神经内科住院患者感染肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析与产ESBLs酶耐药基因检测

目的了解神经内科住院患者感染肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及存在状况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用VITEK-60型、肉汤稀释法测定86株肺炎克雷伯菌的药敏结果;采用PCR分析ESBLs基因型。结果产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌首选亚胺培南,其敏感率为100.0%,对其他抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药;对27株产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌菌株耐药基因检测,100.0%检出TEM基因,81.5%检出CTX-MⅠ基因,63.0%检出SHV基因与CTX-MⅢ基因。结论产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌表现多药耐药,碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南是治疗效果最好的药物,同时存在2~3种不同类型的耐药基因。     

185株临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶及耐药性检测

目的 了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的发生率及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 采用CLSI表型确证试验一纸片增强法检测产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,琼脂稀释法测定产ESBLs和非产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的敏感性.结果 肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs菌株的发生率为41.1%,其对哌拉西林、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、氯霉素、复方新诺明、氟喹诺酮类、阿米卡星的耐药显著;对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为0;对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢他啶的耐药率分别为26.3%、34.2%;除亚胺培南和美罗培南以外,产ESBLs菌株对其他抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs菌株发生率较高、多药耐药显著,应加强肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的发生率及其对抗菌药物耐药性进行检测和监测.     

同产ESBLs及AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

目的分析儿童感染同产ESBLs和AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌的情况及其耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法对2009年1月-2010年1月医院就医儿童分离肺炎克雷伯菌122株,采用PCR法检测ESBLs酶基因blaTEM,blaSHV、blaCTX-M-9群,AmpC酶基因blaDHA、blaACT/MIR;K-B纸片琼脂扩散法检测肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 122株肺炎克雷伯菌中单纯AmpC酶基因阳性菌株7株,阳性率5.7%,单纯ESBLs基因阳性菌株37株,阳性率30.3%,ESBLs和AmpC酶基因同时阳性菌株检出率为9.0%,非产ESBLs和AmpC菌株67株,检出率55.0%;同产ESBLs和AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌除了对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感外,对其余β-内酰胺类抗菌药物和头孢菌素类高度耐药,产酶菌株耐药率明显高于非产酶菌株。结论儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶的情况已经出现,产酶菌株对常用β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药率较高,其主要原因是肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶;临床治疗应根据药敏指导合理使用抗菌药物。     

肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染监测及耐药性分析

目的了解医院肺炎克雷伯菌感染分布和耐药情况,指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。方法采用VITEK-32微生物鉴定仪鉴定,ESBLs菌株鉴定用复合纸片表型确证法、纸片扩散法药敏试验并应用WHONET5.3软件进行统计分析。结果256株肺炎克雷伯菌中痰液、尿液、血液和分泌物标本占93.6%,其中痰液54.3%;感染菌株主要分布于ICU、干部病房和内科,占81.6%;产ESBLs菌株占39.8%;所有受试菌株对临床常用的多种抗菌药物耐药率在32.4%~50.0%;但头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢西丁和阿米卡星等耐药率〈22.7%,产ESBLs菌株对所测试的抗菌药物（除亚胺培南和美罗培南外）耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株（P〈0.05）,49.0%产ESBLs菌株呈多重耐药性。结论医院内肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株对抗菌药物耐药率及产ESBLs菌株阳性率较高,产ESBLs菌株多重耐药现象突出,临床应重视其流行情况并合理使用抗菌药物。     

县级医院肺炎克雷伯菌感染的耐药性调查分析

目的调查县级医院肺炎克雷伯菌感染的耐药现状,为临床医师合理用药提供依据。方法药敏试验采用K-B法,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌检测采用纸片确证试验。结果肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs率为34.7%;216株肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南100.0%敏感,对阿米卡星耐药率为25.0%,对其余9种常用抗菌药物耐药率均〉30.0%。结论县级医院肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性也很严重,应重视监测与控制,预防其医院感染的发生与流行。     

永州市某院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的探讨肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶( ESBLs)的发生率及其对常用12种抗菌药物的耐药性。方法对永州市中心医院临床分离200株肺炎克雷伯菌采用CLSI表型确证试验纸片增强法检测产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌, 改良Hodge实验检测肺炎克雷伯菌株的碳青霉烯酶, K-B纸片扩散法测定产ESBLs 和非产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果200株肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs 菌株的发生率为51 %（102/200）,产碳青霉烯酶菌株2例。200株菌株对哌拉西林、头孢噻肟、复方新诺明、氨曲南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟的耐药显著,分别为96.0%、55.5%、50.0%、43.0%、40.0%、34.0%;对左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率均低于22%;对厄他培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为0%、0.5% 。产ESBLs菌株对氨曲南、复方新诺明、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株,差异有统计学意义( P < 0. 05)。结论该院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs菌株发生率较高,对12种常规抗菌药物耐药率部分增加,应加强肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs 的发生率检测及其对抗菌药物耐药性的监测。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及产酶因素分析

目的 分析医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及其产酶因素,为指导临床合理用药提供参考.方法 收集医院2011年住院患者不同标本的肺炎克雷伯菌162株,进行耐药性检测和产ESBLs菌株的确认,采用t检验、x2检验及多因素logistic回归进行分析.结果 162株肺炎克雷伯菌中,检出产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌65株,检出率40.1％;所有产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南敏感,耐药率为0,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率普遍高于非产ESBLs;多因素logistic回归分析结果表明仅糖尿病、住院时间、抗菌药物联用及机械通气是造成细菌产ESBLs的危险因素.结论 连续使用抗菌药物或使用不当易造成细菌产ESBLs,应及时加强肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs及其对抗菌药物耐药性的检测.     

产ESBLs和AmpC肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布及耐药性监测

目的对医院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs和AmpC的流行情况及其对常见抗生素的耐药谱特征进行分析,指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。方法采用头孢西丁三维试验检测AmpC酶,采用双纸片确诊试验测定ESBLs,采用K-B纸片扩散法检测17种常用抗生素的耐药性。结果临床分离无重复肺炎克雷伯菌129株,标本分布主要为痰标本检出90株(69.7%)、血液23株(17.8%)和尿液7株(5.4%),科室分布主要为ICU28株(21.7%),呼吸内科57株(44.2%),烧伤科17株(13.2%);129株肺炎克雷伯菌中检出产ESBLs酶菌82株(63.56%),产酶菌株的耐药性比非产酶菌株的耐药性明显严重,对哌拉西林、庆大霉素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、头孢他啶均大于31.7%;82株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中检出产AmpC菌45株(54.87%),所有菌株均对亚胺培南、美罗培南和阿米卡星敏感,AmpC阳性菌株对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢吡肟的耐药率远低于AmpC阴性菌株。结论肺炎克雷伯菌菌株中ESBLs和AmpC检出率高,合并产AmpC酶和ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌比单产AmpC酶菌株对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率低,应加强监测产ESBLs和AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌,治疗相关菌感染以亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢吡肟为首选。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的了解铜仁地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性,为临床用药提供依据。方法双纸片协同试验及纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs,根据NCCLS 2005年判断标准分析结果。结果从790株阳性标本中检出产ESBLs菌株275株,总检出率为34.8%,其中大肠埃希菌产ESBLs 177株,肺炎克雷伯菌98株,检出率分别为22.4%和12.4%;产酶菌株对头孢菌素耐药率明显高于非产酶株,产ESBLs细菌对青霉素类和头孢类抗菌药物大多耐药,而对亚胺培南与美罗培南敏感性好。结论 ESBLs产酶株对多种抗菌药物耐药,仅对亚胺培南与美罗培南敏感,及时监测产ESBLs的发生率及其耐药趋势,指导临床用药至关重要。     

ICU产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌感染的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解本地区ICU分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床抗菌药物的合理使用提供依据。方法采用K-B纸片扩散法,检测2013年-2015年ICU感染类标本分离的无重复的778株大肠埃希菌和570株肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药情况,并对结果进行统计分析。结果 2013年-2015临床标本中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为52.96%和44.74%,ICU产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为0.00%~30.34%。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为0.00%~23.53%。ICU产ESBLs菌株耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ICU产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对各类抗菌药物呈现不同程度耐药,并具多药耐药特点,碳青霉烯类仍是最敏感的药物;应加强产ESBLs菌株的监测及耐药性分析,以指导临床合理应用抗菌药物,对控制产ESBLs菌株的播散以及耐药基因的传播具有重要意义。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.