高血压患者24h动态血压的昼夜规律及变异性研究

目的 探讨原发性高血压（EH）患者血压昼夜规律及血压波动程度即变异性的临床意义.方法 回顾分析65例EH患者24 h动态血压（24 h ABPM）监测报告.将65例EH患者分为两组：一组为高血压伴左心室肥大（LVH）30例,另一组为高血压不伴左心室肥大35例.选择同期健康体检者30名为正常血压对照组.对下列参数进行分析：①24 h平均收缩压（24 h SBP）与舒张压（24 h DBP）;②白昼平均收缩压（dSBP）与舒张压（dDBP）;③夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）与舒张压（nDBP）;④24 h收缩压标准差（24 h SSD）与舒张压标准差（24 h DSD）;⑤白昼收缩压标准差（dSSD）与舒张压标准差（dDSD）;⑥夜间收缩压标准差（nSSD）和舒张压标准差（nDSD）;⑦夜间/白昼平均收缩压比值（nSBP/dSBP）与舒张压比值（nDBP/dDBP）.结果 高血压伴LVH组与正常对照组或高血压无LVH组比较,24 h各时间段的血压均值及血压变异性差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,血压昼夜（清醒/睡眠）规律性不明显,nSBP/dSBP比值显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）.高血压无LVH组与正常对照组比较,血压均值差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,血压大多有较明显昼夜（清醒/睡眠）变化规律,血压变异性比较除白昼收缩压变异性有明显差异外,其余差异无统计学意义.结论 高血压不合并靶器官损害时,血压的变异性不显著,有明显昼夜规律性;高血压合并靶器官损害时,血压的变异性增大,无明显昼夜规律性,nSBP/dSBP比值明显增高.利用这些指标可评估高血压患者是否有靶器官损害,以便更有效地控制血压,减少并发症.     

高血压左心室肥厚与24小时动态血压及其变异性的相关性

目的探讨高血压左心室肥厚与24 h动态血压及其变异性的相关性。方法回顾性分析253例高血压患者,根据有无左心室肥厚分为左心室肥厚组(LVH组)和非左心室肥厚组(非LVH组),分析两组患者收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和血压变异系数。结果 LVH组24 h平均收缩压(24 h SBP)、日间收缩压(dSBP)、夜间收缩压(nSBP)与非LVH组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。LVH组24 h平均舒张压(24 h DBP)、日间舒张压(dDBP)、夜间舒张压(nDBP);与非LVH组差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。LVH组dSBP、nSBP、24 h DBP、dDBP、nDBP标准差差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高血压左心室肥厚与24 h动态血压及血压变异性有关。     

OSAHS合并高血压患者血清ET-1、NO和CRP水平与血压增高的关系

目的探讨血清一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素-1（ET-1）和超敏C反应蛋白（CRP）水平与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）合并高血压患者夜间及日间血压增高的关系。方法162例确诊为OSAHS患者根据高血压诊断标准分为OSAHS组和OSAHS并高血压组,进行多导睡眠图（PSG）和动态血压（ABPM）监测。以同期PSG和ABPM监测均正常的61例健康人作为对照组。各组均测定血清ET-1、NO和CRP水平并行相关性分析。结果与对照组比较,单纯OSAHS组和OSAHS合并高血压组血清ET-1和CRP水平升高,NO水平降低,且后两组间亦有统计学差异;血清ET-1水平与日间平均收缩压、日间平均舒张压、夜间平均舒张压呈正相关。结论OSAHS患者尤其合并高血压者血清ET-1和CRP水平增高,NO水平降低;ET—1水平升高与OSAHS患者高血压有关。     

高血压合并外周动脉疾病患者动态血压特征分析

目的 探讨高血压合并外周动脉疾病患者的动态血压特征和临床意义.方法 选择高血压患者150例,行动态血压监测及踝肱指数（ankle-brachial index,ABI）检查,根据ABI检查结果将患者分为高血压合并外周动脉疾病组40例和单纯高血压组110例,比较两组动态血压情况.结果 高血压合并外周动脉疾病组较单纯高血压组患者24h、昼间和夜间平均收缩压,舒张压,动脉压均显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且非杓型血压发生率较单纯高血压组也显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Spearman相关性分析显示ABI值与24h、昼间和夜间平均收缩压,舒张压,动脉压均呈负相关（r=-0.29～-0.39,P＜0.05）.结论 持续血压升高是发生外周动脉疾病的重要影响因素,且外周动脉疾病更易引发血压昼夜节律调节紊乱.     

培哚普利治疗老年隐匿性高血压的临床观察

目的 探讨培哚普利对老年隐匿性高血压(MH)患者的影响.方法 诊室血压正常而24 h动态血压监测(ABPM)异常的老年MH患者66例,分为治疗组36例,服用培哚普利2～4 mg/d,平均10.5月后复查ABPM;对照组30例同期作ABPM,比较参数.结果 对照组ABPM参数观察期前后无显著性差异.治疗组24 h平均收缩压(24h-SBP)、昼间平均收缩压(dSBP)、24 h平均舒张压(24h-DBP)、昼间脉压差(dPP)、夜间平均收缩压(nSBP)、24 h收缩压标准差(24h-SBPSD)、24 h收缩压变异系数(24h-SBPCV)治疗前后均有显著性差异(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 培哚普利可有效降低老年MH患者血压,改善昼夜节律和血管顺应性,有利于改善预后.     

老年SH患者ABPM指标与LVH、MI及心律失常关系

目的探讨老年收缩期高血压(SH)患者的血压各项指标与左心室肥厚(LVH)、心肌缺血(MI)及心律失常的相关性。方法对45例临床已确诊有左心室肥大、心肌缺血的老年收缩期高血压患者(观察组)和36例老年单纯收缩期高血压患者(对照组)进行动态血压(ABPM)和动态心电图(DCG)同步检测。结果与对照组比较,观察组ABPM多项指标即24h、白昼、夜间平均收缩压、脉压、血压负荷值(收缩压)增高,昼夜节律减弱或消失,2组间比较差异有显著性。DCG室性心律失常发生率明显高于对照组。结论老年收缩期高血压患者ABPM多项指标与左心室肥厚、心肌缺血及心律失常有相关性。     

老年高血压合并冠心病患者动态血压特点分析

目的：观察老年高血压合并冠心病患者动态血压特点,探讨动态血压异常与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法：220例年龄大于60岁的老年高血压病患者根据冠状动脉造影结果分为高血压合并冠心病组（124例）和单纯高血压组（96例）,对两组患者行动态血压监测,记录24h血压水平、血压变异性、脉压及血压昼夜节律。结果：与单纯高血压组比较,高血压合并冠心病组患者24h、白昼、夜间平均收缩压,收缩压变异性[白昼（14.01±4.26）比（17.54±5.51）,夜间（15.05±4.01）比（19.32±3.71）]及脉压[白昼（56.66±7.43）mmHg比（66.32±13.62）mmHg,夜间（55.71±6.62）mmHg比（63.86±7.52）mmHg]均显著升高（P均＜0.05）,非杓型节律比例明显增大（60.32％比82.45％,P＜0.01）。结论：老年高血压合并冠心病患者收缩压、脉压水平高,血压变异性大,昼夜节律异常者比例大,这些异常可能与冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生发展有关系。     

老年高血压患者血压节律变化与靶器官损害的关系

目的 探讨老年高血压患者血压节律变化与靶器官损害的关系. 方法 70例老年高血压患者均行24h动态血压检测、颈动脉超声和超声心动图检查,根据24 h动态血压检测结果分为2组:勺形组40例及非勺形组30例,并对2组颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)、左室肥厚(LVH)及动态血压各参数进行比较. 结果 CAS及LVH检出率非勺形组均高于勺形组(P＜0.01);2组间24 h平均收缩压(24hSBP)及舒张压(24hDBP)、24 h收缩压和舒张压负荷值(24hSBPL、24hDBPL),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).勺形组白天平均收缩压(dSBP)及舒张压(dDBP)、白天收缩压和舒张压负荷值(dSBPL、dDBPL)高于非勺形组(P＜0.05).勺形组夜间平均收缩压(nSBP)及舒张压(nDBP)、夜间收缩压和舒张压负荷值(nSBPL、nDBPL)明显低于非勺形组(P＜0.01). 结论 老年高血压患者血压节律变化的消失与靶器官损害关系密切,高血压患者降压治疗的同时还需纠正紊乱的血压昼夜节律.     

原发性高血压患者血压变异性与糖尿病的相关性

目的探讨合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)的高血压患者与单纯原发性高血压患者动态血压水平及血压变异性的相关性。方法以800例合并T2DM的原发性高血压患者及800例单纯原发性高血压患者为研究对象,监测研究对象日间、夜间及24 h收缩压及舒张压变异性,并进行对比分析,研究原发性高血压患者血压变异性与糖尿病的相关性。结果高血压合并T2DM组24 h平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压均明显高于高血压组(均P0.05),高血压合并T2DM组收缩压昼夜差值、舒张压昼夜差值均明显低于高血压组(均P0.05);高血压合并T2DM组24 h收缩压标准差、日间收缩压标准差、日间收缩压变异系数、夜间收缩压标准差、夜间收缩压变异系数、夜间舒张标准差、血压晨峰均明显高于高血压组(均P0.05);经相关分析发现,患者血糖水平与24 h收缩压标准差、24 h收缩压变异系数、日间收缩压标准差、日间收缩压变异系数、日间舒张标准差、日间舒张压变异系数、夜间舒张标准差、血压晨峰呈正相关(均P0.05)。结论原发性高血压合并T2DM患者血压变异性较单纯原发性高血压患者增大,提示糖尿病合并原发性高血压时对患者昼夜血压调节损害较大并可能与血糖水平有关。     

糖尿病对老年高血压患者动态血压及血压变异性的影响

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病患者中糖尿病对原发性高血压（高血压）患者的动态血压（ambulatory bloodpressure,ABP）及血压变异性（blood pressure variability,BPV）的影响。方法选取40例单纯高血压及42例65岁以上合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者,行24 h ABP监测,对2组患者的ABP及BPV进行对比分析。结果合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者日间平均收缩压（dmSBP）及夜间平均收缩压（nmSBP）高于单纯高血压患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或0.01）;合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者日间脉压（dmPP）、夜间脉压（nmPP）及24 h平均脉压差（24 h-mPP）均大于单纯高血压患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或0.01）;BPV方面,合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者日间收缩压标准差（dSBPSD）及日间收缩压标准差变异系数（dSBPCV）、夜间收缩压标准差（nSBPSD）及夜间收缩压标准差变异系数（nSBPCV）、24 h收缩压标准差（24 h-SBPSD）均显著高于单纯高血压患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论年龄、高血压是老年2型糖尿病患者大血管病变的独立危险因素,2型糖尿病合并高血压时,ABP及BPV增大,心血管系统的结构与功能异常。改善糖代谢状况将有助于形成良好的代谢记忆,从而改善血流动力学,减少心血管并发症。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.