罗比卡因硬膜外腔阻滞在分娩镇痛中的应用

目的　观察不同浓度罗比卡因应用于分娩镇痛的安全性与有效性 ,并与布比卡因进行比较。方法　选择足月、单胎、头位初产妇 88例 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,其中自愿接受分娩镇痛 48例 ,随机分为四组 (n =12 ) :(1) 0 2 %布比卡因 (B组 ) ;(2 ) 0 2 %罗比卡因 (R组 ) ;(3) 0 1%罗比卡因 +芬太尼 2 μg/ml间断注药 (RF组 ) ;(4) 0 1%罗比卡因 +芬太尼 2 μg/ml持续用药 (RFC组 )。对照组 40例未行分娩镇痛。于产程进展宫口开至 3cm时 ,行硬膜外腔穿刺置管 ,首次剂量 8～ 12ml。B组、R组和RF组按需追加 5～ 8ml/次 ,RFC组在给首量后半小时 ,用输液泵将维持量以 5～ 7ml/h持续硬膜外腔输注至宫口开全停药。结果　行分娩镇痛各组产妇用药后VAS评分均明显降低 ,感觉减退平面均在T10 以下 (T10 ～S4 ) ,Bromage评分均为 0级。罗比卡因各组宫口扩张速率和胎头下降速率较快。对产程和分娩方式和母胎均无明显影响。联合用药可减少局麻药用量。结论　罗比卡因应用于分娩镇痛对产程影响较小 ,联合用药更加优越 ,持续输注实施简便     

不同浓度罗比卡因伍用芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛

目的　采用不同浓度的罗比卡因伍用小剂量芬太尼作硬膜外分娩镇痛 ,探讨较适宜的药物浓度 (RP)。方法　选择足月、单胎头位初产妇 12 0例 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,随机分成四组 ,每组 30例。所用药物 :A组 0 0 75 %罗比卡因 ;B组 0 12 5 %罗比卡因 ;C组 0 2 %罗比卡因 ,每组均加 2 μg/ml芬太尼 ;D组为对照组 ,未行分娩镇痛 ,于产程进展宫口开 3cm时 ,行硬膜外腔穿刺置管 ,首次剂量 8～ 12ml;30min后 ,连接PCA泵 ,维持量为 5～ 12ml/h持续硬膜外腔输注至宫口开全停药 ,PCA剂量 4ml,锁定时间 2 0min。用视觉模拟评分 (VAS)和改良Bromage评分评估镇痛、运动神经阻滞情况 ,观察记录各组产妇的生命体征、产程时间、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分。 结果A、B、C与D组相比 ,产妇用药后VAS评分均明显降低 ,且A、B、C组第一产程均较对照组明显缩短 (P <0 0 1)。但A组的镇痛效果欠佳 ,VAS评分高于B、C组 (P <0 0 1)。C组的难产率较高 ,与对照组相比有显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。B组镇痛效果最满意。宫口扩张速度和胎头下降速度较快 ,分娩中产妇的BP、HR、RR平稳 ,对产程和分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分均无明显影响 ,联合用药可减少局麻药用量。结论　 0 12 5 %罗比卡因伍以芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛对产程影响小 ,镇痛效果确     

不同浓度罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于程控硬膜外间歇脉冲注入分娩镇痛的效果

目的通过应用程控硬膜外间歇脉冲注入技术,观察给予不同浓度的罗哌卡因复合芬太尼组合进行分娩镇痛的效果及其安全性。方法分娩产妇72例,年龄22～38岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为0.075%罗哌卡因组(R0.075组),0.1%罗哌卡因组(R0.1组)和0.125%罗哌卡因组(R0.125),R0.075组给予0.075%罗哌卡因组复合芬太尼1μg/ml,R0.1组给予0.1%罗哌卡因组复合芬太尼1μg/ml, R0.125组给予0.125%罗哌卡因组复合芬太尼1μg/ml,三组均应用程控硬膜外间歇脉冲注入技术进行分娩镇痛。记录所有产妇镇痛前(T_0)、镇痛后10 min(T_1)、镇痛后30 min(T_2)、镇痛后1 h(T_3)、镇痛后2 h(T_4)、宫口开全时(T_5)、胎儿娩出时(T_6)的VAS评分和下肢运动神经阻滞程度(Bromage)评分。记录新生儿体重和胎心率。记录新生儿出生后1、5 min的Apgar评分和24 h新生儿神经行为学(NBNA)评分。记录产妇镇痛时间和在镇痛期间恶心呕吐、低血压发热、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发生情况和产妇满意度评分。结果 T_1—T_6时R0.075组VAS评分明显高于R0.1组和R0.125组(P0.05)。T_0—T_6时R0.075组和R0.1组Bromage评分明显明显低于R0.125组(P0.05)。三组新生儿体重、胎心率、出生后1、5 min的Apgar评分和NBNA评分比较差异均无统计学意义。三组恶心呕吐、低血压、发热、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应差异无统计学意义。R0.1组产妇满意度明显高于R0.075组和R0.125组(P0.05)。结论与0.075%罗哌卡因和0.125%罗哌卡因的镇痛比较,通过程控硬膜外间歇脉冲注入技术应用0.1%罗哌卡因复合1μg/ml芬太尼具有更佳的分娩镇痛效果,且不增加不良反应。     

剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛对产妇泌乳的影响

目的　观察剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛产妇的泌乳状况及对血清泌乳素 (PRL)的影响。方法　足月初产妇 90例均分为三组 :Ⅰ组剖宫产术后采用硬膜外芬太尼、布比卡因自控镇痛(PCEA) ;Ⅱ组为剖宫术后非镇痛 ;Ⅲ组为阴道自然分娩。采用放射免疫法测定血清泌乳素 (PRL)浓度 ,视觉模拟评分法 (VAS)估计镇痛效果 ,随访 72小时。结果　镇痛组VAS明显低于非镇痛组 (P<0 0 1) ;镇痛组初乳时间明显早于非镇痛组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;三组病人产后PRL较产前明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ,镇痛组术后 2 4、48小时PRL明显高于非镇痛组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　剖宫产术后采用芬太尼、布比卡因硬膜外PCEA ,镇痛效果确切 ,能增加PRL分泌 ,促进早泌乳     

不同浓度罗哌卡因用于全产程硬膜外分娩镇痛的疗效观察

目的比较不同浓度罗哌卡因用于不同产程硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果。方法选择要求硬膜外分娩镇痛的初产妇360例,随机分为3组(n=120)。所有患者在完成硬膜外腔置管后,硬膜外腔注射负荷剂量局麻药(0.1%罗哌卡因+2μg/ml芬太尼),阻滞平面达T_(10)后接PCA泵行PCEA。A组PCA采用0.1%罗哌卡因+2μg/ml芬太尼,宫口开全时停止PCA。B组PCA采用0.1%罗哌卡因+2μg/ml芬太尼全产程镇痛。C组PCA采用0.08%罗哌卡因+2μg/ml芬太尼全产程镇痛。观察产妇镇痛前(T_0)、镇痛后1小时(T_1)、2小时(T_2)、3小时(T_3)、宫口开全时(T_4)、分娩时(T_5)、会阴部修复时(T_6)VAS评分;采用Bromage评分评价运动阻滞程度;记录产程时间、镇痛时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、满意度评分及不良反应的发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,B、C两组产妇T_1~T_6时点VAS评分较低,A组T_1~T_5时点VAS评分较低(P0.05)。与A组比较,B、C两组产妇T_6时点VAS评分较低;产妇对分娩镇痛效果满意度较高(P0.05)。3组产妇第一产程时间、第一产程镇痛时间、第二产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、Bromage评分及不良反应差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论全产程硬膜外分娩镇痛效果优于第一产程分娩镇痛,而0.08%罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于全产程分娩镇痛具有较好的效果与安全性。     

右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因在产妇硬膜外分娩镇痛中的效果

目的评价右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因用于产妇自控硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果以及对产后泌乳和新生儿的影响。方法选择自愿要求分娩镇痛单胎足月妊娠产妇79例,年龄22~36岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为3组:0.1%罗哌卡因组(R组,n=26)、0.1%罗哌卡复合2μg/ml芬太尼组(RF组,n=27)和0.1%罗哌卡复合2μg/ml右美托咪定组(RD组,n=26)。记录分娩镇痛前(T_0)、注射负荷量后10min(T_1)、30min(T_2)及宫口开全时(T3)的VAS疼痛评分,并记录注射负荷量后30min的Bromage分级和Ramsay镇静评分。记录新生儿Apgar评分以及恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应情况。分别于分娩镇痛前、胎儿娩出时、娩出后2h抽取产妇静脉血离心分离并测定催乳素(PRL)浓度,记录泌乳始动时间。结果与R组比较,T_1—T3时RF和RD组产妇VAS疼痛评分明显降低(P0.05)。与RF组比较,R组和RD组的嗜睡、瘙痒发生率明显降低(P0.05)。与R组比较,RF和RD组胎儿娩生后2h时血清PRL浓度明显升高,产后泌乳始动时间明显提前(P0.05)。三组产妇Bromage分级和Ramsay镇静评分差异无统计学意义。新生儿1min、5min Apgar评分差异无统计学意义。结论右美托咪定2μg/ml复合0.1%罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛时镇痛效果好,产妇满意度高,不良反应发生率低,对新生儿无明显不良影响,可促进催乳素分泌,产后泌乳始动时间提前。     

不同浓度罗比卡因术后硬膜外镇痛效果的观察

目的 比较三种不同浓度罗比卡因伍用芬太尼及氟哌利多用于术后硬膜外镇痛效果。方法 60例择期下肢手术病人,随机分为0.25％罗比卡因组(Ⅰ组)、0.20％罗比卡因组(Ⅱ组)和0.15％罗比卡因组(Ⅲ组),均复合芬太尼(5μg／ml)和氟哌利多(0.025mg／ml),硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA),速率2ml／h。以VAS评分比较三组术后PCEA的镇痛效果,Bromage评分评定运动阻滞情况。结果 术后6、12、24和48h VAS评分,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组;Bromage评分Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组。无明显不良反应。结论 0.20％罗比卡因复合芬太尼和氟哌利多对下肢手术病人术后镇痛效果确切,适合临床应用。     

硬膜外罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼或芬太尼用于潜伏期分娩镇痛

目的探讨硬膜外罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼或芬太尼用于潜伏期分娩镇痛的镇痛效果。方法选择自愿要求分娩镇痛的初产妇120例,随机均分为罗哌卡因+舒芬太尼0.5μg/ml组(S组)和罗哌卡因+芬太尼1.5μg/ml组(F组)。潜伏期宫口开大2cm,规律宫缩时开始硬膜外分娩镇痛,背景输注10ml/h,单次PCA剂量5ml,锁定时间30min。观察记录各时点疼痛VAS评分、产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、产后出血量、缩宫素使用情况、产妇满意度及不良反应等。结果宫口开大3、5、8、10cm时S组疼痛VAS评分明显低于F组(P0.05);两组间产程时间、剖宫产率和器械助产率差异无统计学意义;两组新生儿出生5min时Apgar评分、缩宫素使用率、产后出血量差异无统计学意义;两组头晕、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于潜伏期硬膜外分娩镇痛安全有效,不良反应少。     

罗哌卡因-芬太尼用于硬膜外和腰-硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛效果及安全性

目的比较罗哌卡因-芬太尼用于硬膜外阻滞(CEA)和腰-硬联合阻滞(CSEA)行分娩镇痛的临床效果及安全性。方法自愿接受分娩镇痛足月、单胎、头位初产妇40例,宫口扩张3～5cm时随机分为CEA组和CSEA组;无分娩镇痛的产妇为对照组(C组)。CEA组以0.1%罗哌卡因+芬太尼(2μg/ml)5ml为试验剂量,随后注入上述药物10ml。CSEA组蛛网膜下腔给予罗哌卡因2mg+芬太尼10μg。两组采用0.1%罗哌卡因+芬太尼2μg/ml硬膜外PCA。记录镇痛评分、下肢肌力、产程、分娩方式、药物用量、产妇满意度和新生儿1、5minApgar评分、脐带血罗哌卡因浓度。结果镇痛后5～30min,CSEA组VAS显著低于CEA组(P0.05);CSEA组罗哌卡因及芬太尼用量较CEA组明显减少(P0.05);两组脐带血罗哌卡因浓度差异无统计学意义。CSEA组和CEA组第一产程短于C组(P0.05)。与C组比较,CSEA组和CEA组自然分娩率较高,催产素使用率较高(P0.05)。与CEA组比较,CSEA组镇痛起效时间较短、催产素使用率较低,自然分娩率和产妇满意度更高(P0.05)。结论罗哌卡因-芬太尼用于CSEA和CEA均能提供满意且安全的分娩镇痛。CSEA因起效快、药物用量少、产妇满意度高而更适合分娩镇痛。     

罗比卡因硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的:研究低浓度罗比卡因病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)行分娩镇痛的效果.方法:选择109例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、头位、单胎足月妊娠的初产妇行PCEA(分娩镇痛组).另选100例条件相仿但不给予硬膜外阻滞的自然分娩产妇为对照组.分娩镇痛组给予0.1%罗比卡因+芬太尼(1μg/ml),PCEA基础注药速率为6ml/h,冲击量为2ml,锁定时间为10分钟.进行视觉模拟镇痛评分(VAS)和下肢运动神经阻滞评分(MBS).记录产程时间、生产方式.监测胎儿心率(FHR)、新生儿Apgar评分和SpO2.结果:分娩镇痛组用药后15～30分钟均感到无痛或只感到轻度可耐受的疼痛(VAS评分0.6±0.8).分娩镇痛组产妇MBS在镇痛前后无统计学差异(P＞0.05),所有产妇均能下床活动.分娩镇痛组产妇第一产程时间为464.9±173.5分钟,短于对照组第一产程时间(P＜0.05).分娩镇痛组第二产程时间为48.4±21.8分钟,对照组为46.7±20.6分钟,两组无统计学差异(P＞0.05).分娩镇痛组新生儿1、5分钟Apgar评分和SpO2与对照组无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:低浓度罗比卡因分娩镇痛效果确切,对运动神经阻滞轻,不影响产程及新生儿,是目前分娩镇痛较理想的方法.     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。