期及肝脏期 )增强扫描。分别测量平扫及三期增强扫描时胰腺实质密度 ,根据三期增强扫描胰腺实质密度较增强前提高程度 ,比较三期增强扫描胰腺实质强化的情况 ;同时分别评价动脉期与胰腺期胰周血管的显示率及显示程度 ,并行统计学分析。结果　三期增强扫描中 ,胰腺期胰腺实质密度较平扫提高程度最为明显 ,胰腺期与动脉期及胰腺期与肝脏期 ,差异均非常显著 (P <0 .0 0 1)。对于胰周大动脉显示率 ,动脉期与胰腺期无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而对其显示程度 ,则差异非常显著 ,动脉期明显优于胰腺期 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;对于胰周大静脉、胰周主要动、静脉的显示率及显示程度 ,动脉期与胰腺期则均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　MSCT胰腺检查 ,一般宜行三期增强扫描 :动脉期、胰腺期及肝脏期 ;若已于MSCT检查前明确为不可切除性胰腺癌 ,亦可行双期增强扫描 :胰腺期及肝脏期。     

多层螺旋CT三期扫描对正常胰腺和胰周血管增强特性的研究

目的　探讨多层螺旋CT多期增强扫描胰腺实质和胰周血管的强化特点。方法　对 60例正常人群行螺旋CT三期扫描 ,即动脉期 (2 0s)、胰腺期 (3 5～ 42s)、肝脏期 (75～ 80s) ,分别测量各期胰腺及胰周血管的CT值 ,并行统计学分析。结果　胰腺在胰腺期增强峰值高于其它两期 (Ρ <0 .0 1) ,对胰周动脉的增强值胰腺期与动脉期无明显差异 (Ρ >0 .0 5 ) ,但明显高于肝脏期 (Ρ <0 .0 1) ,对胰周静脉的增强值胰腺期与肝脏期无明显差异 (Ρ >0 .0 5 ) ,却明显高于动脉期 (Ρ <0 .0 1)。结论　多层螺旋CT三期扫描尤其胰腺期明显增强胰腺和胰周血管 ,对胰腺疾病的诊断和分期有重要价值。     

胰腺MRI:动态增强扫描最佳延迟时间窗的研究

目的构筑正常胰腺时间-增强指数曲线,确定胰腺动态增强MRI最佳延迟扫描时间窗。方法60例非胰腺疾病患者,随机分为A、B、C3组各20例,用小剂量团注法测对比剂达腹主动脉峰值时间,按公式Delay=TV-A-1/4TA t,使3组分别于t为0s、5s、10s行多时相动态增强MRI扫描。测量胰腺、肝脏及胰周血管的信号强度,计算增强指数,并对图像质量进行评分。结果B组在对比剂达腹主动脉后延迟5s扫描,胰腺实质增强指数为18.6,明显高于A组10.4和C组15.0(P<0.05),同时胰周动脉强化程度良好;延迟33s扫描,肝脏及胰周静脉增强指数分别为14.3和21.0,高于A组的10.7和15.8(P<0.05),而与C组的肝实质13.1无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论在对比剂到达腹主动脉后延迟5s和33s左右行屏气扫描,是获得高质量胰腺MRI双期动态增强扫描的实用技术。     

多层螺旋CT胰腺检查:两种注射条件对增强效果的影响研究

目的　探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)胰腺检查方案中 ,2种注射条件对增强效果的影响。方法　 4 0例无胰腺疾病患者 ,用抽签法将其随机分为 2组 ,每组各 2 0例。A组注射条件为 :对比剂总量为 12 0ml,注射流率为 5ml/s;B组注射条件为 :对比剂总量为 90ml,注射流率为 3ml/s。分别行平扫及胰腺三期 (包括动脉期、胰腺期及肝脏期 )增强扫描 ,比较两组间胰腺期胰腺实质强化程度、胰周主要血管的显示率及显示程度 (根据血管显示的清晰程度评为 0～ 3分 )。结果　A组胰腺期胰腺实质强化程度明显高于B组 (t=3 5 9,P <0 0 1) ,胰周大血管 (动脉指腹腔动脉、肝动脉、脾动脉及肠系膜上动脉 ,静脉指门静脉、脾静脉及肠系膜上静脉 )的显示率 ,A组及B组均为 10 0 % ;胰周其他主要血管(动脉包括胃十二指肠动脉及胰十二指肠前上、后上、前下、后下动脉 ,静脉包括胃结肠干及胰十二指肠前上、后上静脉 )的显示率 ,A组为 5 0 %～ 10 0 % ,B组为 10 %～ 95 % ,两组间差异有显著性意义 (χ2=2 6 2 7,P =0 0 0 )。胰周大血管及胰周其他主要血管的显示程度 ,A组各血管平均评分值分别为2 93～ 3 0 0与 0 6 0～ 2 80 ,B组分别为 2 33～ 2 80与 0 0 7～ 1 5 3,两组间差异均有显著性意义(U =0 0 0及 12 5 0 ,P =0 0 0及 0 0 4 )     

螺旋CT双期扫描技术及其在胰腺癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨螺旋CT双期扫描技术及其对胰腺癌的诊断价值。方法：正常人60例及胰腺癌44例分两组行螺旋CT双期扫描：A组40例,分动脉期和门动脉期（注射对比剂后20s和60s）扫描;B组64例,分胰腺期和肝脏期（注射对比剂后35s和70s)扫描。分别测定各期胰腺、病灶及胰周大血管的CT值,计算胰腺期及肝脏期胰周小静脉的显示率,并行统计学处理,对扫描时相的比较采用方差分析及q检验处理,对胰周小静脉的显示率采用x^2检验分析。结果：正常组,胰腺在胰腺期的增强值高于其他3期（F＝13．45,P＜0．0001）胰周大血管在胰腺期显示良好。胰周小静脉的显示率,胰腺期优于肝脏期（x^2=4．44,12．38,4．81,P＜0．05）;异常组,胰腺与病灶的增强差值,胰腺期明显大于其他3期（F＝14．90,P＜0．0001）,发现小胰腺癌4例。胰周大血管受侵者占不可切除性肿瘤的54％（19／35）,胰周小静脉迂曲扩张者占42％（10／42）。肝转移灶占37％（13／35）。结论：胰腺螺旋CT双期扫描宜分为胰腺期和肝脏期,该技术在胰腺癌的诊断中具有非常重要的临床价值。     

猪正常胰腺的CT、MRI表现及多期增强扫描方案的研究

目的：探讨大动物猪正常胰腺的CT、MRI表现及多期增强扫描的最佳方案,为猪作为胰腺病模型动物提供参考资料。方法：健康幼猪10只,行CT平扫及薄层动态增强扫描,其中6只同时行MRI扫描,序列包括T1WI、T2WI、DWI、MRCP。扫描结束后10只猪均剖腹及离体观察胰腺的形态及位置,并与影像学表现对照。结果：①猪胰腺分为胰头及左、右两叶,呈“三叶草”形。其中左叶为胰腺的主体部分,其解剖位置、大体形态、胰周血管、胰实质密度、MRI T1加权像、T2加权像信号、弥散加权成像（DWI）信号及ADC值等均与人类胰腺十分相近;②MRCP显示猪的胰胆管系统与人不同,分别开口于十二指肠,相距约5—9cm;胆管较粗,直径约5～6mm,易显示;而胰管纤细,值径约1～1．5mm,生理状态下MRI对其显示欠佳;③螺旋CT多期增强扫描时间密度曲线与人类相似,但胰腺三期增强扫描即动脉期、胰实质期、门脉期最佳延迟时间较人早,分别为15s、35s、45s。结论：大动物猪胰腺的CT、MRI表现及多期增强扫描方案与人类有许多相似之处,可作为胰腺疾病影像学研究的理想平台。     

使用MSCT灌注法研究受体肝多期扫描的最佳延迟时间

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT灌注方法在确定肝移植受体肝脏多期增强扫描最佳延迟时间中的应用价值。方法：选取拟接受肝移植术患者25例（男17例、女8例）,采用5ml／s的注射流率经外周静脉注入对比剂50m,行肝门层面同层动态扫描。运用CT灌注的后处理方式绘制腹主动脉、门静脉强化的时间-密度曲线,获得肝动脉、门静脉的强化峰值及其达峰时间并行统计学分析。结果：腹主动脉平均最大强化值（288±20．14）HU、平均达峰时间（18．48±1．046）s,门脉主干平均最大强化值（135．12±24．91）HU、平均达峰时间（35．36±2．139）s,门脉达峰后平台期持续时间19．5s。结论：64层螺旋CT灌注方法可以用于确定肝移植受体肝脏多期增强扫描的最佳延迟时间。分别为动脉早期18s,动脉晚期35s,门脉期50s,延迟期85s。其中动脉晚期结合肝脏延迟期扫描有利于肝内富血供病灶的检出和定性诊断。     

16层螺旋CT肝脏多期扫描的方法与实用价值

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT肝脏多期扫描的方法及应用价值。方法:150例疑有肝脏病变的患者行16层螺旋CT多期扫描。层厚7.5mm,螺距1.375,扫描时间0.8s/r,静脉团注对比剂80～120ml,分别延时23～28s、45～50s58～65s行肝动脉期(动脉早期)、门静脉流注期(动脉晚期)和肝静脉期(实质期)扫描,并对图像作回顾性分析,比较增强前后腹主动脉、门静脉、肝静脉的CT值变化和后处理图像显示肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉的能力。结果:16层螺旋CT肝脏多期扫描,肝脏血管增强后与增强前的密度差在91.9HU以上,VR、MIP、MPR图像上100%显示肝动脉(150/150),门静脉显示率为96.7%(145/150),肝静脉显示率为95.3%(143/150)。5例门静脉显示不清的病例中,3例为肝癌合并肝门区淋巴结转移,1例肝癌合并门静脉癌栓形成,1例为严重肝硬化合并腹水、脾肿大;7例肝静脉显示不清中有5例与门静脉显示不清的5例为相同病例,其余2例为严重肝硬化合并腹水。结论:16层螺旋CT肝脏多期扫描对评估肝脏病变、肝脏血管的正常、变异以及病变对血管的影响有很大帮助,但是对于严重肝硬化门静脉高压、门静脉狭窄、门静脉血栓(包括癌栓)形成的病例,显示门静脉和肝静脉不理想。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）