宁夏中小学生2014年营养状况评价

了解宁夏中小学生营养健康状况,为更好地开展学校卫生保健工作提供依据.方法 利用2014年宁夏中小学生体质与健康调研资料,根据相关筛查标准,共调查分析12 211名儿童青少年营养不良、超重肥胖和贫血的流行特征.结果 中小学生营养不良检出率为10.8%,超重检出率为14.3%,肥胖检出率为5.1%.7~9岁年龄段学生的营养不良检出率最高,10~12岁年龄段超重和肥胖检出率最高.7~9岁年龄段男生营养不良检出率低于女生,7~ 18岁男生超重和肥胖检出率均高于女生.不同片区间比较,银川地区营养不良、超重和肥胖检出率均最高,3个片区营养不良、超重和肥胖检出率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为31.702,20.737,19.991,P值均<0.01).测定3 747名儿童青少年的血红蛋白,贫血检出率为8.1%.男生边缘性贫血检出率低于女生,差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.692,P<0.05).银川地区贫血检出率最高(10.34%),3个片区的贫血检出率差异有统计学意义(x2=15.212,P=0.000).结论 宁夏儿童青少年营养不良和肥胖检出率较高,贫血检出率与其他地区还有差距,学校卫生保健工作还需继续深化.     

江苏省儿童青少年超重肥胖现状及影响因素分析

了解江苏省儿童与青少年超重肥胖现状及其影响因素,为制定青少年预防和控制超重肥胖措施提供科学依据.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样方法,于2017年11月21日-12月11日抽取江苏省13个市6~18岁32 055名学生,进行体格检查和问卷调查,运用单因素方差分析x2检验及Logistic回归方法进行分析.结果 2017年江苏省儿童青少年超重率为17.8%,肥胖率为13.8%.男生超重肥胖率(37.0%)高于女生(25.9%);城市学生超重肥胖率(32.6%)比乡村(30.2%)高,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).苏南、苏中、苏北学生的超重肥胖检出率不同(x22=25.35,P<0.01);不同学段学生超重肥胖检出率不同,小学生检出率最高(34.8%),差异有统计学意义(x2=144.62,P<0.01).喝含糖饮料者超重肥胖率比不喝的高,不喝牛奶的比喝牛奶的高,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为9.23,4.09,P值均<0.05);进行高强度锻炼者比不锻炼的超重肥胖检出率高(x2=58.43,P<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,影响江苏省儿童青少年肥胖的因素为地区、居住地、学段、性别、饮食习惯、运动(P值均<0.05).结论 江苏省儿童青少年超重肥胖问题严峻.应从全社会角度人手预防控制儿童青少年肥胖,延缓或防止成年期肥胖及相关疾病的发生.     

天津市2014年儿童青少年超重肥胖现状及其影响因素

调查2014年天津市儿童青少年超重肥胖流行现状及其影响因素,为制订学生超重肥胖防制策略提供参考.方法 按照分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取天津市7~22岁学生9 607名,测量身高、体重并计算体质量指数(BMI),问卷调查采用“全国学生体质健康调研学生调查问卷”.采用中国肥胖工作组制定的标准筛查超重、肥胖,并分析影响因素.结果 2014年天津市儿童青少年超重、肥胖的检出率分别为16.3%和14.9%.男生超重检出率(19.2%)高于女生(13.5%)(x2=56.836,P<0.01),城区学生(18.0%)高于乡村(14.6%)(x2=20.121,P<0.01);男生肥胖检出率(19.8%)高于女生(9.9%) (x2=186.000,P<0.01),城区学生(16.4%)高于乡村(13.3%)(x2=18.096,P<0.01).城区学生、男生、每天吃鸡蛋、体育课出汗且感觉累、不愿意参加长跑锻炼、平均每天看电视时间≥1h是学生发生超重肥胖的危险因素(P值均<0.05).结论 天津市7~22岁儿童青少年超重及肥胖形势严峻,日常饮食、运动态度与行为、看电视时间较长等生活方式是超重肥胖的主要影响因素.     

青少年超重肥胖与睡眠质量的相关性

探讨上海市虹口区肥胖及超重青少年与睡眠质量之间的相关性,为制定促进青少年身心健康措施提供参考.方法 随机抽取上海市虹口区4所初中及高中的1 173名中学生测量身高、体重,采用青少年睡眠质量流行病学调查表进行问卷调查.结果 男、女生肥胖、超重及肥胖+超重的检出率差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).经校正分层因素影响后,中学生睡眠质量差的检出率为18.84%,男、女生差异无统计学意义.经校正分层因素影响后的初中及高中学生睡眠质量差的检出率分别为13.43%,26.85%,差异有统计学意义(x2=22.290,P<0.05).在358名肥胖+超重学生中,睡眠质量差的检出率(37.25%)高于正常体重学生检出率(10.80%),差异有统计学意义(x2=71.706,P<0.05).结论 青少年肥胖及超重可能与差的睡眠质量有较大关系,好的睡眠质量及充足的睡眠时间可能有效预防青少年肥胖及超重,还需有待今后的随访加以证实.     

重庆市城区学龄前儿童肥胖综合干预效果评价

探索城区学龄前儿童肥胖干预综合措施的干预效果,为开展肥胖防治工作提供基础数据.方法 采用随机整群抽样的方式,在重庆市城区确定6所幼儿园,以其中3所为干预组(429人),另3所为对照组(407人).干预组采用肥胖综合干预措施,对照组不接受任何干预措施;随访1 a.结果 完成监测814人,入组时干预组儿童超重和肥胖检出率为44.1%,高于对照组(30.6%),差异有统计学意义(x2=16.0,P0.05).随访1 a后干预组儿童进食甜饮料、甜点频率较干预前降低,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为17.54,9.10,P值均<0.05).结论 采用综合干预措施对儿童超重和肥胖的检出率以及不良饮食行为的控制均有明显效果.     

贵州省2010年不同民族中小学生营养状况分析

了解贵州省不同民族中小学生营养状况,为开展学校卫生工作提供参考.方法 按照中国肥胖工作组(WGOC)推荐的“中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖BMI筛查标准”及“6~18岁中国儿童青少年营养不良筛查标准”,对贵州省2010年20 412名7~18岁汉族、苗族、侗族、布依族、水族中小学生的现时营养状况进行分析.结果 贵州省中小学生总的营养不良率为33.69%,超重率为5.21%,肥胖率为2.33%.营养不良率男生高于女生(x2=18.87,P<0.01),少数民族学生高于汉族学生(x2=1 105.54,P<0.01),不同年龄间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.48,P>0.05).营养过剩率男生高于女生,汉族学生高于少数民族学生,小学生高于中学生(P值均<0.01).结论 贵州省不同民族中小学生营养不良与超重肥胖同时并存,应根据民族、年龄、性别、城乡等特点进行营养干预.     

天津市20041名3～6岁入托儿童血脂水平分析

目的 了解天津市3～6岁儿童血脂水平和血脂异常检出率.方法 采集天津市48所幼儿园20041名3～6岁儿童末梢血,采用东芝120全自动生化分析仪检测血浆总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)水平.结果 20 041名入托儿童TC和TG分别为(4.17±0.69) mmol/L和(0.86±0.44) mmol/L;血脂异常总检出率为11.4％,其中TC异常检出率为7.1％,TG为4.9％,两项均异常的检出率为0.6％.不同性别儿童TC异常检出率女童高于男童,差异有统计学意义(x2=51.77,P＜0.001).不同年龄组儿童TC和TG异常检出率的差异均有统计学意义(x2=10.29,P=0.016;x2=10.93,P=0.012),但未见明显的年龄变化趋势.不同肥胖程度儿童TC异常检出率的差异无统计学意义,TG异常检出率差异有统计学意义(x2=211.8,P＜0.001),肥胖儿童TG异常检出率明显高于正常和超重儿童.城乡地区儿童TC和TG异常检出率差异均有统计学意义(x2=22.09,P＜0.001;x2=11.26,P=0.001),TC异常检出率城市儿童高于农村,TG异常检出率农村儿童高于城市.结论 天津市3～6岁儿童血脂异常率较高,且存在性别、年龄、肥胖程度、地区差异,应有针对性开展儿童血脂异常筛查与干预.     

儿童青少年膳食知识水平及饮食模式与超重肥胖的关系

分析宁夏银川、吴忠两市7~18岁儿童青少年膳食知识水平和饮食模式与超重肥胖的关系,为儿童青少年超重肥胖的控制提供合理的干预措施.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2013年9月在银川、吴忠两市抽取儿童青少年3 910名,进行问卷调查和体格检查.结果 儿童青少年超重、肥胖检出率分别为10.1%,5.8%.男生超重、肥胖率(12.5%,7.4%)均高于女生(7.7%,4.3%),差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为24.86,17.70,P值均<0.01).小学、初中、高中学生的超重率分别为13.8%,10.3%,6.9%,肥胖率分别为11.1%,5.2%,2.5%,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为3 206.27,3 540.96,P值均<0.0l).二元Logistic回归分析结果显示,儿童青少年高膳食知识水平可降低超重肥胖的发生率(OR=0.71,95%CI=0.52~0.97,P=0.03).因子分析共确定3种饮食模式:模式1与油炸食品、高能量零食、含糖软饮料、西式快餐、在外就餐有关;模式2与鲜奶、早餐、蔬菜、水果有关;模式3与吃饭速度有关.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,超重肥胖在模式3中的分布具有统计学意义(P<0.01),吃饭速度适中与超重和肥胖呈负性相关(OR=0.59,95%CI=0.47~0.74).结论 儿童青少年膳食知识水平及饮食模式与超重肥胖存在一定的关联.提高儿童青少年知识水平可降低超重肥胖率,改变饮食行为方式可促进儿童青少年健康成长.     

青春期早期学生营养状况调查分析

目的调查了解青春期早期学生超重肥胖及营养不良检出状况,为天津市东丽区开展中小学生健康保健提供科学依据。方法按照标准操作方法测量学生身高、体重数据,计算出身体质量指数(BMI)并作出营养状况评价,应用统计学软件进行分析并进行男女生超重肥胖及营养不良检出率的比较。结果学生总体"超重+肥胖"检出率为36.2%,男生超重、肥胖检出率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。学生总体"营养不良(轻度营养不良+中重度营养不良)"检出率为3.1%。男女生差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论青春期早期学生"超重+肥胖"流行较严重且男生检出率高于女生,应提高重视,加强干预,帮助儿童青少年养成合理的膳食习惯和生活方式,科学合理控制青少年肥胖的发生。     

马鞍山市初三学生超重肥胖状况及影响因素

目的 了解安徽省马鞍山市初三学生超重、肥胖状况及其影响因素,为采取有效干预措施提供依据.方法 整群随机抽取马鞍山市10所中学初三学生共4 607名,采用问卷调查和人体测量相结合方法,调查超重、肥胖情况并分析影响因素.结果 超重、肥胖学生检出率分别为10.2%与3.8%,男生超重检出率(13.5%)高于女生(6.9%).差异有统计学意义(x2=55.396,P＜0.05);男生肥胖检出率(5.1%)亦高于女生(2.5%),差异有统计学意义(x2=20.830,P＜0.05).13～15岁学生超重检出率高于16～18岁学生;市区学生超重、肥胖检出率均高于市郊(县)和乡镇,市郊(县)学生超重检出率高于乡镇,而肥胖检出率市郊(县)和乡镇之间差异无统计学意义.结果 该人群超重、肥胖率较高,并与性别、年龄、家庭住址、父母文化程度等社会人口统计学特征有关.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Selenium levels in human blood and tissues in health and in disease.

The levels of selenium in human sera and pancreatic, hepatic and synovial tissues were measured. An attempt was made to correlate the selenium level with certain disease states. Selenium was determined by nerutron activation analysis, using the 17.4 second half-life isotope 77mSe with a sensitivity of 2ppb. Serum-bound selenium was determined in normal individuals and individuals with various malignancies, and medical and surgical disorders. Tissue selenium was assayed in diseased and normal pancreases, livers, and synovial membranes. A wide variation was observed both in the serum selenium content of patients with a malignancy and in postmoren pancreatic and synovial showing histopathological changes. Significantly lower selenium values were observed in sera from cancer patients than from normal individuals. Higher values were generally observed in patients with primary neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system. Higher tissue concentrations were obtained in synovia from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in pancreatic tissues associated with histopathological changes.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries