志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药

目的探讨DNA旋转酶A亚单位（gyrA）和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ C亚单位（parC）基因突变与志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA、parC基因并挑选11株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序,分析突变位点与药敏结果的关系。结果11株扩增片段测序结果显示,9株耐萘啶酸菌均在gyrA83位发生有意义突变TCG（Ser）→TTG（Leu）,宋内志贺菌未发生parC基因突变,5株耐萘啶酸、诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星中介敏感福氏志贺菌在parC80位发生有意义突变AGC（Ser）→ATc（Ile）。结论志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药严重,福氏志贺菌比宋内志贺菌更耐此类药物,靶酶基因突变是其耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一,gyrA Ser83→Leu突变是导致志贺菌临床株对萘啶酸耐药的关键突变。parC基因突变在gyrA基因突变的基础上才会发生,parC突变可能引起诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星不敏感。     

宋内志贺菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药性研究

目的 检测宋内志贺菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药情况,探讨染色体介导DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)和拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因突变或(和)质粒介导qnrA基因存在与宋内志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性.方法 用K-B纸片扩散法对58株宋内志贺菌进行耐药性检测;PCR法检测宋内志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)相关gyrA、parC基因,并根据药敏结果 挑选5株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序;PCR法扩增qnrA基因片段.分析宋内志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变或(和)qnrA基因存在与喹诺酮类药物耐药性的关系.结果 宋内志贺菌对萘啶酸的耐药率高达94.8%.58株宋内志贺菌中,8株检出qnrA基因,5株测序gyrA、parC基因的菌株中,4株萘啶酸耐药菌株均在gyrA 83位发生有义突变TCG(Ser)→TTG(Leu),但未发生parC基因突变,gyrA基因突变菌株对萘啶酸全耐药.qnrA基因阳性菌株对5种喹诺酮类药物抑菌圈中位数比较都缩小;对NAL、氧氟沙星的耐药率高于qnrA基因阴性菌株(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义.结论 gyrA Ser83分→Leu突变是导致宋内志贺菌临床分离株对喹诺酮类药物耐药的关键突变,宋内志贺菌若携带质粒介导qnrA基因则会导致对喹诺酮类药物的敏感性下降,若两者同存也可引起喹诺酮类药物耐药增强,除萘啶酸耐药外对其他喹诺酮类药物也可呈中介.     

耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌gyrA/gyrB/parC/parE基因突变研究

目的了解耐氟喹诺酮大肠埃希菌gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因突变情况。方法用Kirby—Bauer琼脂扩散法筛选耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌;采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）对gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因进行扩增,并进行PCR扩增产物直接双向测序,分析上述基因突变情况。结果PCR扩增耐菌株gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因,获得目的片段,测序结果显示,氟喹诺酮耐药基因突变集中在gyrA基因83、87位ser→Leu、Asp→Asn突变;parC基因55位Ser→Leu突变,部分菌株尚存在62位Gln→Glu第二突变点;未发现gyrB、parE突变。结论靶位点gyrA和parC的改变,是本地大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类耐药的主要机制。     

宋内志贺菌的基因突变与氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性的关系

目的探讨染色体介导DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶基因突变与宋内志贺菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药的相关性。方法用微量肉汤稀释法对36株宋内志贺菌进行耐药表型检测;PCR法检测喹诺酮耐药决定区相关基因gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE,并对产物进行基因序列分析。结果 36株志贺菌对萘啶酸、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为75.0%、30.5%、36.1%、16.7%;测序结果显示gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE的突变率为90.9%、45.5%、66.7%和24.2%。结论宋内志贺菌的gyrA基因突变是喹诺酮类药物耐药的重要机制,gyrA和parC的基因突变有协同作用,是引起细菌对氟喹诺酮类药物高水平耐药的重要因素。     

喹诺酮类耐药福氏志贺菌的相关耐药基因研究

目的了解2010—2014年上海市各区县医院139株福氏志贺菌的耐药性,探讨福氏志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法用纸片扩散法测定菌株对14种抗菌药物的敏感性,用环丙沙星E试验条测定其最低抑菌浓度;采用PCR法检测DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)、拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因的喹诺酮类药物耐药决定区(QRDR),同时对质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药(PMQR)基因qnrA、qnrB、qnrS和氨基糖苷乙酰转移酶变异基因aac(6')-Ib-cr进行筛选。扩增产物进行DNA测序。结果福氏志贺菌对氨苄西林、链霉素、四环素、萘啶酸的耐药率都达到了90%以上,对环丙沙星的耐药率达到了40.3%,同时有30.2%菌株对头孢吡肟产生了耐药。gyrA和parC基因的突变率分别为98.6%和97.8%。gyrA基因存在Ser83、Asp87和His211 3个位点的突变,parC基因只检测到Ser80 1个位点的突变;共检测到9株qnrS和6株aac(6')-Ib-cr喹诺酮耐药质粒。结论上海地区福氏志贺菌耐药情况严重。QRDR相关基因突变率高,Asp87的突变对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药起着主导作用,而耐药质粒起着重要的辅助作用。     

gyrA和parC介导的铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星耐药机制研究

目的了解十堰地区耐氟喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌(PA)的药敏情况及gyrA和parC基因突变情况。方法用Vitek32对110株PA进行鉴定和药敏检测,对临床常用抗生素的药敏情况进行分析,琼脂稀释法测定60株耐环丙沙星(CIP)的PA对CIP的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),限制性长度多态性分析法(PCR-RFLP)检测耐CIP的PAgyrA和parC基因突变情况。结果耐药菌株对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率最高(68.3%)。在60株耐CIP的PA中有42株(70.0%)耐药菌株发生gyrA基因的83位点突变,密码子发生ACC→ATC改变,编码83位氨基酸的碱基发生突变Thr→Ile(ACC→ATC),有38株(63.3%)耐药菌株发生parC基因87位点突变Ser→Leu(TCG→TTG),同时发生两种突变的共36株(60.0%)。结论耐氟喹诺酮类PA对临床常用抗生素的敏感性降低,并呈多重耐药,药物作用靶位gyrA和parC的基因突变为其耐氟喹诺酮类药物的主要机制。     

粪肠球菌Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物关系的研究

目的 检测粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性,探讨Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系.方法 用二倍琼脂稀释法检测6种氟喹诺酮类药物对60株粪肠球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性,随机筛选出11株对环丙沙星不同程度耐药菌,PCR扩增gyrA,gyrB,parC,parE基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR),产物测序后分析.结果 6种药物的相对抗粪肠球菌活性(MIC50,MIC90)从强到弱为:妥舒沙星＞加替沙星,司帕沙星＞左氧氟沙星＞氧氟沙星,环丙沙星;以妥舒沙星抗菌活性最强,氧氟沙星和环丙沙星抗菌活性最差;序列比较发现,有9株耐药株Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因发生突变,突变发生在gyrA基因(6株)和parC基因(9株),其中编码gyrA的Ser83→Ile,Arg和编码parC的Ser80→Ile,Arg的密码子表现出高频突变,gyrB和parE编码的氨基酸序列没有改变;未发现gyrA突变单独存在,同时具gyrA和parC突变的MIC值是仅具parC突变菌株MIC值的4倍以上.结论 氟喹诺酮类抗菌药新品种妥舒沙星、加替沙星和司帕沙星的抗粪肠球菌活性较老一代药物更强;粪肠球菌对老一代氟喹诺酮类药物存在不同程度的耐药;gyrA基因83,87位突变及parC基因80,84位突变都可引起粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药,但以parC基因80住突变为主;低耐药株往往是parC基因单位点突变,高耐药株同时合并有gyrA基因双位点突变.     

西安地区志贺氏菌属耐氟喹诺酮类药物基因突变研究

目的 调查西安地区志贺氏菌属对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药情况,并研究其基因突变.方法 对收集西安地区2004年1月～2009年11月三所三级甲等医院粪便分离的98株志贺氏菌属,经法国生物-梅里埃公司VITEK-32细菌鉴定系统鏊定,Kirby-Bauer法测定菌株对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星2种喹诺酮类药物药敏试验,PCR扩增gyrA基因和parC基因并进行酶切分析,选取部分PCR扩增产物进行测序.结果 志贺氏菌属对左氧氟沙星耐药率为26.5%(26/98);对环丙沙星耐药率为43.9%(43/98),对2种氟喹诺酮类药物均耐药的有12株,占12.2%.对gyrA基因.对药株有93%(40/43)不能被Hinf I酶切,敏感株100%(55/55)被Hinf I酶切;对parC基因,耐药株69.8%(30/43)不能被Hinf I酶切,敏感株有69.2%(9/13)被Hinf Ⅰ酶切.测序结果 :耐药株中的gyrA和parC基因存在突变,敏感株中则不存在突变.结论 西安地区志贺氏菌属对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药情况严重,其耐药与gyrA和parC基因突变有关.     

淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物与gyrA和parC基因突变的相关性研究

目的研究淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物与gyrA和parC基因突变的相关性。方法采用E试验测定30株临床分离的淋病奈瑟球菌对环丙沙星的MIC。PCR法检测30株淋病奈瑟球菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA和parC基因并测序分析。结果淋病奈瑟球菌对环丙沙星的耐药率达到100％，所有耐氟喹诺酮菌均存在gyrA基因双位点突变，20株高水平耐氟喹诺酮菌（MIC≥mg／L）均存在gyrA基因双位点突变和parC单（或双）位点突变。结论gyrA和parC基因突变在淋病奈瑟菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药中起着重要作用，gyrA和parC基因同时突变会导致耐药性增强。     

变性高效液相色谱法检测鲍曼不动杆菌喹诺酮耐药基因突变

目的通过运用变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC),研究鲍曼不动杆菌耐药表型与其染色体上gyrA和parC基因突变的关系。方法采用微量肉汤稀释法测定左氧氟沙星和加替沙星对90株临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);采用基因外序列进行同源性分析,PCR扩增鲍曼不动杆菌的gyrA和parC基因,对PCR产物进行DHPLC检测及DNA测序。结果 90株鲍曼不动杆菌中,对左氧氟沙星和加替沙星耐药率分别为63.3%和60.0%;同源性分析可分成9种基因型,90株扩增出了343bp的gyrA基因和327bp的parC基因产物。9种基因型中,3种表型耐药的基因型PCR产物经DHPLC检测均出现异常双峰或者多峰。测序证实gyrA基因存在83位Ser→Leu突变,parC基因在80位同样出现Ser→Leu突变,同时parC基因还存在多个位点的同义突变;敏感株运用DHPLC检测只出现单峰,测序未发现突变。结论运用DHPLC检测可以快速发现细菌耐药基因的突变,鲍曼不动杆菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药与gyrA和parC基因的高频突变相关。     

Voluntary breath-holding in the morning and in the evening

The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not voluntary breath-holding time (BHT) changes with the time of the day. BHT with airways closed at end-expiration was measured in six male subjects in the sitting position during the morning (08.00-12.00 hours, on days 1, 6, 7 and 8) and evening (20.00-24.00 hours, on days 2 and 4). BHT increased with the number of days of testing and, at day 8, the morning values averaged 160% of those on day 1. Also, Delta P ACO2 [the difference between end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 ( P CO2) and alveolar P CO2 ( P ACO2) at the breaking point] increased in proportion to BHT. Hence the BHT/Delta P ACO2 ratio remained nearly constant. Voluntary hyperventilation prolonged BHT and increased Delta P ACO2. Conversely, in hypoxia (13% O2 for 1-2 h), BHT and Delta P ACO2 were reduced proportionally. During the evening sessions, most of the BHT/Delta P ACO2 ratios in normoxia, hypoxia or after hyperventilation were higher than the corresponding morning values, with the group difference reaching statistical significance for the measurements in normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, voluntary BHT varies in both duration and its relationship with Delta P ACO2 between the morning and evening hours. The results should also imply that, with an interruption of breathing, changes in alveolar and arterial gases are not the same at different times of the day.     

Glutamine metabolism in the brain and in the liver in critical conditions

Experiments on cats and rats have established that critical conditions caused by acute hemorrhage, hepatotoxin, and hepatectomy lead to ammonia accumulation in the brain and liver due to the predominance of decay of glutamine over its formation in these organs. With this, the depressed formation of glutamine is a universal cell response to a pathogenic agent whereas a change in glutamine deamination in disease depends on both the nature of a pathogenic agent and the organ wherein this reaction occurs.     

Gonorrhea in pregnancy and in the newborn

Prevalence rates of gonorrhea in pregnancy range from 0.2 to 15 percent. Pharyngeal gonorrhea is more frequent in some prenatal populations. A degree of protection against pelvic inflammatory disease occurs in pregnancy, but there is an increased risk for disseminated gonococcal infection. Maternal gonococcal infection is associated with ectopic pregnancy, prematurity and ophthalmia neonatorum. Prompt and aggressive treatment is required for ophthalmia neonatorum.     

Electrical Storm in the Brain and in the Heart: Epilepsy and Brugada Syndrome

We describe a patient with the coincidence of 2 ion channel disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance: Brugada syndrome, a potentially fatal cardiac condition, and cryptogenic focal epilepsy, likely due to a neurologic channelopathy. Although Brugada syndrome was discovered incidentally, most of the clinical features of epilepsy in this patient shared the risk factor characteristics of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy syndrome. This case provides additional information on the potential interaction between ion channel abnormalities in the heart and in the brain. Furthermore, it may suggest that patients with epilepsy at increased risk for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy syndrome should undergo a careful cardiac evaluation.