内蒙古自治区541所中小学校教室环境卫生调查

目的 了解内蒙古自治区中小学校教室环境卫生状况，为进一步改善学校教学环境卫生提供参考依据。方法 2021年采用随机抽样方法抽取全区541所中小学校的3246间教室。用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行分析教室人均面积、课桌椅分配符合率、黑板尺寸、黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、黑板面照度均匀度、课桌面平均照度、课桌面照度均匀度、噪声。结果 教室人均面积、课桌椅分配符合率、黑板尺寸、黑板反射比、黑板面平均照度、黑板面照度均匀度、课桌面平均照度、课桌面照度均匀度、噪声的合格率分别为60.0%、31.6%、84.3%、52.8%、40.4%、75.6%、57.0%、70.7%、86.9%;中学的课桌椅分配符合率(38.2%)、教室人均面积合格率(66.1%)均高于小学(21.4%、50.5%)(χ²=1014.9、χ²=78.15,P<0.05);城区教室人均面积(55.4%)、黑板反射比合格率(46.6%)均低于郊县(61.7%、55.0%)(χ²=10.39、χ²=17.86,P<0.05)。结论...     

上海市中小学校教学环境卫生现况调查

目的了解上海市中小学校教学环境卫生状况。方法设计统一调查表对50所中小学校教学环境卫生开展调查,并进行现场检测。结果课桌椅每人1席,黑板无破损,黑板无眩光,教室设通气窗等指标合格率均为100%,教室配备2种以上课桌椅型号的合格率为78%;教室二氧化碳浓度合格率为98.67%,教室课桌及课椅分配合格率分别为4.33%,8.33%。结论中小学校教学环境卫生状况亟待改善,应加大投入改善教学环境,卫生行政部门应加强监督与指导。     

2014-2015年罗定市中小学校环境卫生监测结果分析

目的了解罗定市中小学校环境卫生状况,为学校卫生监督提供依据。方法 2014-2015年从罗定市中小学校中随机抽取10所中学、40所小学进行教室环境卫生和生活环境卫生监测,并对监测结果进行统计分析。结果罗定市中小学校教室环境卫生状况较好的项目指标有黑板尺寸、采光系数、窗地面积比、课桌照明度、灯桌间距、微小气候(CO_2浓度),而教室人均面积、课桌椅分配符合率、黑板反射比、后(侧)墙壁反射比、黑板面照度、外环境对普通教室产生的噪声等合格率较低;其次,中学和小学在15项指标合格率除4项差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)外,其余11项差异都有统计学意义(P<0.05),说明中小学在教室环境卫生状况方面存在一定差异。罗定市中小学校生活环境卫生状况较好,并且中小学在指标合格率方面差异也存在统计学意义(P<0.05);相比小学,中学住宿生更多,相对住宿条件也更为拥挤一些。结论罗定市教室环境卫生状况仍需改善,应加强学校卫生状况的监督和整改。     

2017～2018学年南京市浦口区学校教学环境卫生监测结果分析

目的了解浦口区中小学校教学环境卫生现状,指导学校改善教学卫生状况。方法按照整群分层抽样方法,选取中小学校11所,每所学校按照教室的结构、层次、朝向、采光类型等选取有代表性的6间教室进行监测,监测项目包括教室人均面积、课桌椅、黑板、教室采光、教室照明、教室微小气候等指标。结果在18项监测指标中,合格率高于90%的有7项,由高到低依次为黑板尺寸、窗地面积比、灯桌间距、二氧化碳浓度、噪声、男生蹲位和小便槽;合格率低于60%的指标有8项,由低到高依次为课桌椅符合率、后墙反射比、黑板反射比、小学厕所蹲位宽、黑板面照度、采光系数、课桌面照度和黑板下缘距,其中前三项合格率在10%以下。结论浦口区中小学校教学环境卫生现状不佳,尤其是课桌椅符合率、后墙反射比、黑板反射比合格率低于10%,应引起学校及有关部门的重视,采取有效措施加以改善。     

椒江区2011年学校环境卫生监测结果分析

目的了解台州市椒江区中小学校教学环境卫生现状,为相关部门制定政策提供依据。方法选择椒江区20所中小学校共120个教室,进行教室人均面积、教室噪声、采光系数和黑板反射比等的卫生学监测,并进行分析。结果教室人均面积、噪声合格率为85.00%;课桌椅分配合格率为12.50%;照明合格率为58.30%;采光合格率为50.50%。结论椒江区中小学校教室人均面积、教室噪声卫生状况总体水平较好;课桌椅分配合格率、教室照明、教室采光问题较为突出。     

云南省部分地市中小学校2018年教学环境卫生状况

了解云南省中小学校教学环境卫生状况,为行政部门采取防控措施提供依据.方法 2018年采取双随机抽样方法调查云南省4座城市15所学校的83间教室和36间宿舍,依据相关国家标准进行卫生检测和评价.结果 监测的8项总体项目的合格率由高到低依次为微小气候(100.00%)、黑板卫生(68.67%)、教室采光(59.34%)、教室噪声(53.01%)、教室人均面积(48.19%)、教室照明(40.96%)、宿舍人均面积(25.00%)和课桌椅符合率(0);各单项目中教室窗地面积比合格率(100.00%)最高,黑板平均照度合格率(0)最低.经χ2检验,除教室人均面积是农村合格率(63.16%)高于城市(35.56%)外,其余均为城市高于农村;学段差异表现为噪声、微小气候、照明3个监测项目均为小学合格率高于初中,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 课桌椅符合率和黑板平均照度低是导致云南省中小学校教学环境卫生存在的主要问题.教育、卫生监督部门应根据教学环境监测标准采取有针对性的整改措施.     

2021年湖南省中小学校教学环境卫生现状

目的 分析2021年湖南省中小学校教学环境卫生现状,为教学环境改善提供决策依据和建议,促进学生健康。方法 2021年在湖南省123个县市区选择660所中小学校,每所学校选择6间教室,对教室人均面积、课桌椅、黑板尺寸和反射比、照明和噪音进行现场监测,并分析评价教学环境卫生状况。结果 2021年湖南省中小学校教室人均面积、课桌椅分配、黑板尺寸、黑板反射比、黑板平均照度、黑板照度均匀度、课桌面平均照度、课桌面照度均匀度、噪声合格率,分别为29.6%、12.7%、71.8%、41.0%、26.8%、80.1%、51.1%、58.5%、45.8%。城区教室人均面积、黑板平均照度、课桌面平均照度、课桌面照度均匀度合格率(35.5%、33.4%、53.2%、61.7%)高于郊县(25.9%、22.6%、49.7%、56.5%),郊县黑板尺寸、黑板反射比、黑板照度均匀度合格率(75.4%、43.0%、83.1%)高于城区(66.0%、37.8%、75.3%),差异均有统计学意义;公办学校黑板尺寸、黑板照度均匀度、课桌面照度均匀度合格率(73.0%、80.4%、59.0%)高于民办(52.8%、75.2...     

深圳市宝安区某街道民办学校2018年教学环境监测结果分析

目的 了解深圳市宝安区某街道民办学校教学环境卫生状况及存在不足,为改善民办学校教学环境卫生状况提供参考。方法 于2018年3月从街道7所民办学校随机抽取不同楼层、不同年级共42间教室,依据《学校卫生综合评价》(GB/T 18205-2012)、《中小学校教室采光和照明卫生标准》(GB 7793-2010)、《学校课桌椅功能尺寸》(GB/T3976-2002)进行教学环境现场监测及评价。结果 教室人均面积合格率为40.48%,最前排课桌前沿与黑板的水平距离合格率仅19.05%,课桌椅分配符合率分别为9.52%和11.90%。教室采光方向合格率为95.24%,采光系数合格率为95.24%。窗地面积比、课桌面照度合格率均大于80%,教室后墙反射比、黑板面照度合格率低,分别为0和7.14%。教室室内CO2浓度及温度合格率均为100%,噪声合格率为0。不同建校年限的学校教室人均面积和窗地面积比合格率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 本次监测教室采光、黑板尺寸、室内微小气候合格率均较高,其余各项指标合格率偏低,尤其是课桌椅分配不符合及噪声问题,教学环境需进一步改善,教育及卫生行政部门需加强交流沟通,共同为学生创造良好的学习与生活环境,保障学生的健康成长。     

连云港市中小学教学环境卫生监测结果分析

目的 了解连云港市中小学校教学环境卫生现状及存在的突出问题,为改善教学环境条件提供参考依据。 方法 运用分层抽样法,对全市抽取的48所学校288间教室进行现场卫生学监测。 结果 课桌椅分配符合率、黑板面照度合格率严重不达标,分别为3.47%、4.86%;教室采光系数、窗地面积比、灯桌间距整体情况较好,合格率均大于90%;教室人均面积、黑板悬挂高度、黑板反射比、后墙壁反射、课桌面照度合格率偏低。 结论 连云港市中小学教学环境卫生有待提高,教育部门应对问题突出的薄弱环节进行重点管理,学校应采取有效措施加以改善。     

2015年宁夏中小学校教学环境卫生状况分析

目的了解宁夏中小学校教学环境卫生状况,查找出教学环境卫生中存在的薄弱环节,为有效改善学校教学环境卫生状况提供决策依据。方法按照中国卫生监督统计报表学校教学环境年报表技术规范要求,全区共抽取569所中小学校3414间教室进行监督监测。监测项目为:课桌椅、黑板、教室采光、教室照明;评价标准为《中小学教室采光和照明卫生标准》(GB 7793-2010)、《学校课桌椅功能尺寸及技术要求》(GB/T 3796-2014)和《国家学校体育卫生条件试行基本标准》。结果中小学课桌椅配备符合卫生要求合格率为37.43%,灯光垂直黑板合格率为88.40%。小学和中学教学环境在这两个方面有统计学意义(P<0.05),中学合格率均高于小学。城乡间在课桌椅配备符合卫生要求合格率,灯光垂直黑板合格率和控照式灯具合格率方面有统计学意义(P<0.05),在课桌椅配备符合卫生要求合格率方面,镇区合格率最高;灯光垂直黑板合格率和控照式灯具合格率方面城区合格率最高。结论目前宁夏中小学校教学环境中课桌椅配置符合率低是突出的卫生问题。教学环境卫生的改善,保护学生身体健康,有赖于卫生、教育部门的携手合作,需要学校、家长和全社会的共同关注和参与。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries