盘状结构域受体2在肿瘤微环境中的作用研究进展

盘状结构域受体2(DDR2)是一种被胶原纤维激活的受体酪氨酸激酶（RTK），近年来研究发现，DDR2在多种肿瘤及其宿主肿瘤环境细胞中表达升高并且能够影响肿瘤的转移。肿瘤微环境（TME）作为肿瘤赖以生存的环境，在肿瘤的发生及进展过程中发挥着重要的作用。研究表明，DDR2通过与TME中的细胞及非细胞成分相互作用促进肿瘤的生长、增殖、侵袭及转移。全文对DDR2在TME中的作用进行综述，以探讨DDR2作为肿瘤基因治疗这一潜在治疗靶点的应用前景。     

细胞间隙连接通讯、连接蛋白与肿瘤的抑制

细胞间隙连接通讯(gap junction intercellular communication．GJIC)是多细胞生物体内普遍存在的一种通讯方式，在肿瘤的发生、发展和组织自身稳定的维持中具有重要作用。近年的研究显示，肿瘤和转化细胞中普遍存在GJIC的缺陷。本文通过对GJIC的生物学特性及GJIC、连接蛋白基因家族抑瘤作用的文献回顾．旨在探讨细胞间隙连接通讯、连接蛋白在肿瘤抑制中的重要作用。     

Egr-1基因上游信号级联通路与肿瘤放射治疗相关的研究进展

转录调控基因Egr-1与细胞的多项生命活动相关，并在肿瘤的发生发展中具有一定作用，现就Egr-1基因上游信号级联及其在肿瘤及肿瘤放射治疗中的意义进行综述。     

78例大肠肿瘤中p53、FHIT的表达及临床意义

p53基因及脆性组氨酸三联体蛋白(fragile histidine triad FHIT)基因在大肠肿瘤“腺瘤—癌”的多阶段发生模式中起着重要作用^[1～2]。野生型p53蛋白是细胞增殖、分化及凋亡中的关键调节因子^[3]p53基因错义突变、产生变异蛋白、抑制细胞凋亡^[4]、促进细胞增殖，而发挥促癌作用。FHIT表达于大多数正常组织中。其基因结构及表达异常见于多种类型的肿瘤组织中^[5]。本文应用免疫组化方法，检测p53及FHIT在大肠肿瘤中的表达，以探讨p53及FHIT在大肠肿瘤所起的作用及临床意义。     

c—FLIP与肿瘤相关性研究进展

近年来，伴随着分子生物学、免疫学等前沿学科的迅猛发展，从细胞的分子水平来探讨肿瘤的发生发展机制已逐渐成为一新的研究领域，这其中人们发现正常的细胞凋亡通路发生异常改变常常是肿瘤发生发展过程中的一个重要环节，该文回顾了近年来发现的一种与细胞凋亡及肿瘤发生发展密切相关的细胞因子-c—FLIP，在肿瘤中的作用机制，与肿瘤发生发展的相互关系及其运用于肿瘤治疗的实验性研究等方面的研究进展。     

细胞连接蛋白及其基因与肿瘤关系研究进展

细胞间隙连接蛋白(Cx)是细胞间隙连接的重要成分，也是细胞生长、增殖和分化调节过程中的重要成员，其基因被认为是抑癌基因。Cx代谢异常时将导致肿瘤的发生和转移。现综述Cx及其基因在肿瘤发生发展中的作用机制、肿瘤细胞转染Cx基因后正常化逆转机制及肿瘤的连接蛋白基因治疗现状。     

整合素αvβ6在卵巢癌中的作用

整合素是一类介导细胞与细胞外基质及细胞与细胞间黏附的细胞黏附分子受体，αvβ6是整合素家族的一员，参与肿瘤的发生、发展与转移。这种作用可能是通过影响肿瘤细胞与细胞外基质黏附、细胞外基质水解、诱导肿瘤血管生成、调节肿瘤细胞凋亡等作用而实现的。深入研究αvβ6在卵巢癌中的表达与功能，有助于进一步认识卵巢癌侵袭转移的分子机制，有可能为恶性肿瘤的诊断和预后判断提供新的指标．为开发肿瘤治疗新思路提供了理论依据。     

肿瘤免疫治疗中嗜酸性粒细胞作用的研究进展

嗜酸性粒细胞是进化上相对保守的多效性白细胞。嗜酸性粒细胞可浸润于多种肿瘤组织，合成和分泌大量可溶介质和效应分子，抑制肿瘤细胞生长、直接对肿瘤细胞造成杀伤作用。还可作为抗原提呈细胞促进T细胞发挥抗肿瘤效应、作为免疫功能的调节细胞改善肿瘤特异性CD8⁺T细胞的浸润，以及促进肿瘤血管正常化抑制肿瘤的发生发展，从而间接对肿瘤细胞造成杀伤作用。同时有研究发现，嗜酸性粒细胞可通过塑造肿瘤组织免疫微环境影响肿瘤免疫治疗的结局，如在非霍奇金淋巴瘤等血液肿瘤以及在胃癌、结直肠癌、黑色素瘤和非小细胞肺癌等实体肿瘤的免疫治疗中发挥着重要作用。嗜酸性粒细胞有望成为未来评估相关肿瘤患者免疫治疗预后的生物标志物。深入探究嗜酸性粒细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用机制，有望为肿瘤治疗及预后评估提供新策略、新方法。     

microRNAs调控肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的研究进展

肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（tumor associated fibroblasts, TAFs）是肿瘤微环境中的重要成员之一，通过调控自身细胞因子的分泌水平和直接的细胞-细胞相互作用在恶性肿瘤的发生发展中扮演重要角色，而微小RNA（microRNA，miRNA）对TAFs活化和肿瘤进展有重要作用。本文综述了TAFs的基本特性、miRNA对TAFs的调控及其在肿瘤进展中的作用。     

过氧化物酶Peroxiredoxin家族与肿瘤关系研究进展

研究表明，活性氧参与很多细胞代谢通路与信号转导途径，并被证实在许多疾病特别是肿瘤的发生中起重要作用。Peroxiredoxins（Prdxs）家族是一类具有过氧化氢酶活性的抗氧化蛋白，广泛存在于原核生物和真核生物中。越来越多的证据显示Prdxs家族与肿瘤有关。本文将重点综述Prdxs蛋白在肿瘤中的表达、与肿瘤分化、侵袭、转移、复发与预后的关系、对肿瘤所起抑制及保护作用的机制以及在肿瘤治疗中的应用。     

微小RNA与肿瘤诊断

微小RNA (miRNA)能在转录后水平调节mRNA表达。miRNA与胃肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌和肝癌等多种肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关,而且很多miRNA在肿瘤中表达水平明显异常。miRNA可作为一种标志物用于多种肿瘤的诊断。     

微小RNA与肿瘤诊断

微小RNA（miRNA）能在转录后水平调节mRNA表达。miRNA与胃肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌和肝癌等多种肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关,而且很多miRNA在肿瘤中表达水平明显异常。miRNA可作为一种标志物用于多种肿瘤的诊断。     

Atrasentan: a novel and rationally designed therapeutic alternative in the management of cancer

Endothelin axis deregulation triggers a series of events that ultimately activate proliferation, invasion, escape from programmed cell death, new vessel formation, abnormal osteogenesis and alteration of nociceptive stimuli. Atrasentan is a novel agent that effectively targets this pathway and is able to inhibit and/or reverse several of those events. Biologic and clinical activity in patients with prostate cancer has been demonstrated in a Phase III, placebo-controlled setting by the suppression of markers of biochemical prostate cancer progression and a delay in time to disease progression. Atrasentan represents a new therapeutic option in the management of prostate cancer, especially in those patients with bone metastases. However, its precise role in other diseases such as ovarian cancer is yet to be defined.     

Atrasentan: a novel and rationally designed therapeutic alternative in the management of cancer

Endothelin axis deregulation triggers a series of events that ultimately activate proliferation, invasion, escape from programmed cell death, new vessel formation, abnormal osteogenesis and alteration of nociceptive stimuli. Atrasentan is a novel agent that effectively targets this pathway and is able to inhibit and/or reverse several of those events. Biologic and clinical activity in patients with prostate cancer has been demonstrated in a Phase III, placebo-controlled setting by the suppression of markers of biochemical prostate cancer progression and a delay in time to disease progression. Atrasentan represents a new therapeutic option in the management of prostate cancer, especially in those patients with bone metastases. However, its precise role in other diseases such as ovarian cancer is yet to be defined.     

Targeting cancer stem cells: a new therapy to cure cancer patients

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been defined as cells within tumor that possess the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. They have been identified in blood, breast, brain, colon, melanoma, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, lung cancers and so on. It is often considered to be associated with chemo-resistance and radio-resistance that lead to the failure of traditional therapies. Most therapies are directed at the fast growing tumor mass but not the slow dividing cancer stem cells. Eradicating cancer stem cells, the root of cancer origin and recurrence, has been thought as a promising approach to improve cancer survival or even to cure cancer patients. Understanding the characteristics of cancer stem cells will help to develop novel therapies to eliminate the initiating cancer stem cell, and the relevant patents on the cancer stem cell and cancer therapy by cancer stem cells will be discussed.     

Targeting apoptosis pathways by Celecoxib in cancer

Celecoxib is a paradigmatic selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This anti-inflammatory drug has potent anti-tumor activity in a wide variety of human epithelial tumor types, such as colorectal, breast, non-small cell lung, and prostate cancers. Up to now, the drug found application in cancer prevention in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Moreover, the use of Celecoxib is currently tested in the prevention and treatment of pancreatic, breast, ovarian, non-small cell lung cancer and other advanced human epithelial cancers.     

PARP Inhibitors for BRCA1/2 mutation-associated and BRCA-like malignancies

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) have shown promising activity in patients with BRCA1/2 mutation-associated (BRCA1/2^MUT+) ovarian and breast cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that PARPi may have a wider application in the treatment of sporadic high-grade serous ovarian cancer, and cancers defective in DNA repair pathways, such as prostate, endometrial, and pancreatic cancers. Several PARPis are currently in phase 1/2 clinical investigation, with registration trials now being designed. Olaparib, one of the most studied PARPis, has demonstrated activity in BRCA1/2^MUT+ and BRCA-like sporadic ovarian and breast cancers, and looks promising in prostate and pancreatic cancers. Understanding more about the molecular abnormalities involved in BRCA-like tumors, exploring novel therapeutic trial strategies and drug combinations, and defining potential predictive biomarkers, is critical to rapidly advancing the field of PARPi therapy and improve clinical outcomes.     

E26转化特异性同源因子EHF/ESE3在肿瘤中的研究进展

E26转化特异性同源因子[ETS（E26 transformation-specific）homologous factor，EHF]属于ETS家族转录因子。EHF广泛存在于细胞核内，能够单独或与其他效应分子形成转录复合物，增强或抑制下游靶基因的转录，参与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、衰老等过程。EHF在前列腺癌、胰腺癌、食管癌及结肠癌中发挥抑癌作用，在口腔鳞癌、胃癌、卵巢癌、甲状腺癌、头颈部鳞癌及乳腺癌中发挥促癌作用。在免疫微环境方面，EHF可影响肿瘤细胞相关免疫因子的表达进而对微环境中调节性T细胞、骨髓来源的抑制细胞以及树突细胞产生调控作用。近年来，EHF在肿瘤以及免疫微环境中的病理生理功能越来越受到关注，本文就EHF结构、功能及作用机制的相关研究进展做一综述，以期为肿瘤治疗提供新的靶标及分子预测标记。      

IFT80蛋白对肿瘤影响的研究

  目的  探讨IFT80（intraflagellar transport 80）蛋白在骨癌、肺癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、小肠癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌和卵巢癌组织的表达分布情况与癌细胞增殖中的作用。  方法  免疫组织化学研究IFT80的表达,免疫荧光和细胞培养研究抑制IFT80后对癌细胞增殖的影响和纤毛之间的关系。  结果  1）IFT80在胃癌和肺癌组织中高表达,乳腺癌和小肠癌组织中中等表达,骨癌和卵巢癌组织中少量表达,前列腺癌和胰腺癌组织中几乎不表达;2）抑制IFT80后发现肺癌细胞增殖加快,纤毛减少变短;3）高分化,Ⅱ A期胃癌和正常胃组织中IFT80蛋白大量表达,而在低分化晚期,几乎不表达,在其他不同分化的胃癌中不同程度表达。  结论  在不同癌组织中IFT80分布情况不一致。IFT80分布在细胞纤毛上,通过其表达的减少来调节纤毛的数量和长短参与癌细胞的增殖,故在严重癌组织中含量最低。      

Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: Review of the epidemiological evidence

Diabetes mellitus and cancer are diseases of epidemic proportions across the globe. These diseases are influenced by many factors, both genetic and environmental. A possible association between diabetes and cancer risk has long been speculated. Increased incidence of several cancers has been observed in diabetes patients, notably pancreatic, hepatic, colorectal, breast, urinary tract, and endometrial cancers. In contrast, a decreased incidence of prostate cancer is observed in diabetes patients, implying a protective effect. Precise knowledge of the complex associations and interactions between these two conditions is of great importance for their prevention and treatment. Multiple potential mechanisms have been proposed, but they have tended to be site‐specific. Possible common mechanisms for a biological link between diabetes and cancer include hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and inflammation. Today, 366 million people live with diabetes globally, and this figure is expected to increase. Thus, if diabetes is associated with even a small increase in cancer risk, this may have important consequences at the population level. The aim of this review is to summarize recent epidemiological evidence of an association between diabetes and total cancer and specific sites of cancer, and to consider causal associations between these diseases. (Cancer Sci 2013; 104: 9–14)