原发性气管和主支气管恶性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨原发性气管和主支气管恶性肿瘤外科治疗的临床经验.方法 对18例原发性气管和主支气管恶性肿瘤患者进行外科手术治疗,其中12例在非体外循环下进行,6例在体外循环下进行.全组气管袖式切除、端端吻合8例,气管下段和隆突切除、隆突重建4例,单纯行肿瘤刮除术4例,右全肺加隆突切除1例,左全肺加隆突切除1例.结果 腺样囊性癌7例,鳞状细胞癌9例,淋巴上皮样癌1例,滤泡型非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例.术后10 d,1例患者因气管切开后气管内大出血而窒息死亡,其他患者术后呼吸困难均有明显改善,近期疗效较好.结论 原发性气管和主支气管恶性肿瘤首先应考虑手术切除,并根据患者的具体情况选择适当的手术方法;手术治疗要兼顾根治性和安全性.     

20例气管肿瘤围术期呼吸道护理体会

目的总结20例气管肿瘤围术期护理经验。方法对20例气管肿瘤切除重建术患者,行术前加强呼吸观察,特殊体位下有效深呼吸、咳嗽训练,术后重视气管插管、有效咳嗽排痰、预防误吸等护理。结果全组患者均痊愈出院,无护理并发症。结论加强呼吸道护理,保持呼吸道通畅是预防并发症、保证手术成功的重要措施。     

隆突切除重建术的临床应用27例报道

目的:总结隆凸切除重建术治疗隆突、主支气管肿瘤及中心型支气管肺癌的经验,探讨合理的手术方法及治疗措施。方法:27例患者行单纯隆突切除重建4例,右肺上叶切除及隆突切除重建19例,右全肺切除及隆突切除重建2例,左肺上叶切除及隆突切除重建1例,左全肺切除及隆突切除重建1例。结果:全组病例无围手术期死亡,无支气管吻合口瘘。常见并发症为心律失常、肺部感染、肺不张和呼吸功能不全。隆突、主支气管肿瘤患者术后无瘤生存2~11年。支气管肺癌患者术后3年生存率68.8%,5年生存率36.4%,有1例生存>10年。结论:通过合理的麻醉插管方法,正确的气管吻合技术,良好的术后呼吸道管理,气管隆凸切除重建术可以取得满意的疗效。     

气管隆突部肿瘤的手术体会(附14例报告)

目的:探讨气管隆突部肿瘤的手术方法及早期诊断.方法:总结本院1989年1月至2002年12月14例气管隆突部肿瘤或中心性肺癌累及隆突的手术方法、病理及预后.其中良性病变3例,低度恶性肿瘤4例,余7例为腺癌和鳞癌.一侧全肺加隆突切除2例,右肺上叶加隆突切除重建2例,不切肺叶单行隆突切除重建8例,姑息切除1例,手术探查1例.结果:所有病例手术过程顺利.1例肿瘤累及食管,术后发生吻合口瘘,后治愈.2例术后发生吻合口肉芽肿而狭窄,经微波治疗治愈.余无严重并发症.结论:绝大部分病例可单纯切除气管下段及两侧主支气管近端,将病变切除而不切除肺叶.少数病例可连同一侧的肺上叶切除而不行全肺切除.只有较晚期的中心型肺癌同时累及隆突及中间支气管才行全肺加隆突切除,而此种手术不必切断对侧支气管的外侧壁.     

32例气管肿瘤的外科治疗

目的：总结32例气管肿瘤患者外科治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析我科1980～2005年收治的32例气管肿瘤患者外科治疗临床资料。结果：32例气管肿瘤患者中，23例行气管袖状切除端-端吻合术；8例行气管隆凸切除重建术；1例行气管开窗、肿瘤刮除术。术后2例死亡，另有8例发生术后并发症。结论：手术切除是治疗气管肿瘤最有效的方法。气管袖状切除端-端吻合术是治疗气管恶性肿瘤最主要的术式，良性肿瘤可以考虑保守的术式。手术治疗应该兼顾手术的根治性和安全性。     

原发性气管肿瘤的外科治疗

目的　探讨原发性气管肿瘤外科治疗的术前、术中、术后注意情况。方法　回顾性分析行手术治疗原发性气管肿瘤患者１１ 例。结果　术后无愈合不良、气管瘘等并发症。病理分型恶性８ 例,大多为低度恶性,良性３ 例。术后５ 年生存者８ 例。结论　对于原发性气管肿瘤,术前手术方式选择、术中切除范围的确定、手术操作及术后管理是气管重建术成功的关键。     

巨大纵隔肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨巨大纵隔肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗经验.方法回顾分析1996年1月～2002年12月,38例巨大纵隔肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男性27例,女性11例,良性肿瘤32例,恶性肿瘤6例,肿瘤平均直径10 m以上.1例在股静脉－股动脉体外循环下手术,1例术后出现气管软化,放置气管内支架.结果无围手术期死亡,随访3个月～3年,5例失访,1例术后1年因恶性淋巴瘤肝转移死亡,其他均恢复良好.结论术前应常规行CT检查,选择合适的麻醉及手术径路,术中可视情况分块切除或整块切除,术后注意防治气管软化和复张性肺水肿.     

气管隆凸主支气管肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结气管、隆凸主支气管肿瘤手术治疗经验,探讨合理的手术方法及治疗措施。方法 回顾性分析我院在1996年1月至2004年6月期间,手术治疗的27例气管、隆凸主支气管肿瘤患者的临床资料。27例中,鳞癌15例,腺癌3例,其余9例为良性腺瘤、腺样囊腺癌和类癌。结果 气管肿瘤切除＋端端吻合8例;全肺隆凸切除＋气管与主支气管端端吻合9例（右6例,左3例）;右上肺隆凸袖式切除重建术2例;隆凸切除重建术3例;气管肿瘤及气管壁部分切除5例,其中体外循环辅助下手术2例。术后早期死亡3例,其中2例死于多器官衰竭,1例系因胸腔感染、出血死亡。半年以上随访24例,无死亡,无外科并发症。结论 隆凸及气管手术比较复杂,难度大,应选择合理的术式及麻醉方法,必要时应用体外循环辅助,可以取得满意疗效。     

原发性颈段气管肿瘤11例临床分析

目的：总结11例原发性颈段气管肿瘤的临床资料及诊治经验,提高对该类疾病的认识。方法：回顾性分析从1984年1月至2006年11月我院诊治的11例原发性颈段气管肿瘤患者的临床资料。恶性者共有9例,其中腺样囊性癌3例,鳞状细胞癌3例,粘液表皮癌1例,透明细胞癌2例。良性者2例,平滑肌瘤和神经纤维瘤各1例。结果：中位年龄为47.5岁（1.5～63岁）。呼吸困难和咳嗽咳痰是最多见的症状,有7例患者早期被误诊（63.6%）。纤维喉镜、纤维支气管镜或气管镜检查为确诊的重要手段。行手术治疗者8例,其中行气管袖状切除者2例,部分气管壁切除者3例,全喉、部分气管及甲状腺腺叶切除者1例,内窥镜下YAG激光切除者1例,气管开窗肿瘤剔除术1例。恶性肿瘤患者3年和5年生存率分别为72.9%和43.8%,而良性肿瘤患者均术后无瘤生存。姑息性放疗或化疗者3例,2例均于3年内死亡。手术治疗的并发症发生率为37.5%（3/8）,主要为气胸和声音嘶哑。结论：原发性颈段气管肿瘤较少见,早期易误诊,应重视早期诊断。恶性者居多,最多见的是腺样囊性癌和鳞状细胞癌。手术是主要的治疗手段,气管袖状切除端端吻合术是得到广泛认可的理想术式,而单纯放疗或化疗效果均不理想。     

体外循环辅助技术在腔静脉肿瘤手术治疗中的应用

目的：探讨体外循环（CPB）辅助技术在腔静脉肿瘤手术治疗中的应用及效果。方法回顾性分析8例腔静脉肿瘤在 CPB 辅助下行手术治疗的相关资料，其中3例为原发或继发下腔静脉平滑肌瘤（其中1例蔓延至右心房），1例为原发性平滑肌肉瘤，1例为肝癌下腔静脉内转移，2例为肾癌下腔静脉转移，1例为胸腺瘤累及上腔静脉及右心房。通过右房原主动脉插管或右心房回输管建立 CPB 行辅助循环。结果8例患者均成功将腔静脉肿瘤完整切除，顺利出院。术后随访显示，1例术后2个月出现肝衰竭死亡，2例分别于术后4、6个月复发再次手术，其余5例随访1 a 无复发。结论 CPB 辅助技术在腔静脉肿瘤手术治疗中的应用，扩大了手术适应证，有效维持血流动力学稳定，同时通过充分暴露术野，保证了肿瘤的彻底切除。     

Clinical Features and Mid-Term and Long-Term Outcomes of Surgical Treatment of 8 Patients with Primary Ventricular Tumors

OBJECTIVE To summarize the clinical features and surgical treatment of primary ventricular tumors. METHODS Eight patients with primary ventricular tumor, aged 3 to 52 years, underwent surgical treatment. There were 6 males and 2 females. The pathological diagnoses were as follows: multiple left ventricular myxomas in 2 cases; left ventricular rhabclomyoma, fibroma and malignant neurolemmoma in 1 case for each; right ventricular myxoma and malignant neurolemmoma in 1 case for each; intraseptal fibroma in 1 case. The operations were performed through median sternotomy with moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in 7 cases; via left anterolateral thoracotomy without extracorporeal circulation in 1 case. Tumors were totally removed in 7 cases and subtotally resectecl in 1 case. RESULTS Cardiac arrest after anaesthetization occurred in 1 case with postoperative coma for 10 days. One case died of massive gastro-intestinal hemorrhage postoperatively. Seven cases survived, During a follow-up period of 1 to 21 years, there was no recurrence or metastasis in the 6 cases who received complete tumor resection including 2 cases with malignant tumor. One case of partial tumor removal had a mild heart murmur without tumor progression. All patients were asymptomatic with cardiac functiongrade I. CONCLUSION Primary ventricular tumors showed diversity in their histological characteristics. The mid- and long-term outcomes of surgical treatment for primary ventricular tumors appear to be satisfactory.     

原发性心脏肿瘤32例临床分析

目的总结原发性心脏肿瘤外科诊治的经验.方法自1982年1月至2003年12月,32例原发性心脏肿瘤患者接受外科治疗,全部病例术前经超声心动图确诊,术后经组织学检查证实为左房黏液瘤29例,右房血管肉瘤2例,右室血管瘤1例.均在体外循环下行心脏肿瘤摘除术.结果无围手术期死亡,8例术后发生低心排,1例发生呼吸衰竭,1例右房血管肉瘤术后2年原位复发再次手术治疗.结论原发性心脏肿瘤一旦确诊应立即手术治疗,且效果良好.超声心动图对原发心脏肿瘤的诊断有重要作用,自体心包可用于房隔修补和房壁重建.     

Combined liver and inferior vena cava resection for hepatic malignancy

OBJECTIVE: The experience from a single center, in combined liver and inferior vena cava (IVC) resection for liver tumors, is presented. METHODS: Twelve patients underwent a combined liver resection with IVC replacement. The median age was 45 years (range 35-67 years). Resections were carried out for hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 4), colorectal metastases (n = 6), and cholangiocarcinoma (n = 2). Liver resections included eight right lobectomies and four left trisegmentectomies. The IVC was reconstructed with ringed Gore-Tex tube graft. RESULTS: No perioperative deaths were reported. The median operative blood transfusion requirement was 2 units (range 0-12 units) and the median operative time was 5 hr. Median hospital stay was 10 days (range 8-25 days). Three patients had evidence of postoperative liver failure, resolved with supportive management. Two patients developed bile leaks, resolved conservatively. With a median follow up of 24 months, all vascular reconstructions were patent and no evidence of graft infection was documented. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive surgical management of liver tumors, offer the only hope for cure or palliation. We suggest that liver resection with vena cava replacement may be performed safely, with acceptable morbidity, by specialized surgical teams.     

原发性气管肿瘤的外科治疗

 自1991年6月至1996年11月, 我们对原发性气管肿瘤23例进行手术治疗, 其中良性肿瘤2例, 恶性肿瘤21例, 施行气管节段切除11例, 侧壁切除6例, 气管腔内肿瘤刮除加电灼术6例。 术后无发生气管瘘、无手术死亡。 术后1、3、5年生存率分别是86％、53％和21％。 作者认为应根据气管肿瘤的病理性质, 病变范围和外侵程度, 酌情使用气管节段切除、侧壁切除和肿瘤刮除加电灼术。     

63例原发性气管肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结原发性气管肿瘤的临床诊治经验,提高其诊断治疗水平.方法 63例原发性气管肿瘤患者中,61例行手术治疗,2例行激光治疗.61例手术治疗的患者中,行气管袖状切除端-端吻合22例,气管隆嵴切除重建术6例,半隆嵴切除重建6例,颈段气管肿瘤及垂直半喉切除+胸锁乳突肌瓣喉室气管缺损重建术2例,气管肿瘤局部切除17例,气管切除造口术4例,颈段气管切除+甲状腺部分切除+食管肌层切除术1例,颈段气管切除+全喉切除+单纯气管切除造口术1例,隆突搔刮术2例.结果 63例患者中,恶性肿瘤42例,良性肿瘤21例.61例手术治疗的患者中,术后出现并发症8例,其中发生气管纵隔胸膜瘘2例,因喉返神经损伤出现声音嘶哑1例,气管狭窄1例,胸膜腔感染1例.围手术期死亡3例.结论 原发性气管肿瘤临床表现不典型,易误诊,气管恶性肿瘤预后不佳.解除气道梗阻是治疗气管肿瘤的主要目的 .

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the experience in diagnosis and treatment of primary tracheal tumors, and to improve the life quality of patients. Methods Sixty-three patients with primary tracheal tumors treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University during the past 40 years were included in this study, among them, there were 42 cases of malignant tumors and 21 cases of benign tumors. The 61 patients underwent surgery including tracheal sleeve resection (22), carinal resection and reconstruction (6), semi-carinal resection and reconstruction (6), tracheal resection for tracheal tumors (17) ;tracheostomy (4), tracheal resection, partial resection of the thyroid (goiter) and esophagomyotomy (1), tracheal tumor resection and vertical hemilaryngectomy with reconstruction of laryngeal ventricle and trachea by sternocleidomastoid flap (2), cervical trachea and laryngeal resection (1), and carinal scrape (2). Results Fifty-five patients had an uneventful recovery. Eight patients suffered from postoperative complications, among them 3 patients died postoperatively. Conclusions Primary tracheal tumors often present atypical symptoms, are easily misdiagnosed and with poor prognosis. The main aim of treatment remains to remove the airway obstruction.     

Intrapericardial isolation of the inferior vena cava through a transdiaphragmatic pericardial window for tumor resection without sternotomy or thoracotomy.

AIMS: The prognosis for patients with advanced tumors invading the inferior vena cava (IVC) is dismal and surgical treatments for these tumors are challenging. A surgical approach that avoids sternotomy and thoracotomy for tumors invading the IVC even to the level of the hepatocaval junction would be extremely helpful. METHODS: The intrapericardial IVC was isolated via a transdiaphragmatic pericardial window using a transabdominal approach. Hepatectomy was then applied via an anterior approach until the IVC was seen. Total hepatic vascular exclusion was achieved by clamping the portal triad, intrapericardial IVC and infrahepatic IVC. We removed the primary tumor, the liver portion involved and the tumor thrombi, with segmental resection of the IVC. Vascular continuity was reestablished using a 20-mm-diameter polytetrafluoroethylene graft. RESULTS: Four patients with tumors invading the IVC were treated with this method. All underwent gross en-bloc tumor resections and all survived. CONCLUSION: This method for the resection of IVC tumors could avoid emboli dislodging from the tumor thrombi, prevent the complications of sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass and shorten operative times.     

Carinal Resection and Reconstruction for Primary Carinal Tumors—Report of 9 Cases

From Oct.1989 to Cec.1998,9 patients aged 12-67 years underwent carinal resection and reconstruction through right or left intercostal space thoraotomy.No important postoperative complications occurred and there were no perioperative deaths.Leiomyoma,neurofibroma,carcioid and squamous cell carcinoma was found in one patient respectively,adenocarcioma in 2 patients,adenoid cystic carcinoma in 3 patients.The actuarial 3-year survival rate for patients with malignant tumors was 42.9%.In order to diagnose early and correctly,bronchoscopy and computed tomography should be used.The end-to-end anastomosis of trachea with bilateral bronchi is the optimal choice among the modes of carinal reconstruction.Some principles of surgery and perioperative care are discussed.     

8例原发性心室肿瘤外科治疗的中远期效果

目的：介绍原发性心室肿瘤的临床特点和外科治疗体会方法：自1981年10月至2001年7月外科治疗原发性心室肿瘤8例，男6例，女2例，年龄3～52岁其中左心室多发性粘液瘤2例，左心室横纹肌瘤、纤维瘤和恶性神经鞘瘤各1例，右心室粘液瘤和恶性神经鞘瘤各1例，室间隔纤维瘤1例。胸部正中切口、中度低温体外循环下手术7例，左前外切口、非体外循环下手术1例肿瘤摘除或完全切除7例，大部切除1例结果：麻醉后心跳骤停1例，术后昏迷10天，经综合治疗痊愈术后因消化道大出血死亡1例，存活7例，随访1～21年，肿瘤完全切除的6例无复发和转移，大部切除的1例残留轻度心脏杂音，肿瘤无进一步生长，所有患者均无临床症状，心功能Ⅰ级。结论：原发性心室肿瘤的组织学类型呈现多样性，外科治疗的中远期效果良好。