老年急性胰腺炎患者的临床特征和诊疗效果分析

目的探讨老年急性胰腺炎(AP)患者的临床特征和诊疗效果。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年12月首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院收治的老年AP患者,按年龄分为老年组[≥60岁,(68.8±6.9)岁]102例和非老年组[60岁,(46.7±4.4)岁]213例,收集患者一般资料、病因、临床表现、治疗后住院时间及死亡率。采用SPSS 20.0软件对数据进行统计分析,根据数据类型,采用t检验或χ~2检验进行组间比较。结果两组患者性别、全身并发症、局部并发症比例及重症胰腺炎比例差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。AP患者主要病因为胆道疾病,其次为高脂血症,酒精及肿瘤,其中老年组胆源性比率明显高于非老年组(70.6%vs 49.8%),高脂血症比率明显低于非老年组(11.8%vs 20.2%),酒精性比率明显低于非老年组(6.9%vs 19.2%),肿瘤性比例明显高于非老年组(4.9%vs 0.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。临床表现方面,老年组腹痛比例显著低于非老年组(84.4%vs 95.4%),黄疸比例高于非老年组(66.7%vs 48.4%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组住院时间差异无统计学意义[(12.9±5.6)vs(11.7±4.6)d,P0.05],但老年组死亡率明显高于非老年组(7.9%vs 1.4%,P0.05)。结论老年AP患者合并基础疾病多,病死率高。老年AP患者应警惕胆源性及肿瘤性原因。     

血小板异常评估急性胰腺炎严重程度的临床价值

目的 探讨血小板在急性胰腺炎（AP）患者中的变化及与AP严重程度和预后的关系.方法 比较重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）组和轻症急性胰腺炎（MAP）组血小板的计数变化.SAP组进一步分为血小板降低组和血小板正常组,比较两组局部并发症和多器官功能不全综合征（MODS）的发生率、病死率以及胰腺坏死程度与血小板计数（PLT）之间的关系,并分析差异有无统计学意义.分析血小板与APACHEⅡ评分系统、BISAP评分系统、CT评分系统、Ranson评分系统之间的相关性.结果 AP患者重症组与轻症组相比,PLT下降,血小板平均体积（MPV）升高,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,PDW及PCT差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;SAP患者发病前3d首次PLT计数（＜100×109/L）的比例明显多于MAP组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;血小板降低组中局部并发症患者、MODS患者及病死率明显高于血小板正常组,两者相比差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）;SAP中胰腺坏死程度与血小板计数水平呈负相关性（P＜0.05）;血小板计数水平与CTSI评分标准相关性最强,其次是APACHEⅡ评分系统,而与Ranson评分系统无明显相关性.结论 血小板计数能够比较准确地反映AP的严重程度和预后,尤其在预测SAP局部并发症、MODS、坏死程度中有较高的临床价值.     

老年重症急性胰腺炎25例临床分析

目的总结老年人重症急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）的临床诊治特点,以提高对老年人重症急性胰腺炎的认识。方法回顾性分析近5年来收治25例老年（60～84岁）SAP患者的例临床资料,并与同期30例非老年人（22—59岁）对照组SAP患者资料进行对比研究。结果老年SAP患者以胆石症为主要病因,多伴其他慢性疾病,老年患者各种临床症状发生率均低于对照组（P〈0．05）;老年组APACHEⅡ（24、48h）和Ranson评分高于对照组（P〈0．05）;老年患者的局部并发症和多器官功能障碍（衰竭）发生率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;病死率和死亡原因与对照组无明显差异。结论我国老年SAP病因以胆源性为主,临床症状无特异性,伴发疾病多,并发症和多器官功能障碍（衰竭）发生率较高。老年人急性胰腺炎仍以内科非手术综合治疗为主。     

老年冠心病患者冠状动脉内支架置入术的临床评估

目的　评估老年冠心病患者的冠状动脉内支架置入术(支架术)的安全性和有效性。　方法　将我院123例年龄≥60岁(老年组)和265例年龄＜60岁(非老年组)已行支架术的冠心病患者的临床病灶特点、手术成功率、手术并发症及近、远期临床随访结果进行了回顾性对照分析。　结果　老年组在经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）的基础上行支架术总成功率与非老年组比较差异无显著性(96.7%与99.6%,Ｐ＞0.05);老年组手术死亡率为1.6%（2/123）,但与非老年组相比差异无显著性（Ｐ＞0.05）,两组间冠状动脉血管、外周血管并发症无明显差异;老年组因冠状动脉扩张后发生急性血管闭塞或严重内膜撕裂而置入支架比例明显高于非老年组（23.7%与14.3%,Ｐ＜0.001）;老年组左主干病变比例明显高于非老年组（3.2%比0.3%,Ｐ＜0.001）。随访6～54个月,两组患者恶性心脏事件发生率无明显差异,但老年组患者血运重建率明显高于非老年组（16.3%与7.8%,Ｐ＜0.05）。　结论　随着PTCA及支架置入技术的日臻完善,老年患者行支架术的成功率与非老年患者无明显差异,均达国内先进水平,老年患者的围手术期死亡率、急性期并发症及长期临床疗效与非老年患者比较无明显差异,均与全国注册水平相似,因此支架术是治疗老年冠心病患者安全、有效的方法。     

老年冠状动脉慢性完全性闭塞病变患者行逆向介入治疗的可行性

目的 探讨老年冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（CTO）病变的患者行逆向介入治疗的可行性。方法 选择2004年1月至2015年5月沈阳军区总医院心内科收治的行逆向介入治疗的≥60岁老年CTO患者119例（老年组）及同期行逆向介入治疗的＜60岁CTO患者136例（非老年组），对比分析两组患者逆向介入治疗手术成功率、治疗效果及并发症的发生率。结果 与非老年组比较，老年组更多合并高血压、糖尿病、脑血管疾病（均P＜0.05）；老年组欧洲心血管手术危险因素评分系统（EuroSCORE）评分明显高于非老年组（P＜0.001）。老年组合并双支和三支血管病变患者多于非老年组（均P＝0.000）；而老年组发生单支血管病变患者数低于非老年组（P＝0.000）。老年组SYNTAX评分高于非老年组，差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。非老年组CTO时间为3～12个月的病例明显多于老年组，而老年组CTO时间为6～9年和＞9年的病例明显多于非老年组（均P＝0.000）。结论 本研究的结果表明逆向介入治疗对老年患者是安全有效的方法。     

老年冠心病患者13 049例经皮冠状动脉介入围术期药物治疗的特点

目的：探讨老年冠心病（CHD）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）围术期药物治疗的特点。方法回顾性分析2008年7月至2012年11月在沈阳军区总医院接受PCI治疗的13049例CHD患者的临床资料,比较非老年人（＜60岁,n＝5810）、低龄老年人（60～74岁,n＝5640）及高龄老年人（≥75岁,n＝1599）在PCI围术期药物治疗上的差异。结果随年龄增长,患者合并高血压、心律失常、肾功能不全、卒中等基础疾病的比例显著增高。溶栓治疗的比例随年龄增长呈明显阶梯型下降趋势（17.5%vs 14.3%vs 7.2%;P＜0.001）。围术期应用血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂随年龄增长显著降低（32.4% vs 27.2% vs 11.0%;P＜0.001）。低龄老年组和非老年组围术期应用负荷剂量阿司匹林（99.3%vs 98.4%）和氯吡格雷（93.7%vs 93.8%）、高维持剂量阿司匹林（55.4%vs 55.9%）的比例无明显差异（均P＞0.05）,但均显著高于高龄老年组（88.7%,P＜0.001;91.5%,P＝0.006;47.6%,P＜0.001）。3组患者围术期应用肝素的比例无显著差异,但老年患者应用磺达肝癸钠的比例高于非老年患者（35.9% vs 38.0% vs 38.7%;P＝0.026）。老年患者接受心血管基础药物治疗（包括血管紧张素受体Ⅱ抑制剂、钙离子通道阻滞剂、利尿剂、洋地黄、硝普钠等）的比例显著高于非老年患者。结论老年CHD患者PCI围术期应用溶栓及抗栓治疗的比例显著低于非老年患者,而其他心血管基础药物治疗的比例则显著增高。     

急性胰腺炎患者血清降钙素原水平变化及意义

目的观察急性胰腺炎（AP）患者血清降钙素原（PCT）水平变化,探讨其临床意义。方法采用双夹心免疫发光法测定28例重症AP（SAP组）、32例轻症AP（MAP组）入院后第1、3、7天及30例健康体检者（对照组）血清PCT。结果 SAP组、MAP组不同时点血清PCT水平均明显高于对照组（P均〈0.05）;且SAP组不同时点血清PCT水平均明显高于MAP组（P均〈0.05）。根据血清PCT检测结果将患者分为三组,其中低浓度组无并发症发生,中浓度组发生休克、上消化道出血、DIC各1例,高浓度组分别为6、5、4例,高浓度组并发症发生率明显高于其他两组（P均〈0.01）。结论 AP患者血清PCT水平升高,检测PCT有助于AP病情的判定。     

老年营养风险指数、全身免疫炎症指数及甘油三酯葡萄糖指数在老年急性胰腺炎中的临床价值

【摘要】 探讨老年营养风险指数（GNRI）、系统免疫炎症指数（SII）及甘油三酯葡萄糖（TyG）指数在老年急性胰腺炎患者（AP）中的临床价值。方法 选取老年AP患者161例，根据其严重程度分为73例轻度急性胰腺炎（MAP）组、42例中度急性胰腺炎(MSAP)组和46例重度急性胰腺炎（SAP）组。46例SAP患者根据死亡情况分为死亡组17例和存活组29例。比较各组GNRI、SII及TyG指数情况。应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析GNRI、SII及TyG指数预测老年SAP发生及死亡的价值。结果 SAP组GNRI（84.62±3.73 vs 88.75±6.10，92.80±8.06）明显低于MSAP组和MAP组（P<0.001），而SAP组SII（2738.74±1068.15 vs 1950.42±987.82，1293.27±719.50）及TyG指数（7.92±1.26 vs 6.47±1.02，4.60±0.53）明显高于MSAP组和MAP组（P<0.001）。死亡组GNRI（82.40±3.10 vs 87.53±4.92）明显低于存活组（P<0.001），而死亡组SII（3160.94±1207.15 vs 2318.50±1002.53）及TyG指数（9.36±1.42 vs 6.75±1.16）明显高于存活组（P<0.001）。ROC曲线显示，GNRI、SII及TyG指数三项联合预测老年SAP发生及死亡的AUC分别为0.857（95%CI：0.798～0.916）、0.910（95%CI：0.848～0.971）。结论 GNRI、SII及TyG指数与老年AP严重程度及预后有关，三项联合检测对SAP诊断及预测死亡具有较高的临床价值。     

不同年龄段人群发生急性胰腺炎的临床特点回顾分析

背景急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是临床常见的急腹症之一,以往认为AP患者以青壮年居多,然而,近年来随着我国人口的增长及社会老龄化的形成,老年及儿童AP的发病率也呈上升趋势.不同年龄段人群因其生理学特性从而导致AP发病时的临床表现略有差异.老年及儿童患者临床表现不典型,极易造成误诊、漏诊.本文通过回顾性分析不同年龄段AP患者的临床特点,旨在总结临床经验,为临床诊治提供参考.目的探讨不同年龄段人群发生AP的临床特点.方法回顾性分析2003-01/2016-061758例AP的临床资料,根据年龄进行分组:未成年组(18岁);中青年组(18-60岁);老年组(≥60岁).总结不同年龄段人群发病的一般资料、病因、严重程度、并发症、临床经过及预后以及相关实验室指标的特点.结果未成年组AP男性发病率稍高于女性;轻度AP(mild acutepancreatitis,MAP)比例(78.5%)较另外两组高;并发症的发生率、病死率较其他两组低(P0.05).中青年组AP男性构成比(71.0%)较高,酒精性、高脂血症性胰腺炎发病率(13.4%、21.5%)较其他两组高(P 0.05);中青年AP胰腺坏死的发生率(23.4%)最高,发生胰周渗出、胸腔积液、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、急性肾功能不全的比例也高于未成年组(P0.05).老年组AP男性发病率稍高于女性,发生恶心症状的比例(58.2%)最高(P0.05).老年AP病因中胆源性所占比例(61.2%)最高(P0.05);老年AP发生中度重症AP的比例(43.5%)较其他两组高(P0.05).未成年组AP住院时间(17.97±12.14 d)最长,老年组AP入住重症监护病房的比例(4.1%)及病死率(13.1%)最高(P0.05),不同年龄段AP患者在住院费用方面差异不明显(P0.05).实验室指标结果对比显示,三组外周血白细胞计数差异无统计学意义(P0.05);未成年组C反应蛋白均值较其他两组低,老年组血清淀粉酶较中青年组高;老年组脂肪酶(lipase, LPS)较其他两组高(P0.05),LPS均值在未成年组及中青年组中的差异无统计学意义(P0.05).结论中青年较其他年龄段人群的酒精性、高脂血症性胰腺炎的发病率高;老年AP患者发病时最容易出现恶心,且病死率最高;当未成年患者出现不明原因的呕吐、腹胀时,应警惕AP可能.     

老年胃癌的临床病理特征

目的 探讨老年胃癌的临床病理特征.方法 回顾性分析198例胃癌病人的临床资料,其中≥60岁77例(老年组),＜60岁122例(对照组),比较两组的临床病理特征.结果 老年组男性占67.10%,高于对照组52.46%(P＜0.05);平均病程(9.93±4.69)月,长于对照组(4.37±2.79)月(P＜0.05);上腹部饱胀、消化道出血多于对照组,而上腹部疼痛少于对照组(均P＜0.05);贲门胃底癌高于对照组,BormannⅣ型少于对照组(均P＜0.05);老年组管状腺癌高于对照组,而低分化腺癌低于对照组(均P＜0.05);两组临床病理分期差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);老年组累计并发症的发生率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组3年生存率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),老年组5年生存率高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 老年胃癌具有一定的临床病理特点,了解这些特点将有助于对老年胃癌病人的诊断和治疗.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.