农村居民2型糖尿病相关因素现况研究

目的探讨海宁市农村居民2型糖尿病患病的危险因素,为2型糖尿病防制提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,随机抽取4个镇（街道）18岁及以上居民进行问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测。结果海宁市农村成年居民2型糖尿病标化患病率5.17%,男性5.81%,女性4.56%;多因素分析结果显示,2型糖尿病的相关因素为年龄（OR=1.78）、超重与肥胖（OR=1.71）、糖尿病家族史（OR=16.05）。结论海宁市农村居民2型糖尿病患病率较高,应结合危险因素积极采取针对性措施,预防和控制其发生。     

连州市农村居民2型糖尿病患病现况及危险因素分析

目的了解连州市农村居民2型糖尿病患病现况及相关危险因素,为制定农村居民糖尿病防控措施提供理论依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对连州市12个乡镇的9个村委≥18岁农村居民进行无症状2型糖尿病筛检及危险因素认知调查。结果筛检2 648人,IFG 284例(10.73%),对IFG进行葡萄糖负荷后2 h血糖(2 hPG)检测后,共计新确诊2型糖尿病患者154例(5.82%),男性75例(5.48%)、女性79例(6.18%)。经单因素χ~2检验分析,年龄(χ~2=10.161 7,P0.01)、高血压(χ~2=27.870 3,P0.000 1)、肥胖或超重(χ~2=28.260 8,P0.000 1)、中心性肥胖(χ~2=47.8288,P0.000 1)、血脂异常(χ~2=53.698 9,P0.000 1)、糖尿病家族史(χ~2=67.986 8,P0.000 1),患病率差异均有统计学意义。结论连州市农村居民的IFG和无症状2型糖尿病患病率较高,应在农村地区加大糖尿病防治知识的宣传力度,采取针对性干预措施改变农村居民的不良生活方式,并采取有效措施,早发现、早干预糖尿病患者。     

605名2型糖尿病患者管理及危险因素现状调查与分析

2型糖尿病是影响居民健康的主要慢性病之一 ,近年来 ,其人群发病率逐年升高 ,我国北方城市地区的患病率已达 2 %～ 3% ,1996年北京市的 2型糖尿病患病率达 4 .8% 〔1〕。大量研究表明 ,吸烟、超重、高血压、缺乏体育锻炼、高脂膳食等是 2型糖尿病的主要危险因素和并发症的主要影响因素〔2～ 6〕。为研究北京市城区 2型糖尿病患者管理现状及其危险因素的流行状况 ,探索糖尿病行为与生活方式的自我管理模式 ,为制订完善而系统的糖尿病患者综合行为指导方案提供参考依据 ,对6 0 5例 2型糖尿病患者的管理状况及危险因素流行现状进行了问卷调查和…     

宁波市2型糖尿病现况调查及危险因素分析

[目的]了解宁波市糖尿病的流行现状及其相关危险因素。[方法]采用多级分层随机抽样的方法,于2002年10月~2003年1月抽取宁波市区35~74周岁的常住(≥5年)居民6589人,进行一般状况、生活方式及行为、家族史的调查和相关的体格检查,应用SPSS11.0软件包,采用Logistic回归分析筛选相关危险因素。[结果]糖尿病患病率为5.44%,标化患病率为3.92%,其主要相关因素有年龄、性别、水果摄入量、甜食摄入量、家族史、肥胖或超重(特别是腹部肥胖)、体育锻炼、饮酒等。[结论]宁波市糖尿病患病率高于1997年糖尿病患病率,且有随年龄增高而增高的趋势,有必要采取综合防治措施,以减少糖尿病的患病率。     

北京市居民2型糖尿病现况调查和危险因素研究

目的 揭示北京市居民2型糖尿病的流行趋势及探索相关危险因素.方法 采用多因素logistic回归模型分析北京市居民2型糖尿病的相关危险因素.结果 共调查22301人,其中男性9836人,女性12465人,60岁以上2658人,占11.92%.男性(OR=1.453)、有糖尿病遗传史(OR=2.751)、中老年人(OR=1.584)、高血压(OR=1.338)、腹型肥胖(OR=1.741)、超重或肥胖(OR=1.098)、水果摄入量少(OR=1.430)、血清高甘油三酯(OR=1.767)和高胆固醇水平(OR=1.315)是影响2型糖尿病发生的危险因素.结论 控制血压在正常范围、控制体重、增加水果摄入量和降低血清甘油三酯及胆固醇水平,对于北京市居民预防和控制2型糖尿病发生具有重要意义.

Abstract：

Objective To disclose the epidemiological status of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors in adults in Beijing.Methods Logistic model was applied to analyze the relationship between the risk factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Results A total of 22301 people were studied,of whom 9836 were males,12465 females,and 2658 of them aged over 60(accounting for 11.92%).The risk factors,which might cause diabetes,would include being male(OR=1.453),with genetic history(OR=2.751),people older than 40(OR=1.584),with hypertension(OR=1.338),with larger waist circumference(OR=1.741),overweight or obesity(OR=1.098),low consumption of fruits(OR=1.430),hypertriglyceridemia(OR=1.767)and hypercholesterolemia (OR=1.315).Conclusion It is of great importance to carry out prevention and controI of type 2 diabetes mellitus programs to eliminate the risk factors among adults in Beijing,with contents as:keeping the blood pressure and weight within the normal range,increasing fruit intake,decreasing the triglyceride and cholesterol levels.     

哈尔滨社区居民2型糖尿病患病危险因素分析

目的 了解黑龙江省哈尔滨市城市社区居民2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病的危险因素,为制定适宜的预防和干预措施提供科学依据。方法 于2008年11月—2009年5月采用随机整群抽样方法对在哈尔滨市抽取的4个社区1 491名居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测。结果 调查的1 491名社区居民中,T2DM患者456例,T2DM患病率为30.58%;不同特征社区居民T2DM患病率比较,不同年龄、文化程度、糖尿病家族史、高血压、超重或肥胖、腹型肥胖、高血脂、体育锻炼和饮酒居民T2DM患病率间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同性别、人均年收入和吸烟居民T2DM患病率间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄、糖尿病家族史、高血脂、腹型肥胖、高血压、超重或肥胖是哈尔滨市社区居民T2DM患病的危险因素。结论 年龄、糖尿病家族史、高血脂、高血压和肥胖是哈尔滨市社区居民T2DM患病的主要危险因素。     

成人2型糖尿病危险因素的现况研究

目的探讨平湖市成人2型糖尿病的相关危险因素。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样法,选择平湖市1个街道8个镇≥18岁居民3 106人开展既往病史、家族史、烟酒史及运动情况调查,同时检测血糖、血脂,测量身高、体重、血压和腰围等指标,并进行糖尿病危险因素分析。结果平湖市≥18周岁居民2型糖尿病患病率8.30%,患病率随年龄增加而逐渐升高(P0.01)。单因素分析显示,年龄、文化程度、高血压、糖尿病家族史、BMI、腰围、活动量、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)与成年人2型糖尿病相关(P0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,年龄与2型糖尿病患病率有关,糖尿病家族史(OR=9.30)、高血压(OR=1.64)、TG(OR=1.83)和BMI(OR=1.31)是2型糖尿病的危险因素。结论平湖市成人2型糖尿病患病率处于较高水平,应针对相关危险因素开展健康教育,并采取有针对性的防控措施,以降低糖尿病患病率。     

社区2型糖尿病中代谢综合征的患病率及危险因素分析

目的 了解2型糖尿病患者中代谢综合征（MS）患病率及其相关危险因素。方法 通过随机整群抽样对本市石门二路街道的8个居委30岁以上2型糖尿病患者376例进行全面检查。采用国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）MS诊断标准了解MS患病率，运用Logistic回归分析初步探讨MS相关危险因素。结果 376例2型糖尿病患者的MS患病率为61．4％；中心性肥胖、高血压、高三酰甘油血症及低高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇血症的并发率分别为65．4％、82．7％、46．5％和16．8％；女性、年龄、受教育程度及指数（HOMA—IR）为2型糖尿病患者并发MS的危险因素。结论 30岁以上的2型糖尿病人群MS患病率为61．4％，女性、年龄、受教育程度低及胰岛素抵抗为MS的危险因素。     

中国2型糖尿病药物治疗现状与血糖控制的调查研究

目的了解上海市普陀区社区管理2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖及心血管疾病危险因素。方法采用系统抽样方法,抽取上海市普陀区10个社区在册管理的408例T2DM患者进行问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测,收集人口学信息及血糖、血脂、血压控制情况并进行分析。结果共纳入408例T2DM患者,其中男性186例(45.59%),女性222例(54.41%),平均年龄为(66.86±6.97)岁。合并高血压者占61.27%,合并血脂异常者占60.05%,超重或肥胖者占56.62%。平均糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为(7.43±1.52)%。血糖(HbA1c < 7%)、血压(< 140/80 mmHg)、血脂达标(LDL-C < 2.6 mmol/L)的患者分别为48.77%、26.23%和26.72%,只有2.70%的患者HbA1c、血压、LDL-C同时达标。T2DM病程大于10年者,HbA1c达标率最低(P < 0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,影响血糖达标的独立因素分别为吸烟、病程长、BMI高,影响血压达标的独立因素为睡眠时间≥7 h/d、超重/肥胖、腰臀比(WHR)高,影响血脂达标的独立因素为女性、腰围大。结论普陀区社区管理T2DM患者中,血糖、血压、血脂综合防治达标率不尽如人意,应加强对社区2型糖尿病患者心血管疾病危险因素的综合控制。     

2型糖尿病214例相关因素社区控制现状

[目的] 描述和分析社区糖尿病患者的相关因素控制水平。[方法] 随机抽取社区规范管理的214例糖尿病患者,并检测血糖、血压、体质指数、尿微量白蛋白、血脂和糖化血红蛋白水平,并与其他研究结果进行比较分析。[结果] 214例患者控制较好的有血糖、糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、尿微量白蛋白和主动有氧活动,达标率分别为64.0%、73.8%、63.6%、85.0%和72.4%。控制较差的有血压、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和体质指数,达标率分别为22.9%、12.6%和41.6%。[结论] 社区糖尿病管理中相关因素的控制情况不理想,要加强医患教育、组建团队、早期检测危险因素并控制达标。     

2型糖尿病患者医院感染的调查及健康教育管理

目的 收集医院2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,探讨针对性的健康管理措施,以期为健康教育管理与感染的预防治疗提供参考.方法 采用回顾性调查的方法分析医院2011年1月-2012年1月86例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,统计感染率及病原菌分布,实施针对性的健康管理.结果 86例2型糖尿病患者中,发生感染39例、54例次,感染率为45.3％、例次感染率为62.8％;检出主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及变形菌属,分别占28.6％、22.9％及17.1％.结论 加强健康教育管理是预防感染的重要措施,因此必须提高认识,健全管理机制,加强监测,开展好健康教育等工作.     

2型糖尿病临床路径式管理探索

[目的]评价临床路径的方法在社区2型糖尿病管理中的效果。[方法]将\     

Vegetarian and vegan diets in type 2 diabetes management

Vegetarian and vegan diets offer significant benefits for diabetes management. In observational studies, individuals following vegetarian diets are about half as likely to develop diabetes, compared with non-vegetarians. In clinical trials in individuals with type 2 diabetes, low-fat vegan diets improve glycemic control to a greater extent than conventional diabetes diets. Although this effect is primarily attributable to greater weight loss, evidence also suggests that reduced intake of saturated fats and high-glycemic-index foods, increased intake of dietary fiber and vegetable protein, reduced intramyocellular lipid concentrations, and decreased iron stores mediate the influence of plant-based diets on glycemia. Vegetarian and vegan diets also improve plasma lipid concentrations and have been shown to reverse atherosclerosis progression. In clinical studies, the reported acceptability of vegetarian and vegan diets is comparable to other therapeutic regimens. The presently available literature indicates that vegetarian and vegan diets present potential advantages for the management of type 2 diabetes.     

社区成年人腹型肥胖与2型糖尿病的现况调查

目的研究社区成年人2型糖尿病的患病率与分布，以分析腹型肥胖与2型糖尿病关系。方法以社区为单位，开展20岁以上成年人2型糖尿病普查。结果2689人中糖尿病患病率为6．32％，空腹血糖受损者2．79％；人群中腹型肥胖的分布为66．05％。结论糖尿病的发生与性别无关，随年龄增长糖尿病患病率增高：腹型肥胖是糖尿病发生的危险因素。     

Functional foods in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to evaluate food properties able to influence specific physiological targets that may be helpful for the prevention and management of overweight and diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS: Observational and intervention studies have clearly shown that type 2 diabetes can be prevented by lifestyle measures, including reduced energy intake to induce a modest but sustained weight reduction, together with changes in diet composition. SUMMARY: Foods can be regarded as functional if proven to affect beneficially one or more target functions in the body, beyond adequate nutritional effects, in a way relevant to improved state of health and well-being, reduction of risk of diseases, or both. Functional foods might have a particularly high impact for prevention or treatment of overweight and diabetes for which, more than in many other fields, the link between nutrition, biological responses and diseases is clearly established. Functional foods for obesity should be able to influence the energy balance equation regulated by the control of energy intake or of energy dissipated as heat (thermogenesis). For prevention of type 2 diabetes, several unmodified foods with functional properties have already been identified (low saturated fat products, vegetables, fruit, wholegrain foods, low glycemic index starchy foods). Overall, the available evidence on functional foods so far identified in this field is incomplete: the major gap is the lack of diet-based intervention trials of sufficient duration to be relevant for the natural history of diseases like overweight and diabetes.     

Pramlintide in the management of insulin-using patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes

In patients with diabetes, dysregulation of multiple glucoregulatory hormones results in chronic hyperglycemia and an array of associated microvascular and macrovascular complications. Optimization of glycemic control, both overall (glycosylated hemoglobin [A1C]) and in the postprandial period, may reduce the risk of long-term vascular complications. However, despite significant recent therapeutic advances, most patients with diabetes are unable to attain and/or maintain normal or near-normal glycemia with insulin therapy alone. Pramlintide, an analog of amylin, is the first in a new class of pharmaceutical agents and is indicated as an adjunct to mealtime insulin for the treatment of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. By mimicking the actions of the naturally occurring hormone amylin, pramlintide complements insulin by regulating the appearance of glucose into the circulation after meals via three primary mechanisms of action: slowing gastric emptying, suppressing inappropriate post-meal glucagon secretion, and increasing satiety. In long-term clinical trials, adjunctive pramlintide treatment resulted in improved postprandial glucose control and significantly reduced A1C and body weight compared with insulin alone. The combination of insulin and pramlintide may provide a more physiologically balanced approach to managing diabetes.     

Optimizing combination treatment in the management of type 2 diabetes

Obtaining the suggested glycemic control is the most important achievement in order to prevent cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Monotherapy often fails after a period of treatment, so that multiple drugs are needed to achieve effective glycemic control. A number of oral glucose lowering drugs is now available such as metformin, sulfonylureas, non-sulfonylureas secretagogues (metiglinides derivatives), alpha-glucosidases inhibitors, and the newest agent: thiazolidinediones (TZD). The possible associations of oral glucose lowering drugs for optimal treatment of type 2 diabetes are briefly reviewed. In particular, the effects of different classes of drugs on cardiovascular risk factors (and particular hypertension and dyslipidemia) and well recognized cardiovascular disease markers in type 2 diabetes are analyzed: in this context TZD appear the more innovative drugs and have been shown to play a key role in the management of hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation and endothelial disfunction in diabetic patients. The possible adverse effects derived from the association of different drug classes are also considered.