大关县小学生非故意伤害倾性及其影响因素分析

目的 调查大关县小学生非故意伤害倾性现状,并探讨其影响因素,为高危人群的非故意伤害预防和干预提供理论依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样抽取大关县五所小学4~6年级1 084名在校小学生作为调查对象。结果 在调查的1 084名小学生中,过去一年具有非故意伤害倾性学生114例,伤害倾性的发生率为10.5%,最主要的伤害类型是锐器伤,伤害认知得分及格率为50.9%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:学校所在地为镇（OR=0.655,95%CI:0.450~0.953）、母亲受教育程度为大专及大学（OR=0.483,95%CI:0.295~0.790）是非故意伤害发生的保护因素;性别男（OR=1.706,95%CI:1.314~2.215）、留守学生（OR=1.646,95%CI:1.216~2.228）是非故意伤害发生的危险因素;母亲受教育程度为大专及大学（OR=0.406,95%CI:0.223~0.739）、高中及中专（OR=0.388,95%CI:0.155~0.972）是非故意伤害倾性发生的保护因素。结论 大关县小学生非故意伤害的危险因素较为明确,应以高危人群为重点干预对象,并加大对经济欠发达地区伤害预防的投入力度。     

深圳市中小学生道路交通伤害及其影响因素分析

了解深圳市中小学生道路交通伤害发生情况及相关影响因素,为减少青少年道路交通伤害的发生提供参考.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取深圳市18所学校共4 871名学生进行道路交通伤害发生情况问卷调查,运用多因素Logistic逐步回归分析筛选影响因素.结果 近1年内中小学生交通伤害发生率为5.75%(280/4 871).小学生交通伤害发生率最高(8.88%),其次为初中生(5.09%),高中生交通伤害发生率最低(3.22%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,小学(初中与之比较:OR=0.534,95% CI=0.380 ~0.749;高中与之比较:OR=0.314,95%CI=0.213~0.464)、肥胖(OR=1.855,95%CI=1.225~2.809)、大家庭(OR=1.463,95%CI=1.103~ 1.941)、步行(OR=1.750,95%CI=1.116~2.746)、骑自行车上学(OR=3.636,95%CI=2.015 ~ 6.560)、违反交通规则次数多(OR=1.343,95%CI=1.167~ 1.546)、校内人车道不分开(OR=1.433,95%CI=1.110~ 1.850)学校学生更倾向于发生交通伤害,学校有专人维护校周交通秩序(OR=0.818,95%CI=0.698~0.958)、所乘校车无超载情况(OR=0.483,95%CI=0.330~0.706)是交通伤害的保护因素.结论 深圳市中小学生道路交通伤害发生情况不容忽视,多种因素影响交通伤害发生.应采取针对性的干预措施,以减少学生交通伤害的发生.     

宁夏监测点居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病流行特征及危险因素调查分析

目的 了解宁夏监测点居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）的流行特征及危险因素。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,在宁夏3个监测县（区）的18个村（居）委会抽取40岁及以上人群进行询问调查、身体测量和肺功能检查,并进行危险因素分析。结果 共检出COPD患者154例,总患病率为8.56%,男性患病率（12.53%）高于女性（3.87%）（χ2=42.76,P<0.001）;40~岁、50~岁、60~岁、≥ 70岁COPD患病率分别为5.07%、6.69%、15.04%、17.35%,随年龄增高患病率逐渐上升（χ_趋势2=40.63,P<0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析示,COPD的主要危险因素有男性（OR=2.832,95%CI:1.443~5.559）、高龄（OR=4.887,95%CI:2.058~11.608）、地区（OR=2.510,95%CI:1.222~5.156）、吸烟（OR=2.261,95%CI:1.370~3.733）、有害气体接触史（OR=2.006,95%CI:1.096~3.670）、木材家具加工及装饰房修职业暴露史（OR=2.660,95%CI:1.271~5.566）。结论 宁夏监测点居民COPD患病率较高,主要危险因素是男性、高龄、地区、吸烟、有害气体接触史、木材家具加工及装饰房修职业暴露史。     

2015年肇庆市城市部分居民健康素养状况调查

目的了解肇庆市城市居民的健康素养状况,探讨影响居民健康素养的主要因素,为肇庆市今后开展健康教育工作提供依据。方法 2015年4~7月,采用多阶段抽样方法抽取775名肇庆市城市居民,使用《2008中国公民健康素养调查问卷》（卫生部版）进行入户调查。结果对象总的健康素养知识的平均知晓率为60.64%（33 366/55 025）,健康基本知识与理念、健康生活方式与行为和健康技能的平均知晓率分别为62.49%（16 467/26 350）、59.12%（13 745/23250）和58.16%（3 155/5 425）。健康素养的具备率只有4.13%（32/775）,其中健康基本知识与理念素养、健康生活方式与行为素养、健康技能素养的平均具备率分别为12.52%（97/775）、3.48%（27/775）和10.71%（83/775）。影响该人群健康素养的主要因素为年龄（OR=1.54,95%CI：1.08~2.73）、文化程度（OR=2.72,95%CI：1.86~3.50）、职业[离退休失业及其他人员（OR=0.70,95%CI：0.54~0.83）,学生（OR=0.81,95%CI：0.68~0.94）]和平均月收入（OR=0.81,95%CI：0.79~0.85）。结论肇庆市城市居民健康素养的具备率比较低。     

天津郊县居民风险态度对乙型肝炎疫苗接种行为的影响研究

  目的  通过天津市郊县居民风险态度对乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗接种行为影响因素的调查，探寻健康教育改善路径。  方法  问卷调查宁河县和静海县6个村的1 031名16~60岁成人，采用Pearson χ2检验和非条件二分类Logistic回归分析方法研究风险态度对乙肝疫苗接种行为的影响。  结果  Logistic回归分析显示，对其他变量进行控制后，调查对象的风险态度对其乙肝疫苗接种行为具有一定影响，年龄越小（OR=0.94，95%CI:0.93~0.96，P<0.001）、未婚（OR=8.24，95%CI:2.89~23.60，P<0.001）、自感健康较差（OR=1.78，95%CI:1.53~3.49，P=0.008）、正式工作者（OR=7.18，95%CI:2.29~22.54，P=0.001）、有医保（OR=8.46，95%CI:2.31~30.86，P=0.001）、风险规避（OR=1.65，95%CI:1.06~2.57，P=0.026）和风险中立者（OR=1.50，95%CI:1.03~2.17，P=0.032）更易选择接种乙肝疫苗。  结论  针对风险规避者和风险中立者，加强对乙肝疾病特征和疾病经济负担方面的健康教育，针对风险寻求者，可从乙肝流行趋势和传播途径等方面加强，使其对感染乙肝的概率有更科学的认识。     

上海市松江区小学生跌倒伤害的影响因素调查

目的了解松江区小学生跌倒伤害发生现状,探讨小学生跌倒伤害的影响因素。方法采用整群抽样和系统抽样方法,抽取松江区4家小学4 880名小学生为研究对象,调查小学生跌倒发生现状及影响因素。结果松江区小学生跌倒伤害发生率为7.97%。影响小学生跌倒伤害发生的危险因素为运动时未佩戴护具(OR=2.148,95%CI:1.044~4.422)、不留意警示牌(OR=1.858,95%CI:1.151~2.999)、小区无警示标志(OR=1.393,95%CI:1.117~1.738);保护因素为女生(OR=0.760,95%CI:0.614~0.940)、家庭收入较高(OR=0.675,95%CI:0.511~0.892)、住所无致跌因素(OR=0.759,95%CI:0.603~0.957)。结论跌倒伤害严重影响松江区小学生健康,给家庭、社会带来沉重负担。应针对小学生跌倒伤害影响因素及早开展干预控制。     

上海市松江区社区居民高尿酸血症与慢性肾病的相关性研究

  目的  分析社区居民高尿酸血症（hyperuricemia，HUA）及血清尿酸（serum uric acid，SUA）水平与慢性肾病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）的相关性。  方法  随机整群抽取上海市松江区新桥镇20~75岁的常住居民9 257名进行横断面调查，采用Logistic回归模型分析不同性别血清尿酸与慢性肾病的关系。  结果  不同性别分别依SUA水平将调查对象按五分位分为5组，男性CKD患病率依次为4.9%、5.7%、6.0%、8.0%和13.8%，女性CKD患病率依次为12.8%、12.7%、11.9%、13.3%和18.2%，且无论男女CKD患病率随着SUA水平升高均有增加趋势（均有P<0.05）。以SUA第一分位水平组为参照进行Logistic回归分析，男性第四、五分位水平组的调整OR值分别为2.12（95%CI:1.32~3.39）和3.84（95%CI:2.45~6.02），女性第五分位水平组的调整OR值为1.38（95%CI:1.05~1.80）。按SUA>420 μmol/L（男性）或>360 μmol/L（女性）标准定义HUA，在全体调查对象中，HUA与CKD明显相关（OR=2.03，95%CI:1.69~2.44，P<0.001），校正潜在混杂因素等后，两者仍独立相关（OR=2.04，95%CI:1.68~2.49，P<0.001），其中男性HUA患者CKD的患病风险是尿酸正常者的2.89倍（95%CI:2.12~3.94），女性是1.98倍（95%CI:1.51~2.60）。  结论  上海市松江区社区居民中，HUA可能是CKD的独立相关因素。     

2018年辽宁省农村40岁及以上居民糖尿病患病率及其相关危险因素分析*

目的 探讨辽宁省农村地区糖尿病患病率及其相关影响因素,为糖尿病的预防提供理论依据。方法 采用横断面调查方法对辽宁省4个农村县的10926例≥40岁的常住居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查,分析糖尿病患病率及其危险因素。结果 辽宁省农村40岁及以上人群糖尿病粗患病率为16.18%,男性和女性分别为15.26%和16.80%,标化患病率为13.72%,男性和女性分别为14.21%和13.75%;糖尿病患病率随年龄增加而升高（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=123.473,P＜0.001）。年龄增加、缺乏运动（OR:1.39,95%CI:1.21~1.60）、糖尿病家族史（OR:2.97,95%CI:2.60~3.39）、高血压（OR:1.62,95%CI:1.43~1.84）、高胆固醇（OR:1.41,95%CI:1.23~1.62）、高甘油三酯（OR:1.91,95%CI:1.68~2.17）、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（OR:1.74,95%CI:1.42~2.12）、超重/肥胖（OR:1.80,95%CI:1.59~2.03）为糖尿病的主要危险因素。结论 辽宁省农村地区糖尿病患病率高,亟待针对主要患病危险因素开展综合防控。     

甘肃省15～69岁现在吸烟者戒烟意愿及影响因素

  目的  了解甘肃省现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿以及影响因素,为烟草防控工作提供科学依据。  方法  采用多阶段抽样方法,随机抽取15~69岁现在吸烟者作为调查对象。采用《全国居民吸烟情况调查问卷》开展面对面调查,分析不同特征现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿,采用Logistic回归分析模型分析现在吸烟者戒烟意愿的影响因素。  结果  甘肃省现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿为16.4%（95%CI:15.5%~17.3%）,农村地区（OR=1.199,95%CI:1.022~1.408,P=0.026）、家中禁止吸烟（OR=1.767,95%CI:1.273~2.454,P=0.001）、12个月内就医时医务人员劝阻吸烟（OR=1.599,95%CI:1.359~1.842,P < 0.001）、去过戒烟门诊（OR=3.089,95%CI:2.031~4.698,P < 0.001）、初中、高中、大专及以上文化程度（OR=1.383,95%CI:1.101~1.736;OR=1.627,95%CI:1.252~2.116;OR=1.374,95%CI:1.009~1.873,均有P < 0.05）、高烟草危害知识得分为1~,3~,5~6（OR=1.248,95%CI:1.030~1.514;OR=1.574,95%CI:1.289~1.922;OR=2.288,95%CI:1.879~2.786,均有P < 0.05）是现在吸烟者戒烟意愿的促进因素;年龄20~、30~岁组以及烟龄20~、30~年是现在吸烟者戒烟意愿的阻碍因素。  结论  甘肃省现在吸烟者戒烟意愿总体不高,今后应进一步在全社会普及烟草危害知识,加强医务人员戒烟服务能力培训,在诊疗过程中开展戒烟服务,同时应鼓励和支持医疗机构加快戒烟门诊建设。     

外来民工子弟学校儿童非故意伤害危险因素的病例对照研究

  目的  探讨外来民工子弟学校儿童非故意伤害的危险因素。  方法  采用1:1匹配的病例对照研究,以同班级、同性别和年龄相差不超过两岁为原则,对外来民工子弟学校发生非故意伤害的的332例儿童进行1:1的匹配。调查以问卷为基础,采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库,SPSS 23.0软件进行单因素、多因素条件Logistic回归模型分析。  结果  多因素Logistic回归分析模型结果表明,看护人在儿童考试前施加压力、看护人的性格为外向型和中间型、看护人的文化程度为文盲和小学、儿童的神经症行为是外来民工子弟学校儿童发生非故意伤害的危险因素。其调整后的比值比（odd ratio,OR）和95%的置信区间（confidence interval,CI）分别为2.086（95%CI:1.263~3.444）、2.074（95%CI:1.275~3.372）、1.796（95%CI:1.158~2.784）、1.867（95%CI:1.280~2.722）、2.458（95%CI:1.169~5.168）、1.466（95%CI:1.012~2.124）。  结论  外来民工子弟学校儿童非故意伤害与其看护人以及儿童自身的危险行为有关,应及时采取有效措施降低非故意伤害的发生。     

道路交通伤害的病例交叉研究

目的探讨道路交通伤害的危险因素。方法采用病例交叉研究方法，通过专门设计的问卷对402名驾驶员进行面访，调查内容包括酒后驾驶、发怒水平、焦虑／烦躁、急性困倦状况、车辆故障、疏忽大意、不按规定让行和不按交通标志行驶等。应用1：1匹配的病例对照研究资料处理方法进行单因素分析，用条件logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果多因素分析结果显示的危险因素有：发怒水平高（OAS记分为5～7分）（OR=114．88，95％CI：4．29～3074．86）、不按规定让行（OR=46．96，95％CI：12．74～173．11）、不按交通标志行驶（OR=24．57，95％CI：8．69～69．45）、疏忽大意（OR=14．54，95％CI：6．85～30．86）、纵向间距不够（OR=14．30，95％CI：3．68～55．60）、感觉／判断错误（OR=14．67，95％CI：4．88～44．10）、车辆故障（OR=8．57，95％CI：1．38～53．27）和措施不当（OR=8．46，95％CI：2．46～29．14）。结论道路交通伤害的危险因素中，机动车驾驶员的不良行为、异常心理状态和驾驶技能等因素不容忽视，对驾驶员开展有针对性的道路交通安全教育十分必要。     

Rider training, reasons for riding, and the social context of riding among young on-road motorcyclists in New Zealand

Abstract: Serious injuries to young motorcyclists represent an important public health problem. Little is known about the opinions and behaviours of the young riders at risk. We document the training experiences of young motorcyclists, and their reasons for riding or discontinuing riding, and identify the role models and sources of disapproval of motorcycling. The research was part of a longitudinal study of health, development, attitudes and behaviours of a birth cohort. At age 18 years, cohort members who had ridden a motorcycle during the past year completed a comprehensive questionnaire. Initial riding instruction was rarely received from a qualified instructor but was usually informal, from a male friend or father, and occurred off the road, usually on a farm. The most commonly given reasons for riding were excitement and economy. Most motorcyclists who had ceased riding attributed this to the lack of access to a motorcycle, and few mentioned safety. Mothers were the main source of disapproval. The young riders were not a homogeneous group. More licensed than unlicensed riders said manoeuvrability in traffic and ease of parking were reasons for riding. Licensed motorcyclists had more friends who rode and were more likely than unlicensed riders to have received paternal instruction. Early informal training off the road may establish attitudes and behaviours inappropriate in a traffic context. The main reasons for motorcycling (excitement, economical and manoeuvrable transport, freedom from supervision) and for discontinuing riding (lack of access) indicate motivations that should be considered before implementation of injury prevention interventions.     

Physical and psychological effects of injury. Data from the 1958 British birth cohort study

BACKGROUND: There is only scant evidence for the long-term health effects of road traffic injuries. We therefore assessed the extent to which motor vehicle driver injuries influence limiting long-standing illness and psychological distress using data from a nationwide study (the 1958 British birth cohort) in early adulthood. METHODS: Information was obtained on driver injuries occurring between ages 23 and 33 years and limiting illnesses and psychological distress at age 33 years. The risks of injury-related adverse consequences were derived using logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A single injury was associated with limiting illness (OR = 2.01 and 95% CI: 1.38-2.94). The association between a single injury and psychological distress was strong for a recent injury occurring between ages 30 and 33 years (OR = 1.86 and 95% CI: 1.24-2.81), but not for injuries occurring earlier on. The population attributable fraction for limiting illness with one injury was 3.8% (range 1.7-5.3%) and with two or more injuries was 1.0% (range 0.5-1.3%). After controlling for potential confounding factors the corresponding figures were 4.2% (range 2.2-5.6%) and 1.1% (range 0.5-1.3%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Driver injuries are associated with a substantial increase in disability and, also in the short term, with increases in psychological distress. These results highlight the need for identifying effective strategies for the prevention of road traffic injuries as well as more effective approaches for rehabilitation of the injured.     

Severe and Fatal Cycling Crash Injury in Britain: Time to Make Urban Cycling Safer

Pedal cycling is advocated for increasing physical activity and promoting health and wellbeing. However, whilst some countries have achieved zero cyclist deaths on their roads, this is not the case for Great Britain (GB). A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted of STATS19 cyclist crash data, a dataset of all police-reported traffic crashes in GB. Information about crash location, casualty, driver and vehicles involved were included as predictors of casualty severity (fatal or severe vs. slight). Sixteen thousand one hundred seventy pedal cycle crashes were reported during 2018. Severe or fatal cyclist crash injury was associated with increasing age of the cyclist (35–39 years, OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.73; 55–59 years, OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.2; 70 years and over, OR 2.87, 95% CI 2.12 to 3.87), higher road speed limits (50 MPH OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.43 to 3.07; 70 MPH OR 4.12, 95% CI 2.12 to 8.03), the involvement of goods vehicles (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.33) and the months of May and June (OR 1.34 to 1.36, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.73). Urban planning that includes physical separation of pedal cyclists from other road users, raising awareness around the risks from goods vehicles and reducing road speed should be the urgent focus of interventions to increase the benefits and safety of cycling.     

The driver's role in fatal two-car crashes: a paired "case-control" study.

This population-based study examines drivers' characteristics associated with driving errors that resulted in fatal motor vehicle crashes. Routinely collected data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System were used to assess whether a driver initiated the crash (case) or was passively involved (control) in 6,506 two-car collisions (81% of 7,993 eligible events). A paired comparison of cases and controls avoided confounding by environmental factors, exposure to traffic, and differences in case fatality. The strongest predictor of crash initiation is alcohol (odds ratio (OR) = 11.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.57-13.9). Odds ratios are elevated even at the lowest blood alcohol concentration levels and increase dramatically as alcohol levels rise. Drivers aged 40-49 years are least likely to initiate crashes; odds ratios rise in a U-shaped manner to 3.35 in teenagers (95% CI 2.72-4.13) and to 22.1 in drivers over 80 years (95% CI 14.2-34.5). Other risk factors for initiating a fatal crash are the following: not wearing a seat belt (OR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.35-1.75), driving without a valid driver's license (OR = 2.16; 95% CI 1.72-2.73), and having had a crash within the last year (OR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.07-1.38). Driving errors leading to fatal crashes do not occur at random, but are associated with specific driver characteristics. The risk factors for crash initiation among crash-involved drivers are similar to risk factors for crash involvement found in other studies. These findings suggest that driving errors often explain high rates of crash involvement, invite further use of crash initiation in traffic injury research, and underscore the value of population-based registries for analytic epidemiology.     

Association of parental and children behaviors with the health status of preschool children

BACKGROUND: Parental and children behaviors can be associated with health promotion and illness prevention in preschool children. METHODS: We interviewed mothers of 804 out of 1000 households with children aged 3 to 5 years randomly sampled in Tokyo, in 1997. Child health status was categorized as: "good", that is, good general health with no sick days; "poor", that is, fair to poor with frequent sick days; or "moderate". RESULTS.: Good health status was associated with playing outside (OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.37) and family income (OR=1.38-1.78, depending on family income). Mothers of children with poor health were less likely to have good health behavior themselves (OR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.90) and were more often sick (OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.94). CONCLUSION: Outdoor playing, good health practice of the mother and high income are associated with a better health status of urban preschool children.     

农村地区中学生自行车伤害危险因素病例对照研究

目的 探讨农村地区中学生自行车伤害发生的危险因素,为农村地区中学生自行车伤害的预防控制工作提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,应用自填式问卷调查方式,对潮汕两英镇地区6所中学的3 708名中学生的自行车伤害发生情况进行调查.对筛选出的502例伤害病例,根据同学校、同年级、同性别的原则,在骑乘自行车上下学而未发生自行车伤害的学生中,按照1∶3匹配,采用病例对照研究方法进行相关因素的Logistic回归分析.结果 骑车者搭扶其他车辆(OR=1.603,95％ CI=1.174～2.189)、骑车者骑车带人(OR=1.395,95％ CI=1.119～1.746)、乘坐自行车时搭扶其他车辆(OR=1.776,95％ CI=1.356～2.327)、乘坐自行车时与骑车者打闹( OR=1.594,95％ CI=1.202～2.117)、父亲在外工作或经商(OR=1.500,95％ CI=1.194～1.885)、家庭人均年收入低于5 000元(OR=3.320,95％ CI=1.979～5.570)为农村地区中学生自行车伤害发生的危险因素.而家庭人均年收入高于5 000元(OR =0.257,95％ CI=0.076～0.719)为保护因素.结论 中学生自身不良的骑车行为、父亲在外和家庭经济水平低是影响农村地区中学生自行车伤害的危险因素.     

Risk factors for machinery-related injury among Iowa farmers: a case-control study nested in the Agricultural Health Study

Farm machinery is a major cause of injury morbidity and mortality among farmers. This case-control study assessed risk factors for machinery-related injuries among Iowa farmers. A screener questionnaire sent to 6,999 farmers in 1998 identified 205 farmers who had machinery-related injuries requiring medical advice/treatment in the previous year. Possible risk factors for injury were assessed among these farmers compared with 473 farmers with no injury in the previous year. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between machinery-related injury and hours per week spent on farmwork (OR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.38-2.94), fewer years of farming experience (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.14-2.79), wearing a hearing aid (OR = 4.37; 95% CI 1.55-12.25), and a high CAGE score suggesting problem drinking (OR = 2.49; 95% CI 1.00-6.19). This is the first study to show associations between machinery-related injury and hearing impairment, problem drinking, and fewer years of farming experience. These findings may be useful for future interventions to decrease injuries related to farm machinery.