运城市0—7岁儿童卡介苗接种情况调查分析

本文对运城市0-7岁儿童卡介苗接种史，卡痕进行了随机抽样调查，并进一步做PPD试验。调查结果卡介苗覆盖率82.38%，漏种率12.38%，人口卡痕率67.14%，自然感染率7.69%。结果表明，运城市卡介苗接种工作需要进一步加强。     

文登市0～12岁儿童结核免疫状况调查

根据卫生部要求,文登市自1997年3月开始停止对7、12周岁儿童的卡介苗(BCG)复种。为了解停止BCG复种后我市健康儿童结核免疫水平,我们于2001年3～6月份对居住在我市的0～12岁儿童的BCG免疫情况及结核免疫水平进行了调查,现将结果报告如下。 1 对象和方法 选择文登市区(城市)、文城(镇)、宋村(农村)3个监测点0～12岁儿童,每个年龄组随机抽查40名儿童。采用北京高科     

2020-2021年北京市某医疗机构3月龄以下儿童卡介苗接种情况分析

目的 了解北京市海淀区妇幼保健院出生的3月龄以下儿童卡介苗(bacillus calmette-guerin vaccine, BCG)接种情况,分析影响疫苗接种率的相关因素,为提高BCG的接种率和产科接种率提供参考。方法 收集分娩日期为2020年1月1日-2021年12月31日,在海淀区妇幼保健院建档、产检、出生的3月龄以下儿童相关资料及母亲孕产期保健资料,计算研究对象BCG接种率和产科接种率。结果 北京市海淀区妇幼保健院出生的3月龄以下儿童BCG接种率为96.74%,产科接种率为91.28%。早产、低出生体重、高危孕产妇、剖宫产对BCG接种率有影响(χ²=70.037、36.524、8.011、4.322,P均<0.05);早产、低出生体重、高危孕产妇、剖宫产和产时产后并发症对BCG产科接种率有影响(χ²=2 097.176、4 753.231、143.613、642.231、330.850,P均<0.05)。结论 海淀区妇幼保健院3月龄以下儿童卡介苗接种率和产科接种率有进一步提升的空间。加强高危孕产妇管理,减少妊娠并发症、难...     

0～3岁儿童家长对预防接种信任度及其影响因素

目的 分析儿童家长对预防接种的信任度现状及影响因素.方法 2019年12月-2020年1月,通过问卷形式调查我国6省34个接种单位的3 178名0～3岁儿童家长的基本情况、预防接种知识和信息需求、预防接种服务情况、预防接种服务满意度情况等信息.结果 儿童家长对预防接种的信任度为78.20％,疫苗安全性是限制预防接种信任...     

718名3～11岁儿童接种新冠疫苗影响因素分析

目的 探讨3～11岁儿童接种新型冠状病毒疫苗（以下简称“新冠疫苗”）的影响因素,为推进儿童新冠疫苗接种提供参考依据。方法 利用问卷星平台,对济宁市某医院儿保科及预防接种门诊就诊的718名3～11岁儿童父母进行问卷调查,对数据进行χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 知晓儿童接种新冠疫苗的父母占99.72%,已为儿童接种新冠疫苗的父母占91.50%。家庭月收入低于1万的低收入组、7岁以上高年龄组、认为“3～11岁儿童需要接种疫苗”的父母,为孩子接种新冠疫苗的比率更高（P<0.05）。结论 718名3～11岁儿童父母对新冠疫苗的认知状况较好,接种率较高,部分家长对疫苗的安全性及有效性存在疑虑,应进一步加强新冠疫苗的科学宣传,助推儿童新冠疫苗的接种。     

广州市天河区0～14岁儿童伤害流行病学特征及影响因素分析

目的 探讨广州市天河区0～14岁儿童意外伤害流行病学特征及影响因素,为开展伤害预防干预提供依据。方法 以随机整群抽样的方法调查广州市天河区0～14岁儿童及其家长,以问卷方式调查儿童在过去一年意外伤害发生状况以及家长对意外伤害的认知水平。结果 共调查天河区1285名0～14岁儿童,其意外伤害发生率为16．34％,伤害次数发生率为20．47％,男、女性分别为23．46％和17.43％,男性高于女性(P＜0．01)。跌倒／坠落、碰撞／挤压伤、扭伤和交通事故是最常见类型,最常见的伤害地点是家里／宿舍、学校／幼儿园。2．66％的受伤儿童需住院治疗,44．87％的受伤儿童需医院门诊处理,意外伤害医疗费用支出占家庭人均月收入的14．53％。儿童意外伤害的影响因素为父亲职业、家庭经济状况及儿童性格特点等。95．2％的家长表示听说过“意外伤害”;89．4％的家长表示经常或有时担心孩子会发生伤害;13,4％的家长表示接受过有关预防儿童青少年伤害的培训和指导。结论意外伤害严重影响着天河区0～14岁儿童的健康,给家庭和社会造成经济损失。预防重点是培训家长和教师,开展健康教育,以提高其安全知识水平。     

深圳市0～6岁儿童伤害流行状况及影响因素研究

目的了解深圳市0~6岁儿童伤害的流行病学特点,探讨儿童伤害的影响因素。方法采用整群抽样的方法,以深圳6大区的12个社区为研究社区,调查了3 750名0~6岁儿童2001年的伤害状况,并对2001年全年内发生非致命性伤害的122名儿童进行1∶1配对的病例对照研究。结果深圳社区0~6岁儿童非致命性伤害的年发生率为3.25%,男女比例为1.44∶1。伤害类型前五位依次为意外跌落(60.66%)、烧烫伤(18.03%)、宠物咬伤(9.02%)、机械伤(4.92%)和交通事故(3.28%)。伤害医疗费用支出人均984.25元。儿童伤害的危险因素有散居儿童、危险的物理环境得分多、家庭子女数多、父亲职业为个体及商业工作者、儿童外向型性格、家中药品位置与热源放置不当;其保护因素有家庭经济收入高、家中地板防滑情况好、父亲职业为公务员、儿童接受过老师的安全教育等。结论伤害严重影响着深圳儿童的健康,它给家庭和社会造成沉重的经济负担。应针对儿童伤害的影响因素,及早开展伤害的干预控制。     

某地区0～6岁儿童健康影响因素分析

目的了解本地区儿童健康影响因素的流行病学分布特征,为今后儿童保健工作的发展以及政府制定儿童健康干预措施提供依据。方法采用儿童健康因素流行病学调查表,分年龄组对本地户籍、汉族、0～6岁的儿童家长共2030名进行问卷调查及测评。结果儿童在1岁以前主要的看护人为父母,占77.48%;家庭成员对孩子教养观点较一致,占97.59%;儿童"四病"发病率分别为佝偻病(10.30%)、贫血(7.00%)、呼吸系统感染(74.04%)和腹泻(26.80%),其中6个月内婴儿"四病"发病率较低,与各年龄组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);与其余各年龄组相比,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。儿童家庭经济状况、看护人文化程度对儿童健康无明显影响。儿童异常行为和家长对儿童保健服务需求在散居儿童和集体儿童中表现为不同的特征。结论儿童监护人基本情况调查表明,儿童家庭环境能够为儿童健康提供基本的保证,儿童监护人的变化正朝着更有利于儿童身心健康的方向发展,这是儿童保健工作能够进一步开展的经济和社会基础。     

2020年中国1-9岁儿童脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种率及其影响因素调查

目的 分析中国1-9岁儿童脊髓灰质炎疫苗(Poliomyelitis vaccine, PV)接种率及其影响因素。方法 基于2020年中国病毒性肝炎血清学调查,随机抽取全国120个疾病监测县278个村1-9岁儿童PV接种信息,分析PV接种率及其影响因素。结果 在16 182名1-9岁儿童中,第3剂PV(PV₃)、12月龄内PV₃接种率分别为97.87%、92.60%;在7 408名5-9岁儿童中,第4剂PV(PV₄)、5岁内PV₄接种率分别为92.51%、84.89%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,12月龄内PV₃接种率呈中部和西部地区儿童低于东部地区儿童[OR(95%CI):0.55(0.46-0.66)、0.49(0.42-0.58)]、东北地区儿童高于东部地区儿童[OR(95%CI):2.09(1.42-3.06)]、农村地区儿童低于城市地区儿童[OR(95%CI):0.80(0.71-0.91)]、随着儿童年龄增长而下降[OR(95%CI):0.84(0.73-0...     

2021年江苏省0～6岁儿童出生队列DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗接种率评价

目的 分析2021年江苏省0～6岁儿童吸附无细胞百白破、灭活脊髓灰质炎和b型流感嗜血杆菌（结合）联合疫苗（DTaP -IPV/Hib五联疫苗,以下简称五联疫苗）接种率。方法 通过江苏省预防接种综合服务管理信息系统管理儿童建立2015—2021年出生队列,计算各年度出生队列五联疫苗接种率。结果 截至2021年底,江苏省0～6岁儿童出生队列五联疫苗1～4剂累计分别接种47.39、44.19、40.27 和21.71万剂,累计接种率分别为7.65%、7.14%、6.50%和3.51%。苏南地区五联疫苗接种率高于其他地区,常住儿童接种率高于流动儿童,但地区间分布不平衡。结论 2021年江苏省0～6岁儿童出生队列五联疫苗接种率呈上升趋势,需通过健康宣教和扩大供应等方式进一步提升全程接种率。     

Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among high-risk adults 18-49 years, U.S., 2009

Background

Approximately 43,000 new hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections occurred in 2007. Although hepB vaccination has been recommended for adults at high-risk for incident HBV infection for many years, coverage remains low.

Methods

We used the 2009 National Health Interview Survey to assess self-reported HepB vaccine uptake (≥1 dose), series completion (≥3 dose), and independent predictors of vaccination among high-risk adults aged 18-49 years. High-risk adults were defined as those reporting male sex with men; injection drug use; hemophilia with receipt of clotting factors; sexually transmitted disease in prior five years; sex for money or drugs; HIV positive; sex with persons having any above risk factors; or who “felt they were at high risk for HIV”. Persons with none of the aforementioned risk factors were considered non-high risk. Bivariate analysis was conducted to assess vaccination coverage. Independent predictors of vaccine uptake and series completion were determined using a logistic regression.

Results

Overall, 7.0% adults aged 18-49 years had high-risk behaviors. Unadjusted coverage with ≥1 dose was 50.5% among high-risk compared to 40.5% among non-high-risk adults (p-values <0.001) while series completion (≥3 doses) was 41.8% and 34.2%, respectively (p-values <0.001). On multivariable analysis, ≥1 dose coverage, but not series completion, was higher (Risk Ratio 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0-1.2, p-value = 0.021) among high-risk compared to non-high risk adults. Other characteristics independently associated with a higher likelihood of HepB vaccination among persons 18-49 years included younger age groups, females, higher education, ≥2 physician contacts in the past year, ever tested for HIV, health care personnel, received influenza vaccination in the previous year, and ever received hepatitis A vaccination. Vaccine uptake with ≥1 dose increased by 5.1% (p = 0.047) among high-risk adults between 2004 and 2009.

Conclusions

A small increase in ≥1 dose HepB vaccination coverage among high-risk adults compared with non-high risk adults was documented for the first time in 2009. Higher coverage among persons 18-30 years may reflect aging of persons vaccinated when they were children and adolescents. To improve protection against hepatitis B among high-risk adults, healthcare providers should offer hepatitis B vaccination to persons at high risk and those who seek vaccination to protect themselves and facilitate timely completion of the three (3) dose HepB series.     

我国两个地区儿童流感疫苗与肺炎疫苗接种现状与影响因素分析

目的 了解儿童流感疫苗和肺炎疫苗的接种行为与影响因素。方法 采用两阶段整群抽样,在北京市通州区和甘肃省白银市对适龄儿童家长开展横断面问卷调查,分析儿童流感疫苗和肺炎疫苗接种率及影响因素。结果 共纳入2 377名儿童,儿童流感疫苗接种率为35.93%,肺炎疫苗接种率为16.58%,两种疫苗均接种率为11.65%。接种两种疫苗的理由占比前三位分别为认为疾病严重（流感疫苗：36.02%;肺炎疫苗：49.61%）、学校、单位要求接种（流感疫苗：28.76%;肺炎疫苗：25.45%）和认为疾病易感（流感疫苗：26.41%;肺炎疫苗：13.88%）;未接种疫苗的理由前三位分别为个人方面、疫苗本身和疫苗供应。家庭居住地为农村是影响两类疫苗接种的重要因素。子女数量>1个的家庭、家庭居住地为农村和家庭人均年收入较低与两类疫苗的接种呈负相关。结论 调查地区儿童流感疫苗和肺炎疫苗接种率较低,农村家庭、多子女家庭是扩大疫苗接种的重点关注人群。加强疫苗相关知识宣教,引导家长正确认知疫苗安全性问题,协调疫苗供应与降低疫苗价格对提高流感疫苗和肺炎疫苗接种率具有促进作用。     

哈尔滨市农村居民乙肝疫苗接种率及影响因素分析

目的 了解哈尔滨市农村居民乙肝疫苗接种情况及影响因素,为提高农村人口乙肝疫苗接种率和制定防控策略提供依据。方法 综合乙肝发病率和地理位置,采用随机抽样的方法于2018年在哈尔滨市农村地区,针对18~59岁人群开展问卷调查;数据分析采用x2检验及二分类logistic回归模型。结果 各年龄组乙肝疫苗接种率分别为64.84%、49.44%、20.71%;学历由低到高各组乙肝疫苗接种率分别为29.09%、46.01%、47.83%、83.33%、100%,疾病知识掌握程度由低到高各组乙肝疫苗接种率分别为24.64%、39.25%、51.74%、疫苗知识掌握程度由低到高各组乙肝疫苗接种率分别为20.55%、32.12%、49.33%、各疾病防控行为积极性由低到高各组乙肝疫苗接种率分别为9.09%、21.52%、46.84%;农村人口乙肝疾病知识的“掌握”比例为32.50%。结论 年龄大、文化水平低、乙肝疾病知识认知水平低是影响农村人口乙肝疫苗接种的重要因素,哈尔滨市应针对该特点制定接种策略,提高农村人口接种率。     

Estimating pneumococcal vaccine coverage among Australian Indigenous children and children with medically at-risk conditions using record linkage

BackgroundRisk-based recommendations are common for pneumococcal vaccines but little is known about their uptake. In Australia, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was funded only for Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) children and those with underlying medical conditions in 2001, and then there were different booster dose recommendations depending on risk after the introduction of universal PCV vaccination in 2005.MethodsWe measured coverage of PCV dose 3 and additional PCV and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) doses by risk group among children born in July 2001–December 2012 in two Australian states using linked immunisation and hospitalisation data (available until December 2013). We ascertained medical risk conditions using hospitalisation diagnosis codes and Indigenous status using an established algorithm, comparing coverage for children born pre (2001–2004) and post (2005–2012) universal PCV funding.ResultsAmong 1.3 million children, 63,897 (4.9%) were Indigenous and 32,934 (2.5%) had at least one medically at-risk condition identified by age 6 months. For births in 2001–2004, coverage for PCV dose 3 by 1 year of age was 37% for Indigenous, 15% for medically at-risk and 11% in other children, increasing to 83%, 91% and 92%, respectively for births in 2005–2012. In children with medically at-risk conditions, PCV dose 4 coverage by 2 years was 1% for 2001–2004 births, increasing to 9% for 2005–2012 births, with PPV23 coverage by 6 years 3% in both cohorts. Among eligible Indigenous children, PPV23 coverage by 3 years was 45% for 2001–2004 births and 51% for 2005–2012 births.ConclusionsCoverage with additional recommended booster doses was very low among children with medical conditions, and only modest among Indigenous children. If additional PCV doses are recommended for some risk groups, especially in the context of routine schedules with reduced doses (e.g. 2 + 1 and 1 + 1), measures to improve implementation will be required.     

河北省儿童感染肺炎链球菌菌型及疫苗覆盖率分析

目的 对河北省儿童医院分离的410株肺炎链球菌进行分型研究,分析其菌型特点,为控制本地区儿童肺炎链球菌感染和疫苗的正确选择提供依据。方法 将菌株进行核酸提取,采用普通PCR方法进行种属鉴定,多重PCR方法进行血清学分型。结果 410株肺炎链球菌（Streptococcus pneumoniae,Spn）菌株大部分分离自2岁以下儿童,占82.68%,2～3岁患儿占11.22%,4～5岁患儿占3.9%,＞5岁的患儿仅占2.2%。年龄最大患儿为10岁,最小为37 d。410株Spn菌株中菌型占比前3位的是19F、6A/6B和19A,7价、13价和23价肺炎链球菌疫苗的菌型覆盖率分别是55.61%、71.46%、76.83%。结论 本地区儿童肺炎链球菌菌型型别丰富,从疫苗菌株覆盖率和保护性来看,提示13价多糖结合疫苗（13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV13）对本地区儿童可产生较好的预防效果。     

Sensitivity and specificity of BCG scar reading among HIV-infected children

BCG scar has been used as an indicator of vaccination with BCG in the past, but the validity of scar among HIV-positive children is still unknown. The validity of BCG scar reading among such children was estimated, using three different gold standards. The sensitivity ranged from 81.3% (95%-CI: 78.0–84.2) to 91.6% (95%-CI: 88.4–94.0), when the gold standards were, respectively, information from the adult responsible for the child and the vaccination card. The specificity ranged from 90.5% (95% CI: 81.6–95.5) to 94.1% (95% CI: 87.7–97.4), when the gold standards were, respectively, the vaccination card and information from the adult responsible for the child. Reading of BCG scar was shown to be a good indicator for vaccination in the past, among HIV-infected children.     

Herpes zoster vaccination among adults aged 60 years or older in the United States, 2007: Uptake of the first new vaccine to target seniors

Background

Approximately one million new cases of shingles (herpes zoster [HZ]), a severely painful and debilitating disease caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), occur in the United States each year. HZ incidence increases with age, especially after age 50. A vaccine to prevent HZ and its sequelae was licensed in May 2006 for those aged 60 years or older, making it the first new vaccine targeted to this age group in many years. In October 2006 the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended HZ vaccination of persons aged ≥60 years; these recommendations were published in 2008. We examined HZ vaccination coverage among persons aged ≥60 years in the U.S. in 2007, and evaluated factors affecting the uptake of HZ vaccine in this population.

Methods

Data from the 2007 National Immunization Survey-Adult (NIS-Adult) restricted to individuals aged ≥60 years were analyzed using SUDAAN software to estimate national HZ vaccination coverage, and reasons for not receiving the HZ vaccine. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors independently associated with HZ vaccination.

Results

Of 3662 respondents, 1.9% (95% confidence interval = 1.3%, 2.8%) reported having received the HZ vaccine. A total of 72.9% of respondents were unaware of the HZ vaccine but 77.8% stated that they would accept HZ vaccination if their doctor recommended it. Of the remaining 556 respondents, key reasons reported for not accepting HZ vaccine included ‘vaccination not needed’ (34.8%), ‘not at risk’ (12.5%), and ‘don’t trust in doctors or medicine’ (9.5%).

Conclusions

Soon after its availability in the United States, coverage among adults recommended to receive the HZ vaccine was low. Our data provide evidence that the lack of patient awareness and of physician recommendations were barriers to vaccine uptake.     

新生儿产房卡介苗接种影响因素调查分析

目的了解产房新生儿卡介苗接种与相关影响因素。方法选择不同接种单位和多批次菌苗在不同季节对新生儿进行接种,3个月后进行PPD试验,测量PPD结果和卡痕直径,以卡痕阳性为接种成功,以PPD阳性为免疫成功,分别与不同接种单位、多批号疫苗、季节变化,以及新生儿性别、户籍、接种时体重和PPD测定月龄等因素,进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析显示接种单位、疫苗批号、季节、PPD测定月龄对接种成功率和免疫成功率均有影响(P0.05)。多因素分析显示,上述4个因素对接种成功率影响均无统计学意义,对免疫成功率影响除接种单位为混杂因素外,其余3个均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PPD测定月龄、疫苗批号和季节变化对卡介苗免疫成功率有影响。     

北京市2008—2010年老年人流行性感冒疫苗接种情况及影响因素分析

流行性感冒(流感)已经多次引起世界范围大流行.2009年王小莉等[1]用蒙特卡罗模型对北京市甲型H1N1流感感染人数进行了估算,约有180万人感染.接种疫苗仍是预防流感最经济有效的措施[2].本研究对北京市老年人在2008-2010年流感流行前后流感疫苗接种的情况及影响2010年接种流感疫苗的因素进行了调查.