经双吻合器直肠拖出式切除吻合行超低位直肠癌保肛术的疗效

目的探讨在超低位直肠癌保肛术中实施经双吻合器直肠拖出式切除吻合的疗效。方法选择实施经双吻合器直肠拖出式切除吻合手术治疗的62例超低位直肠癌患者为研究组,选取同期经腹直肠前切除吻合术患者58例为对照组,比较两组患者的结果。结果所有患者经双吻合器直肠拖出式切除吻合全部成功,两组患者复发情况、生存情况相近,差异无统计学意义。研究组术后6个月的肛门功能明显优于对照组,两组12个月的肛门功能情况相近。结论在超低位直肠癌保肛术中,实施经双吻合器直肠拖出式切除吻合有一定优势,值得推广应用。     

无切口腹腔镜下直肠外翻技术的直肠癌低位前切除术的近期疗效

目的 探讨经肛门自然腔道标本取出的无切口腹腔镜低位前切除术治疗中低位直肠癌患者的可行性、适应证和近期疗效.方法 收集应用直肠外翻拖出技术,行无切口的腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术患者的临床资料,分析患者术后排气时间、淋巴结清扫数目、吻合口瘘发生率等临床特征.结果 27例患者均行全腹腔镜直肠癌低位保肛术,中位手术时间为135 min,中位手术出血量为50 ml,中位术后恢复排气时间为48 h,中位术后住院时间为9d.27例患者远端切缘均未发现癌细胞,中位淋巴结清扫数目为18枚,术后发生吻合口瘘1例.结论 在经选择的适合此术式的患者中,利用直肠外翻技术的无切口腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术切实可行、安全可靠、近期疗效满意.     

低位直肠癌行保肛手术的体会

目的为提高低位直肠癌保肛手术的治疗效果,减少术后局部复发,免除因人工肛门给病人造成的痛苦。方法对５７例肿瘤位于盆底腹膜返折处或以下的低位直肠癌保肛手术进行回顾性分析。其中行Ｄｉｘｏｎ前切除术４７例,Ｂａｃｏｎ拖出术２例,Ｐａｒｋｓ结肠肛管吻合术２例,经腹骶直肠癌切除术２例,经肛门局部切除术４例。结果术后局部复发者１４例占２４．７％,局部复发中盆腔内复发９例,吻合口复发２例,腹股沟淋巴结转移１例,会阴部及坐骨直肠窝内复发２例。术后肝转移６例,肺转移２例,骨转移１例。五年无瘤生存率为６４．９％。结论对于低位直肠癌只要满足根治性手术切除的条件应尽可能争取行保肛手术。距肿瘤边缘２－３ｃｍ切断直肠是安全可靠的。强调适当扩大盆腔内切除范围是减少术后局部复发的关键。     

中低位直肠癌全系膜切除机械内吻合术的应用

目的探讨对中低位直肠癌行全直肠系膜切除并应用单钉机械吻合术行结肠-直肠行低位吻合的疗效.方法对32例中低位直肠癌实施TME原则的根治性手术,应用可重复的单钉吻合器行低位结肠-直肠端端吻合术.结果 32例均能完整切除直肠系膜,吻合口距齿状线2～5 cm者21例,2 cm以内者11例.术后1例吻合口瘘,改行Mile术后治愈.术后患者肛门括约肌功能、排尿功能良好.结论 TME术式应用可重复单钉机械吻合保肛吻合可靠,操作简单,费用少,符合肛门生理.     

结肠肛管粘膜吻合术治疗低位直肠癌42例报道

目的:探讨低位直肠癌保肛手术方法和疗效.方法:采用经腹经肛门切除中、下段直肠癌,经肛门行结肠、肛管粘膜吻合术治疗距齿线2～5cm的42例低位直肠癌.结果:全组无死亡、无吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄发生,术后随访1～11年,术后局部复发率7.1%.5年生存率85.7%,半年后肛门排便功能基本恢复正常.结论:结肠肛管粘膜吻合术是低位直肠癌合理、安全的术式.     

双吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的：评价双吻合器吻合技术在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用。方法：回顾性分析采用该技术行低位直肠癌保肛手术56例的经验。结果：56例吻合器切除圈定整。无吻合口漏、吻合口出前发生，无手术死亡。吻合口狭窄1例（1％），神经性膀胱排空障碍2例（3％），切口感染2例（3％）。结论：双吻合器吻合技术可以完成既往手法缝合无法完成的低位结肠直肠吻合术，最低位直肠癌保肛手术的理想术式。     

腹腔镜辅助直肠外翻低位直肠癌前切除27例

  目的  遵循直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(Total Mesoreetal Exeision, TME)原则的前提下, 探讨应用腹腔镜辅助直肠外翻技术完成低位直肠癌骶前切除及吻合的新方法。  方法  选择性地对2007年6月到2009年7月间收治的27例低位及超低位直肠癌患者实施腹腔镜辅助直肠癌根治术, 术中将远端直肠经肛门外翻来确定肿瘤远端切缘, 完成低位保肛术。  结果  所有27例患者手术顺利, 切缘病检阴性, 术后恢复顺利, 无吻合口漏, 随访6~31个月, 26例无瘤生存。  结论  将直肠肿物经肛门外翻确定肿瘤远端切割线的方法可以弥补腹腔镜下术者手感不足的缺点, 能够准确地确定直肠远端安全切缘, 同时还可以节省手术费用, 让更多的患者受益于腹腔镜直肠癌手术。      

双吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的　评价双吻合器吻合技术在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用。方法　回顾性分析采用该技术行低位直肠癌保肛手术 5 6例的经验。结果　 5 6例吻合器切除圈完整。无吻合口漏、吻合口出血发生 ,无手术死亡。吻合口狭窄 1例 (1% ) ,神经性膀胱排空障碍 2例 (3% ) ,切口感染 2例 (3% )。结论　双吻合器吻合技术可以完成既往手法缝合无法完成的低位结肠直肠吻合术 ,是低位直肠癌保肛手术的理想术式。     

三腔管在低位直肠癌保肛术后吻合口瘘防治中的应用

随着低位直肠癌保肛手术疗效逐渐被临床所公认和肯定 ,学者们研究出了多种保肛手术方法。作为低位直肠癌保肛手术后最常见并发症之一的吻合口瘘 ,临床效果仍不尽人意。自 1996年 10月以来 ,作者应用三腔管经肛门置入肠腔作为对 19例低位直肠癌保肛手术后吻合口瘘的防治方法 ,取得了一定效果现总结如下。1　临床资料本组男性 7例 ,女性 12例。肿瘤下缘距肛缘均在 8cm以下。其中行低位前切除 5例 ,经肛门翻出、超低位前切除 8例 ,经骶前径路直肠癌局部扩大切除 5例 ,经括约肌吻合 1例。在术后发生吻合口瘘的 8例患者中 ,除骶前常规置管引流外 …     

吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用

目的:探讨吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的使用方法及临床价值.方法: 对2001年3月至2005年12月58例低位直肠癌术中应用吻合器保留肛门的病例资料进行分析.手术方法按照直肠癌根治性切除术及直肠系膜全切除术原则,切除近端肠管至少15cm,肿瘤下缘远端2cm的直肠,应用吻合器在骶前行结-直肠端端吻合术以保留肛门. 结果: 全组病例均一次完成吻合,无1例手术死亡.吻合口狭窄2例、无吻合口瘘.随访1年～5年,复发2例.结论: 应用吻合器在低位直肠癌术中保留肛门具有操作简单、方便、安全等优点,能提高患者的生存质量.     

Laparoscopic intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer

The goal of this review is to outline some of the important surgical issues surrounding the management of patients with low rectal cancer submitted to laparoscopic intersphincteric resection (ISR). Surgery for rectal cancer continues to develop towards the ultimate goals of improved local control and overall survival, maintaining quality of life, and preserving sphincter, genitourinary, and sexual function. Nevertheless, all progress in the development of oncologic therapy (i.e., radiation and chemotherapy), radical surgical removal of the tumour is the only chance for permanent cure of rectal cancer. Beside this main objective, the preservation of faecal continence is the second-most important goal to reach an acceptable quality of life with preservation of sphincter function. Information concerning the depth of tumour penetration through the rectal wall, lymph node involvement, and presence of distant metastatic disease is of crucial importance when planning a curative rectal cancer resection. Preoperative staging is used to determine the indication for neoadjuvant therapy as well as the indication for local excision versus radical cancer resection. In appropriate patients, minimally invasive procedures, such as local excision, TEM, and laparoscopic resection with ISR allow for improved patient comfort, shorter hospital stays, and earlier return to preoperative activity level. Data from small, non-randomized studies evaluating laparoscopic ISR suggest that this procedure is feasible by experienced surgeons. A literature search identified five studies [Uchikoshi F, Nishida T, Ueshima S, Nakahara M, Matsuda H. Laparoscope-assisted anal sphincter-preserving operation preceded by transanal procedure. Tech Coloprocto 2006;10:5-9; Bretagnol F, Rullier E, Couderc P, Rullier A, Saric J. Technical and oncological feasibility of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with pouch coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer. Colorectal Disease 2003;5:451-3; Rullier E, Sa Cunha A, Couderc P, Rullier A, Gontier R, Saric J. Laparoscopic intersphincteric resection with coloplasty and coloanal anastomosis for mid and low rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 2003;90:445-51; Watanabe M, Teramoto T, Hasegawa H, Kitajima M. Laparoscopic ultralow anterior resection combined with per anum intersphincteric rectal dissection for lower rectal cancer. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 2000;43(Suppl. 10):S94-7; Miyajima N, Yamakawa T. Laparoscopic surgery for early rectal carcinoma. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1999;100:801-5]. The aim was to find those studies that documented potential clinical application of laparoscopic ISR. These studies concluded that a laparoscopic approach can be considered in most patients with low rectal cancer in which laparoscopic ISR represents a feasible alternative to conventional open surgery. Hopefully, randomized controlled trials, which utilize these alternative procedures, will in future determine the results of laparoscopic ISR in terms of sphincter function, faecal continence, disease free and overall survival. The reviewed studies concluded that high quality and less invasive surgery could be achieved if ISR and laparoscopic surgery were combined.     

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation

Laparoscopy has greatly influenced abdominal surgery. We hypothesize that the benefits of minimally invasive surgery are applicable to rectal cancer. A cadaver model of laparoscopic rectal resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) and autonomic nerve preservation was utilized to explore this hypothesis. The principles of TME were followed, including high vascular ligation, sharp mesorectal dissection, and identification and preservation of the autonomic pelvic nerves. After proving feasibility in the cadaver model, a clinical study was performed on patients with mid to low rectal cancers. We observed acceptable morbidity with this minimally invasive technique of rectal resection and TME. We conclude that there is growing evidence that laparoscopic methods can be applied to patients with rectal cancer.     

直肠癌前切除术结肠J型贮袋肛管吻合的探讨

目的 :了解结肠J型贮袋套入式缝合法在直肠癌前切除术中的应用效果。方法 :在直肠癌前切除术中 ,采用结肠J型贮袋超低位套入式缝合法 5 7例 ,结肠直肠断端吻合术 4 8例作对照。结果 :术后 2月随访 ,分析比较患者便急程度、排便不净感、大便平均次数、便频和失禁综合评定 ,结肠J型贮袋套入式缝合组优于对照组(P <0. 0 5 )。结论 :结肠J型囊重建直肠贮袋有恢复直肠功能的作用 ,不增加手术并发症 ,同时避免了因低位吻合可能发生的并发症 (如吻合口瘘 ) ,是直肠癌低位前切除术吻合的较好方法之一。     

Robotic rectal surgery: State of the art

Laparoscopic rectal surgery has demonstrated its superiority over the open approach, however it still has some technical limitations that lead to the development of robotic platforms. Nevertheless the literature on this topic is rapidly expanding there is still no consensus about benefits of robotic rectal cancer surgery over the laparoscopic one. For this reason a review of all the literature examining robotic surgery for rectal cancer was performed. Two reviewers independently conducted a search of electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) using the key words “rectum”, “rectal”, “cancer”, “laparoscopy”, “robot”. After the initial screen of 266 articles, 43 papers were selected for review. A total of 3013 patients were included in the review. The most commonly performed intervention was low anterior resection (1450 patients, 48.1%), followed by anterior resections (997 patients, 33%), ultra-low anterior resections (393 patients, 13%) and abdominoperineal resections (173 patients, 5.7%). Robotic rectal surgery seems to offer potential advantages especially in low anterior resections with lower conversions rates and better preservation of the autonomic function. Quality of mesorectum and status of and circumferential resection margins are similar to those obtained with conventional laparoscopy even if robotic rectal surgery is undoubtedly associated with longer operative times. This review demonstrated that robotic rectal surgery is both safe and feasible but there is no evidence of its superiority over laparoscopy in terms of postoperative, clinical outcomes and incidence of complications. In conclusion robotic rectal surgery seems to overcome some of technical limitations of conventional laparoscopic surgery especially for tumors requiring low and ultra-low anterior resections but this technical improvement seems not to provide, until now, any significant clinical advantages to the patients.     

腹腔镜辅助直肠前切除术后肠梗阻的分析及预防（附100例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助直肠前切除术后肠梗阻发生的主要危险因素和预防方法。方法分析100例腹腔镜辅助直肠前切除术患者的临床资料,所有病例术前无急性肠梗阻、穿孔或出血等需行急诊手术,无腹腔内广泛转移,无肺、脑或骨转移,无手术危险程度ASA（美国麻醉师协会评分）≥Ⅳ、Ⅴ级。肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离为4～20 cm,平均（8.26±3.3）cm。所有临床资料经SPSS 13.0 for windows软件包处理后用卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果 100例中无中转开腹,其中术后肠梗阻5例（发生率为5%）,发生于术后第4-13天。其中3例经保守治疗治愈。结论只要围手术期处置得当,腹腔镜手术不会增加术后肠梗阻的发生率。     

新辅助放化疗后低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏危险因素分析

目的:探讨接受新辅助放化疗的患者行腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术（low anterior resection,LAR）术后发生吻合口漏的危险因素。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究方法。收集2010年01月至2019年12月南通大学附属东台医院、苏州大学附属第一医院收治的146例cT3-4期和(或)N1-2期低位直肠癌患者临床资料。上述患者先行新辅助放化疗6~8周后行LAR术,所有肿瘤患者遵循全直肠系膜切除原则行根治性切除、低位保肛手术。根据收集的临床数据对比分析各组患者全身一般情况、肿瘤特征、检查指标及术后相关并发症发生率等,采用单因素和多因素分析方法探讨新辅助放化疗后低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的危险因素。结果:新辅助放化疗后的低位直肠癌行腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术,整体吻合口漏发生率为 10.3%。通过单因素分析法,发现吻合口漏的发生在糖尿病、BMI、术前白蛋白、预防性回肠造口、保留左结肠血管、侧方淋巴结清扫不同的分组中存在差异（P均＜0.05）。进一步行Logistic回归多因素分析发现BMI(OR=1.172,95％CI:1.012～1.357,P=0.034）,术前白蛋白(OR=1.883,95％CI:1.001～3.993,P=0.037）,侧方淋巴结清扫(OR=10.353,95％CI:1.513~70.846,P=0.017）是术后发生吻合口漏的独立危险因素。结论:新辅助放化疗后低位直肠癌术后发生吻合口漏与患者的血糖水平、BMI指数、白蛋白、预防性回肠造口、保留左结肠血管、侧方淋巴结清扫等因素相关。对于肥胖、低蛋白血症、行侧方淋巴结清扫等危险因素的患者而言,术后发生吻合口漏的风险将增高;行预防性回肠造口、保留左结肠血管的患者吻合口漏的发生率可显著降低。     

Sphincter preservation in rectal cancer

Opinion statement Distal rectal cancer poses two challenges to the oncologist: local tumor control and sphincter preservation. The abdominoperineal resection (APR), long considered the standard treatment of tumors with a distal edge located up to 6 cm from the anal verge, provides local control in many patients but results in sphincter loss with a permanent colostomy. This is a critical limitation. Consequently, there has been significant interest in sphincter-conserving approaches, frequently combining chemoradiation with surgery. These approaches have evolved along two fronts. For patients with small rectal cancers confined to the rectal wall, local excision techniques with and without chemoradiation may offer comparable local control and survival rates as an APR and preserve sphincter function. For patients with larger and more invasive tumors of the distal rectum where local excision is inappropriate, preoperative chemoradiation promotes tumor regression and may facilitate a resection sparing the sphincter with a coloanal anastomosis. Preliminary results from single institution studies appear promising. In both these settings (favorable and more invasive rectal cancer), chemoradiation is employed to compensate for the limitations of the sphincter-preserving surgical technique. In local excision procedures, the excision margins are invariably small, and the mesorectum (lymphatics, soft tissue) surrounding the tumor is not excised. For patients undergoing resection with coloanal anastomosis, there are narrow radial and distal surgical margins. With these approaches of chemoradiation and sphinctersparing surgery, satisfactory local control and survival with avoidance of colostomy are possible for many patients with distal rectal cancer.     

Low anterior resection: alternative anastomotic techniques

Low anterior resection (LAR), with its numerous technical modifications, is one of the most commonly performed operations for rectal cancer. In the past, patients with locally advanced distal rectal cancer were most frequently treated by abdominoperineal resection and permanent colostomy. However, over the past two decades and with improved understanding of tumor biology and refinement in technique, use of LAR to treat rectal cancer has increased substantially. Yet, despite the significant increase in LAR and sphincter preservation, patients in many areas of the country have little access to these techniques and continue to commonly be treated with abdominoperineal resection. This article examines the surgeon's unique and critical role in the pretreatment evaluation and decisions leading to choice of surgical therapy for locally invasive distal rectal cancer. In particular, the authors focus on technical aspects to preserve the anal sphincter, and review methods to optimize functional outcomes in the setting of low pelvic anastomosis.     

腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后吻合口瘘的危险因素与对策

目的：吻合口瘘为直肠癌保肛手术后严重的并发症之一,增加和患者的痛苦和经济负担。腹腔镜直肠癌根治术已经发展为主流术式,因此研究此术式下吻合口瘘的危险因素显得尤为重要。本研究探讨腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘的危险因素及吻合口瘘的防治办法,以期提高腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术的综合效果,降低吻合口瘘的发生率。方法回顾性分析2010-01-01—2015-06-30北京大学第九临床医学院行腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术160例患者的临床资料,总结患者性别、年龄、伴有糖尿病、体质量指数、肿瘤最大直径、术前血红蛋白、术前血白蛋白、病理结果、术中出血量、手术时间、离断血管水平、预防性造口、手术方式、肿瘤下极距齿状线距离和新辅助放化疗的情况,统计吻合口瘘的发生情况,并进行单因素和 Logistic 多因素回归分析。分析吻合口瘘的相关危险因素及处理措施和效果。结果吻合口瘘发生率为8．75％（14／160）。单因素分析显示,腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘组与未发生瘘组在患者体质量指数（χ2＝4．974,P ＝0．026）、术前白蛋白水平（χ2＝5．749,P ＝0．016）、超低位保肛（χ2＝8．270,P ＝0．004）、手术方式（χ2＝10．27,P ＝0．001）和新辅助放化疗（χ2＝7．540,P ＝0．006）方面,差异有统计学意义。Logistic 多因素回归分析结果显示,体质量指数（OR＝22．156）、吻合口距齿状线距离（OR＝9．742）、手术方式（OR＝6．161）和新辅助放化疗（OR＝19．045）是腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘的独立危险因子。经采取充分引流、静脉使用生长抑素、双套管冲洗及回肠或横结肠造口等方法进行处理后,吻合口瘘均痊愈。结论体质量指数、吻合口距齿状线距离、手术方式和新辅助放化疗等是腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘的独立危险因子。对伴有独立危险因子病例采取预防性造口,可以降低非计划二次手术的概率,减轻瘘的程度,缩短瘘的愈合时间。围手术期采取适当措施,可有效降低吻合口瘘的发生率。